Shuja ul-Mulk

Shuja ul-Mulk
Born 1881
Chitral
Died 13 October 1936
Resting place Chitral Fort
Title The Mehtar of Chitral
Tenure 1 September 1895-13 October 1936
Other titles His Highness
K.C.I.E
C.I.E
Hon. Cdt. Chitral Scouts
Cdt. Chitral State Bodyguards
Years active 1895–1936
Residence The Royal Fort at Chitral
Predecessor Mehtar Aman ul-Mulk
Successor Mehtar Nasir ul-Mulk

His Highness Sir Shuja ul-Mulk KCIE, CIE, DDM, SJM (1881-1936) was the Mehtar of the princely state of Chitral [1][2][3][4][5][6] and reigned it for 41 years until his death in 1936.[7][8][9] He belonged to the royal Katur dynasty,[10][11][12][13] which ruled the state from 1571 to 1969,[14][15] until the princely state of Chitral was merged to form District Chitral of the Provincially Administered Tribal Areas, Malakand Division, N.W.F.P, Pakistan.[16][17][18]

His rule saw Chitral experience an extensive period of unwonted peace.[19][20] He introduced widespread and far-reaching changes and administrative reforms.[21][22] Shuja ul-Mulk rendered important services to the British Empire during the Third Anglo-Afghan War.[23][24][25] He was made Companion of the Indian Empire (C.I.E) by the British in 1903,[26][27][28] and Knighted (K.C.I.E) in 1919.[29][30][31] He was granted a personal gun salute of 11 guns [32][33] and the title of His Highness.[1][34][35]

Early life

Further information: Chitral (princely state)

Mehtar Shuja ul-Mulk was born into the ruling family of Chitral in 1881.[36] He was the second youngest son of Aman ul-Mulk,[37][38] the ‘Great’ Mehtar of Chitral,[39][40][41] who ruled the state from 1857 to 1892,[42][43] during which the state reached its territorial peak.[44] Shuja ul-Mulk’s mother was a princess, the daughter of the Khan of Asmar.[45]

Political turmoil and provisional recognition

The Chitral Fort during the Siege of Chitral (1895)

When Mehtar Aman ul-Mulk died in 1892, a long war of succession broke out between his sons,[46] with Umra Khan of Jandol and Sher Afzul in the background,[47] which lasted three years.[48] During his father's life-time, Nizam ul-Mulk was the acknowledged heir to the throne.[49] However Afzal ul-Mulk happened to be at Chitral on the momentous date while Nizam was absent and in Yasin. Afzal promptly seized all the arms and treasure in the fort of Chitral, and proclaimed himself Mehtar,[50] and then proceeded to murder his brothers whom he saw as potential contender's to the throne.[51][52] Meanwhile he also addressed letters to the Viceroy of India and to the British Foreign Secretary, announcing the death of his father, and his own accession to the Mehtarship, with the consent of the people and of his brothers.[53] However after a reign of just a few months he was killed by his uncle Sher Afzul, who coming up stealthily from Kabul, attacked the fort by night and slew him.[54] During this period Nizam ul-Mulk had been the guest of the British at Gilgit, and induced the belief amongst the Chitralis that his bid for sovereignty was backed by the force of British arms.[55] Once Nizam returned from Gilgit he succeeded in ousting Sher Afzul who once again fled to Kabul. Nizam is believed to be an agreeable man, cultivated with many European tastes, but that was hardly helpful for his cause.[56] Nizam ul-Mulk was murdered on 1 January 1895, while on a hunting tour, by his ungrateful brother, Amir ul-Mulk, whose life he had spared.[57] The stimulated Amir, sent a deputation to Lieutenant Gurdon, then Resident Political Officer in Chitral, asking to be recognised as Mehtar, but was told that the orders of the British Government must be awaited.[58]

On 8 January 1895, 50 men of the 14th Sikhs marched down from Mastuj to join Gurdon in Chitral.[59] On 1 February the British Agent arrived from Gilgit over the Shandur Pass, with an escort commanded by then Captain Townshend of Central India Horse, composed of 280 men of the 4th Kashmir Rifles i.e. Imperial Service Troops and 33 men of the 14th Sikhs under Lieutenant Harley.[60] Their purpose was to give support to Gurdon, prevent blood spill from engulfing the British officers in Chitral and impede falling of the Mehtarship into hostile hand's. Characteristically there were no cannons, with the advancing group, had there been, there would have been no subsequent siege. However hearing that Umra Khan had taken Kila Drosh, been joined by Sher Afzul, was in complicity with Amir and inching towards Chitral, Sir George Scott Robertson moved the British forces into the Chitral fort out of necessity.[61] Shuja ul-Mulk at age 12 appeared intelligent, took keen interest in all matters of state and was said to have a natural kingliness of manner, with a sedative gravity. Thus at a durbar on 2 March 1895, Sir George declared that subject to the approval of the Government of India, Shuja ul-Mulk was recognised as Mehtar. Shuja's fate, thereon, was tied to that of the few British officers around him. Captain Townshend for whom he seemed to have real affection was made responsible for his personal safety and security.[62][63] Shuja ul-Mulk was nicknamed by the British troops, ‘Sugar and Milk’.[64] The enemy strength was computed to be around 1200 men.[65] On 4 March the enemy closed in around the fort and the siege began, with the Chitralies compelled to join Sher Afzul for well-founded fear of their families.[66] Inside the fort the British considered the stocks, put everyone on half ration and calculated that they could hold out for two and a half months or about the middle of June.[67]

Siege of Chitral and accession

Further information: Chitral Expedition

The narrative of the events in Chitral travelled far and wide, and obligated an intervention to maintain British prestige and restore morale. The British met in Calcutta and resolved to break the siege by military force.[68]

For the relief of the besieged, the 1st Division of Field Army under Major General Sir Robert Low,[69][70][71] with General Bindon Blood as his Chief of Staff was mobilised.[72][73][74][75] In the meantime news reached the Government of India of the misfortune which befell the team of Captain Ross & Lieutenant Jones and the detachment of Lieutenant Edward'sand Fowlers. Thus increasing the urgency to act and necessitated the involvement of Colonel Kelly, commanding the 32nd Sikh Pioneers Gilgit to march to the relief from the north.[76][77][78]

The Division under Sir Robert Low consisting of 15,000 troops,[79][80] assembled into three infantry brigades [81] and with some 30,000 mules, horses and camels had by this time marched over the Malakand Pass into Swat and Dir. They were met by heavy resistance and engaged into fighting by the local tribesmen, but were on their way to Chitral. At the same time, with 400 soldiers from the 32nd Sikh Pioneers and a 2 gun section of No.1 Kashmir Mountain Battery. And a 1,000 levies used as porters, Colonel Kelly marched over the 12,000 feet Shandur Pass in freezing cold temperature and deep snow.[82][83] On 18 April 1895 the column reached Koghazi where Kelly received a letter from Sir George who was then in Chitral, informing him that the besieging force of Sher Afzul and Umra Khan had withdrawn and the siege of Chitral fort had ended.[84][85] The advance of Kelly’s column with the more distant threat of Low's relieving force from the South had forced the abandonment of the siege. On 20 April 1895 Kelly’s column marched into Chitral.

In the light of information that the situation in Chitral had normalised General Low, halted the full advance and ordered then Brigadier General Gatacre to press on with a small column over the Lowari Pass to Chitral. On 15 May 1895 General Gatacre reached Chitral, with Sir Robert Low joining him the next day.[86] Shuja presented Sir Robert and officers of the 2nd Batallion of the IV Gorkha Rifles with a cannon gun left over by Sher Afzul.[87]

In the meantime Shuja ul-Mulk was permanently installed as the Mehtar of Chitral,[88][89][90] at a darbar held at the Chitral Fort on 2 September 1895.[91]

The issue of retention

Following the relief of Chitral and coronation of Shuja ul-Mulk as Mehtar, the question of future policy confronted the Government of India. Two alternatives presented themselves: either the British could, “abandon the attempt to keep up an effective control over Chitral or they could put a sufficient garrison there”. As far as Shuja was concerned, a sudden pull out by the British would create a power vacuum and set the stage for further belligerance in the state of which he had just assumed rulership. It would also, undoubtedly place his life in great jeopardy.[92]

Military experts were divided as to the aptness of each course. Lord Roberts lent his support to the advocates of retention. Arrayed against him were formidable military authorities, such as Sir Donald Stewart, Sir Neville Chamberlain, Sir John Adye, Sir Charles Gough and Lord Chelmsford. In hindsight the danger of an attack upon India from Russia in 1895 were infinitesimal.[93][94][95][96] The Viceroy's Executive Council decided unanimously that to maintain British influence in Chitral was “a matter of first importance”. On 13 June 1895, however, Lord Rosebery's Cabinet replied firmly that no military force or British agent should be kept at Chitral, that Chitral should not be fortified and that no road should be made between Peshawar and Chitral. They repudiated the policy which had been consistently followed since 1876.[97][98][99] But in the nick of time the Liberal Government fell and Lord Salisbury's Cabinet reversed their decision. Thus the retention of Chitral was sanctioned and the road which that sanction necessitated was completed.[92][100]

Chitral was to be a part sovereign state, her internal affairs were left entirely in the hands of Mehtar Shuja ul-Mulk and his advisers. The Government of India was to conduct and have control over all foreign relations.[101] However the areas of Mastuj and Laspur were taken away and placed under independent governors by the British. A British garrison was installed at Chitral consisting of two Indian infantry regiments, a company of Sapper and Miners from the Indian Army Corps of Engineers and a battery of mountain artillery. Garrisons of local levies numbering 200 in all and armed with Snider–Enfield rifles were installed in detachment's across Lower Chitral. It was promised that Shuja ul-Mulk as Mehtar would received a monthly subsidy of 1,000 Indian rupee's and an annual payment of 8,000 rupees to compensate him for the loss of the 2 districts.[50][102][103][104]

One of Shuja's first act as Mehtar was to announce a general amnesty for all, who had taken part in the rebellion.[12]

Powers as Mehtar

Mehtar Shuja ul-Mulk reigned under a Council of Regency until he came of age and was invested with full ruling powers.[105][106][107] His powers as Mehtar, in theory at least were most despotic,[108][109] as Lord Curzon had previously noted in his diary.[110][111]

He alone had the power of life and death. Theoretically the whole property of the country belonged to him, and in more than theory, he actually disposed of the persons and possessions of his subjects.
— Lord Curzon

As Mehtar, he was supreme in judicial, legislative as well as in executive authority.[112][112]

Re-integration of Mastuj and Laspur

Following his accession to the throne the District of Mastuj and Laspur had been taken away from Chitral and placed under independent British Governors.[103][113][114] Shuja was determined from his very accession to get them back as he justifiably considered them part of Chitral. During his visit in 1899 to India he took up his plea with the Viceroy and persisted in his demand until the Government handed over Mastuj and Laspur to him under an agreement on 13 May 1914.[115]

Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)

Further information: Third Anglo-Afghan War

In 1919 Amanullah Khan the Emir of Afghanistan broke off his relations with British and declared war. India was attacked at different fronts including Chitral. Shuja ul-Mulk received an offer to switch sides on 8 May 1919, however he rejected the offer and kept his side of the pact with the British intact.[116] The Chitral Scouts and Chitral State Bodyguards under the command of Nasir ul-Mulk fought valiantly and immobilised the Afghan attack.[117]

Shuja ul-Mulk was rewarded with a Knighthood in the form of being made Knight Commander of the Indian Empire (K.C.I.E) and being entitled to a personal salute of 11 guns in 1919, with the title of His Highness a year later.[118][119] The Government of India presented him with 2,000 .303 Lee–Enfield rifles and a large stock of ammunition in recognition of his loyalty. A further consignment of 300 rifels were presented to him in 1925, with almost 700 more in 1927. In 1929 he received two cannon's as gift from the British.[120]

Reign (1895-1936)

Mehtar Shuja ul-Mulk reigned under a Council of Regency until he came of age and was invested with full ruling powers. He ruled for 41 years, during which Chitral enjoyed an unprecedented period of internal peace. He visited various parts of India and met a number of fellow rulers, as well as making the Hajj to Arabia and meeting Ibn Saud, the Monarch of Saudi Arabia.[121] In the winter of 1899-1900, Mehtar Shuja-ul-Mulk in company of the chief of the Gilgit Agency visited the Viceroy of India at Calcutta. In May 1902, the Mehtar was present at the Vice-Regal Durbar at Peshawar.[122] He was invited to the Delhi Durbar and attended the Coronation Durbar at Delhi in 1903 where he was made Companion of the Indian Empire (C.I.E). He attended the Coronation Darbar at Delhi again in 1911. He was granted a personal salute of 11-guns, along with a Knighthood by being appointed Knight Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire, with the title of His Highness following in 1920. The salute and title were made permanent and hereditary to his successors in 1932.[123]

Describing him in 1937, B. E. M. Gurdon wrote,

"Shuja-ul-Mulk was a devout Sunni, and made the pilgrimage to Mecca in 1924, but bigotry and fanaticism found little place in his character.”[124]

Shuja ul-Mulk sent his sons abroad to acquire a modern education. The princes traveled to far-off places such as Aligarh and Dehradun accompanied by the sons of notables who were schooled at state expense.[125]

The Mehtar's Bodyguard was raised by Mehtar Shuja-ul-Mulk in the early 1900s and consisted of a professional standing army which had been raised by his father Mehtar Aman-ul-Mulk in the 1880s. He supported the British during the Third Afghan War in 1919, during which four of his sons and the Chitral State Forces served in several actions guarding the border against invasion.[126][127]

In 1911 Mehtar Shuja-ul-Mulk ordered Mirza Muhammad Gufran to write a book documenting the history of Chitral for which he received considerable tracts of land in different parts of the state. Tarikh-i-Chitrar was written in Persian, compiled and finalized in 1921. It is a landmark work for the history of Chitral and the Hindu Kush region.[128]

Islamia College's student elected body then called the Khyber Union granted honorary life-membership to Shuja ul-Mulk in 1924.[129][130] He was the third to have been granted the honor with no more than thirty in total having been granted till date.

Hobbies and interests

A love of sport, characteristic of the peoples of the Hindu Kush, was shared by the Mehtar. Shooting, falconry, polo, chess, and listening to singing accompanied on the sitar, all came within the ambit of his relaxations. Falconry was his favorite sport, and he was very proud of the unrivaled skill of his falconers.[124]

Marriage of States

Shuja ul-Mulk was empathetic to the idea of inter-state and royal intermarriage's, for strategic and political purposes. His sister was married to Miangul Abdul Khaliq, the grandfather of the Wali of Swat. She acted as de-facto ruler of Swat for many years after the death of her husband.[131][132] Another one of his sisters was married to the Nawab of Dir. His daughter was married to Naqibzada Pir Sayyid Jamal ud-din Al-Gilani, a direct descendent of Abdul Qadir Gilani, patronym of the Qadiriyya order.[133] His grand-daughter was married to Nawab Muhammad Said Khan, the Nawab of Amb.[134]

Titles and Honours

Order of the Indian Empire

Death

Shuja ul-Mulk died on 13 October 1936. He was buried in his ancestral graveyard adjacent to the Royal Fort in Chitral. He was succeeded as Mehtar by his eldest son, Nasir ul-Mulk.[135]

References

  1. 1 2 LLoyd, Gladys (1914-01-01). Lloyd's Who's who in the Great War: A Book of Brief Life Stories of the Rulers and the Diplomats... Lloyd's Weekly News. p. 28.
  2. ↑ The Living Age. 1905-01-01. p. 781.
  3. ↑ Trench, Charles Chenevix (1985-01-01). The Frontier Scouts. Cape. ISBN 9780224023214.
  4. ↑ The History and Culture of the Indian People: British paramountcy and Indian Renaissance. pt.1. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 1963-01-01. p. 1110.
  5. ↑ Contributions to Indian Sociology. Mouton. 2007-01-01. p. 59.
  6. ↑ Office, Great Britain India (1819-01-01). The India List and India Office List for ... Harrison and Sons. p. 168.
  7. ↑ Clark Ball, Ron (2007). The Falcon on the Tower. Privé Publishing. p. 362. ISBN 0615140165.
  8. ↑ Israr-ud-Din (2008-01-01). Proceedings of the Third International Hindu Kush Cultural Conference. Oxford University Press. p. 357. ISBN 9780195798890.
  9. ↑ The Himalayan Journal. Oxford University Press. 1936-01-01. p. 151.
  10. ↑ Azar, Muhammad Abdullah Khan (2006-01-01). Merī Dilon̲ Ko Hilāne Vālī Dardnāk Kahānī. Novus. p. 75. ISBN 9788270994328.
  11. ↑ Commons, Great Britain Parliament House of (1896-01-01). Parliamentary Papers: 1850-1908. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 17.
  12. 1 2 Ahmad, Aziz; Ishwaran, Karigoudar (1973-12-01). Contributions to Asian Studies. Brill Archive. p. 106.
  13. ↑ Azar, Muhammad Abdullah Khan (2006-01-01). Merī Dilon̲ Ko Hilāne Vālī Dardnāk Kahānī. Novus. ISBN 9788270994328.
  14. ↑ Smithsonian. Smithsonian Associates. 2006-01-01.
  15. ↑ Osella, Filippo; Soares, Benjamin (2010-03-19). Islam, Politics, Anthropology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 58. ISBN 9781444324419.
  16. ↑ Rajan, V. G. Julie (2015-01-30). Al Qaeda’s Global Crisis: The Islamic State, Takfir and the Genocide of Muslims. Routledge. p. 225. ISBN 9781317645382.
  17. ↑ "The Katur Dynasty Genealogy".
  18. ↑ Long, Roger D.; Singh, Gurharpal; Samad, Yunas; Talbot, Ian (2015-10-08). State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security. Routledge. p. 96. ISBN 9781317448204.
  19. ↑ Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial series. North West Frontier Province. Sang-e-Meel Publications. 2002-01-01. p. 213. ISBN 9789693513363.
  20. ↑ Farrington, Susan; Leach, Hugh (2003-08-29). Strolling About on the Roof of the World: The First Hundred Years of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs. Routledge. p. 164. ISBN 9781134426690.
  21. ↑ Israr-ud-Din (2008-01-01). Proceedings of the Third International Hindu Kush Cultural Conference. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195798890.
  22. ↑ Malik, Iftikhar Haider (1985-01-01). Pakistan: People and Places, Reflections on Living and Travelling. Margalla Publications. p. 109.
  23. ↑ Chohan, Amar Singh (1997-01-01). Gilgit Agency 1877-1935Second Reprint. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 209. ISBN 9788171561469.
  24. ↑ Molesworth, George Noble (1962-01-01). Afghanistan 1919: An Account of Operations in the Third Afghan War. Asia Publishing House. p. 131.
  25. ↑ Trench, Charles Chenevix (1985-01-01). The Frontier Scouts. Cape. p. 31. ISBN 9780224023214.
  26. ↑ Debrett's Peerage. 1920-01-01. p. 1076.
  27. ↑ Hesilrige, Arthur George Maynard (1924-01-01). Debrett's British Empire Book. Dean & Son. p. 200.
  28. ↑ Branch, India Manager, Government of India Central Publication (1931-01-01). Memoranda on the India States, 1930: (Corrected Up to the 1st January 1930).
  29. ↑ The Indian Year Book. Bennett, Coleman & Company. 1921-01-01. p. 584.
  30. ↑ Boulger, Demetrius Charles (1919-01-01). Asian Review. East India Association and Royal India Pakistan and Ceylon Society. p. 526.
  31. ↑ England), East India Association (London (1920-01-01). Journal. East India association.
  32. ↑ NDC Guide to Selections from NWFP Record[s]. Government of Pakistan, Cabinet Secretariat, Cabinet Division, National Documentation Centre. 1993-01-01. p. 145.
  33. ↑ Chohan, Amar Singh (1984-01-01). The Gilgit Agency, 1877-1935. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 209.
  34. ↑ The Himalayan Journal. Oxford University Press. 1936-01-01. p. 153.
  35. ↑ Singh Chohan, Amar. Gilgit Agency 1877-1935. Atlantic Publishers.
  36. ↑ "In Memorium H.H. Sir Shuja ul Mulk, K.C.I.E. Mehtar of Chitral". The Himalayan Club.
  37. ↑ Branch, India Manager, Government of India Central Publication (1931-01-01). Memoranda on the India States, 1930: (Corrected Up to the 1st January 1930).
  38. ↑ Branch, India Manager, Government of India Central Publication (1931-01-01). Memoranda on the India States, 1930: (Corrected Up to the 1st January 1930).
  39. ↑ Thomson, H. C. (2012-11-19). The Chitral Campaign. Andrews UK Limited. p. 1. ISBN 9781781513491.
  40. ↑ Wheeler, Mortimer (1960-01-01). The Cambridge History of India. CUP Archive. p. 463.
  41. ↑ Hannigan, Tim (2011-04-11). Murder in the Hindu Kush: George Hayward and the Great Game. The History Press. p. 232. ISBN 9780752463872.
  42. ↑ Maraini, Fosco (1964-01-01). Where Four Worlds Meet: Hindu Kush, 1959. Harcourt, Brace & World.
  43. ↑ Maraini, Fosco (2003-01-01). Paropàmiso: storie di popoli e culture, di montagne e divinità (in Italian). Mondadori. p. 135. ISBN 9788804512097.
  44. ↑ Ghufran, Mirza Tareekh-e-Chitral
  45. ↑ "Chitral". The Guardian. 1 May 1895.
  46. ↑ Perspective. Pakistan Publications. 1970-01-01.
  47. ↑ Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. Pakistan Historical Society. 1977-01-01.
  48. ↑ Sykes, Percy (2014-07-10). Hist Afghanistan V 1 & 2. Routledge. ISBN 9781317845874.
  49. ↑ Boulger, Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh (1968-01-01). Asian Review. East & West. p. 182.
  50. 1 2 Branch, India Army Intelligence (1907-01-01). Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India: Tribes north of the Kabul River. Government Monotype Press.
  51. ↑ Branch, India Army Intelligence (1983-01-01). Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India: pt. 1. Tribes north of the Kabul River. pt. 2. Supplement. Mittal Publications. pp. 43–46.
  52. ↑ King, John; Vincent, David St (1993-01-01). Pakistan: A Travel Survival Kit. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 281.
  53. ↑ Parliamentary Papers: 1850-1908. H.M. Stationery Office. 1895-01-01.
  54. ↑ Thomson, H. C. (2012-11-19). The Chitral Campaign. Andrews UK Limited. p. 3. ISBN 9781781513491.
  55. ↑ Blackwood's Magazine. W. Blackwood. 1895-01-01. p. 411.
  56. ↑ Thomson, H. C. (2012-11-19). The Chitral Campaign. Andrews UK Limited. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9781781513491.
  57. ↑ The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review and Oriental and Colonial Record. Oriental Institute. 1895-01-01.
  58. ↑ Parliamentary Papers: 1850-1908. H.M. Stationery Office. 1895-01-01. p. 36.
  59. ↑ Younghusband, G.J. The Relief of Chitral. New Delhi: Bhavana Books and Prints. p. 10. ISBN 81-86505-50-4.
  60. ↑ Younghusband, G.J. The Relief of Chitral. New Delhi: Bhavana Books and Prints. p. 12. ISBN 81-86505-50-4.
  61. ↑ Younghusband, G.J. The Relief of Chitral. New Delhi: Bhavana Books and Prints. pp. 12–15. ISBN 81-86505-50-4.
  62. ↑ Younghusband, G.J. The Relief of Chitral. New Delhi: Bhavana Books and Prints. pp. 23–24. ISBN 81-86505-50-4.
  63. ↑ Thomson, H. C. (2012-11-19). The Chitral Campaign. Andrews UK Limited. ISBN 9781781513491.
  64. ↑ Robertson, Sir George Scott (2001-01-01). Chitrál: the story of a minor siege. Bhavana Books & Prints. p. 81. ISBN 9788186505526.
  65. ↑ Thomson, H. C. (2012-11-19). The Chitral Campaign. Andrews UK Limited. pp. 22–25. ISBN 9781781513491.
  66. ↑ Thomson, H. C. (2012-11-19). The Chitral Campaign. Andrews UK Limited. p. 44. ISBN 9781781513491.
  67. ↑ Thomson, H. C. (2012-11-19). The Chitral Campaign. Andrews UK Limited. p. 46. ISBN 9781781513491.
  68. ↑ Robertson, George Scott (2016-01-02). Chitral the Story of a Minor Siege. Ishi Press. ISBN 9784871875288.
  69. ↑ Beckett, Ian Frederick William (1974-11-01). Victoria's wars. Shire Publications. p. 62.
  70. ↑ Spiers, Edward M. (2006-07-20). Scottish Soldier and Empire, 1854-1902. Edinburgh University Press. p. 118. ISBN 9780748627264.
  71. ↑ Hare, Major-Gen Sir Steuart (2013-01-04). Annals of the King's Royal Rifle Corps: Vol 4 "The K.R.R.C." 1872-1913. Andrews UK Limited. pp. 126–134. ISBN 9781781510216.
  72. ↑ Norman, Charles Boswell (1971-01-01). Battle honours of the British army, from Tangier, 1662, to the commencement of the reign of King Edward VII. David & Charles. p. 400. ISBN 9780715353981.
  73. ↑ Churchill, Winston (1902-01-01). The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan. Courier Corporation. p. 213. ISBN 9780486447858.
  74. ↑ Hamilton, Ian B. M. (1966-01-01). The Happy Warrior: A Life of General Sir Ian Hamilton. Cassell. p. 106.
  75. ↑ Fincastle, The Viscount; Eliott-Lockhart, P. C. (2012-02-02). A Frontier Campaign: A Narrative of the Operations of the Malakand and Buner Field Forces, 1897–1898. Andrews UK Limited. p. 55. ISBN 9781781515518.
  76. ↑ Younghusband, G.J. The Relief of Chitral. New Delhi: Bhavana Books and Prints. p. 27 and 28. ISBN 81-86505-50-4.
  77. ↑ Lucas, Cyril (2012-08-06). Waziristan To Tibet. Booktango. ISBN 9781468912180.
  78. ↑ King and His Navy and Army. 1903-01-01. p. 70.
  79. ↑ Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002-01-01). History of Modern India, 1707 A. D. to 2000 A. D. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 252. ISBN 9788126900855.
  80. ↑ Baker, Kevin James (2011-01-01). War in Afghanistan. Rosenberg Publishing. ISBN 9781921719394.
  81. ↑ Hopkirk, Peter (2001-01-01). The Great Game: On Secret Service in High Asia. Oxford University Press. p. 493. ISBN 9780192802323.
  82. ↑ Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, Whitehall Yard. W. Mitchell. 1896-01-01. p. 17.
  83. ↑ The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art. J. W. Parker and Son. 1896-01-01. p. 152.
  84. ↑ The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review and Oriental and Colonial Record. Oriental Institute. 1895-01-01. p. 306.
  85. ↑ Boulger, Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh (1968-01-01). Asian Review. East & West.
  86. ↑ "The Siege and Relief of Chitral 1895". www.britishbattles.com. Retrieved 2016-07-01.
  87. ↑ A History of the 4th Prince of Wales's Own Gurkha Rifles, 1857-1948. W. Blackwood. 1940-01-01. p. 227.
  88. ↑ The New Hazell Annual and Almanack ... H. Frowde, Oxford University Press. 1896-01-01. p. 104.
  89. ↑ Farrington, Susan; Leach, Hugh (2003-08-29). Strolling About on the Roof of the World: The First Hundred Years of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs. Routledge. p. 164. ISBN 9781134426690.
  90. ↑ Brown, William (2014-11-30). Gilgit Rebelion: The Major Who Mutinied Over Partition of India. Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781473841123.
  91. ↑ Ahmad, Ishwaran, Aziz , Karigoudar. Contributions to Asian Studies, Volume 5.
  92. 1 2 Churchill, Sir Winston S. (1899-01-01). The Story of the Malakand Field Force: an Episode of Frontier War. Library of Alexandria. ISBN 9781465526007.
  93. ↑ Davies, C. Collin (2013-10-17). The Problem of the North-West Frontier, 1890-1908. Cambridge University Press. pp. 87–88. ISBN 9781107662094.
  94. ↑ Wheeler, Mortimer (1960-01-01). The Cambridge History of India. CUP Archive. p. 464.
  95. ↑ The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art. J. W. Parker and Son. 1895-01-01. p. 495.
  96. ↑ Parliament, Great Britain; Cobbett, William; Hansard, Thomas Carson (1898-02-08). The Parliamentary Debates (Authorized Edition). Wyman. p. 581.
  97. ↑ Valiunas, Algis (2002-01-01). Churchill's Military Histories: A Rhetorical Study. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 38. ISBN 9780742521049.
  98. ↑ The Cambridge History of the British Empire. CUP Archive. 1929-01-01. p. 464.
  99. ↑ annals of politics and culture. CUP Archive. p. 462.
  100. ↑ Hamilton, Ian B. M. (1966-01-01). The happy warrior: a life of General Sir Ian Hamilton. Cassell.
  101. ↑ Davies, C. Collin (2013-10-17). The Problem of the North-West Frontier, 1890-1908. Cambridge University Press. p. 88. ISBN 9781107662094.
  102. ↑ Commons, Great Britain Parliament House of (1896-01-01). Parliamentary Papers: 1850-1908. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 12.
  103. 1 2 Branch, India Army Intelligence (1983-01-01). Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India: pt. 1. Tribes north of the Kabul River. pt. 2. Supplement. Mittal Publications.
  104. ↑ Branch, India Army Intelligence (1979-01-01). Tribes north of the Kabul River. Nisa Traders : sole distributors, Gosha-e-Adab.
  105. ↑ Chohan, Amar Singh (1997-01-01). Gilgit Agency 1877-1935Second Reprint. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 177. ISBN 9788171561469.
  106. ↑ The Himalayan Journal. Oxford University Press. 1932-01-01.
  107. ↑ Burke, Edmund (1896-01-01). The Annual Register. Rivingtons. p. 336.
  108. ↑ Journal of the Royal Society of Arts. Society of Arts. 1895-01-01. p. 491.
  109. ↑ Journal of the Society of Arts. The Society. 1895-01-01.
  110. ↑ of), George Nathaniel Curzon Curzon (Marquis; King, Peter (1984-01-01). A viceroy's India: leaves from Lord Curzon's note-book. Sidgwick & Jackson. p. 140. ISBN 9780283991660.
  111. ↑ Wigmore, John Henry (1928-01-01). A panorama of the world's legal systems. West Pub. Co.
  112. 1 2 Leaves from a Viceroy's Note-book and Other Papers. Macmillan and Company, limited. 1926-01-01.
  113. ↑ Zaidi, Z. H.; Project, Quaid-i-Azam Papers (1993-01-01). Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers: The States : historical and policy perspectives and accession to Pakistan. Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, National Archives of Pakistan. p. 102. ISBN 9789698156138.
  114. ↑ Alder, G. J. (1964-01-01). British India's Northern Frontier. Longmans. p. 298.
  115. ↑ Israr-ud-Din (2008-01-01). Proceedings of the Third International Hindu Kush Cultural Conference. Oxford University Press. p. 322. ISBN 9780195798890.
  116. ↑ Cheema, Aamir Mushtaq (2014). An Illustrated History of the Chitral Scouts (1903-2014). War Studies. pp. 31–33.
  117. ↑ The Indian Year Book. Bennett, Coleman & Company. 1841-01-01.
  118. ↑ The Himalayan Journal. Oxford University Press. 1936-01-01. p. 153.
  119. ↑ The London Gazette. Tho. Newcomb over against Baynards Castle in Thamse-street. 1919-01-01. p. 110.
  120. ↑ Branch, India Manager, Government of India Central Publication (1931-01-01). Memoranda on the India States, 1930: (Corrected Up to the 1st January 1930). p. 100.
  121. ↑ "Chitral". Project Gutenberg.
  122. ↑ Afzal Khan, Muhammad. "A Short History of Chitral and Kafirstan".
  123. ↑ "Death of the Mehtar of Chitra".
  124. 1 2 Gurdon, B. E. M. (1937). "In Memorium". Himalayan Journal. 09.
  125. ↑ "Chitral, a Study in Statecraft" (PDF).
  126. ↑ IUCN Pakistan (2004). Chitral: A Study in Statecraft (1320–1969). IUCN Pakistan, Karachi, Pakistan
  127. ↑ "The Katur Dynasty". Royal Ark.
  128. ↑ "Mirza Muhammad Ghufran A Chitrali Courtier, Historiographer and Poet 1857—1926". The Chitral Times.
  129. ↑ "100 years of Islamia College PEshawar". Islamia College.
  130. ↑ "Khyber Union Life Honorary Members". Islamia College.
  131. ↑ B. Elahi,, Sofia. "Reflections on Sharia Law in Malakand Division".
  132. ↑ "Swat: the Safi Dynasty Genalogy". Royal Ark Swat.
  133. ↑ "Tariqa Qadiria of Holiness Hadhrat Syedina Ghous-ul-Azam Al Sheikh Muhyiuddin Abdul Qadir Gillani (R.A)". Al-Gillani.
  134. ↑ "Brief History of Ex Mehter Chitral HH Prince Saif ul Mulk Nasir".
  135. ↑ Afzal Khan, Mohammad. "A Short History of Chitral and Kafirstan".
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 12/4/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.