Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing

Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing, or SUNCT, is a rare type of primary headache that belongs to the group of headaches called trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia (TACs). TACs are caused by activation of the autonomic nervous system of the trigeminal nerve in the face. Patients experience excruciating burning, stabbing, or electrical headache mainly in the orbital area only on one side of the body along with cranial autonomic signs that are unique to SUNCT. Each attack can last from five seconds to six minutes and may occur up to 200 times daily. Onset of the symptoms usually come later in life, at an average age of about 50. Although the majority of patients are males above age 50, it is not uncommon to find SUNCT present among other age groups, including children and infants.

Symptoms

Sufferers of SUNCT often describe their headache attacks as "the most excruciating pain" and often rate their magnitude as 9 out of 10 (10 being the most painful). The attacks are severe enough to disrupt daily activities, but hospitalization is not necessary for most patients.

Frequency and duration

The average number of attacks per day is around 60, ranging from 3 to 200 times.^[1]

The attacks can be divided into three groups: single stabs, groups of stabs, and attacks with saw-tooth pattern, from the shortest to the longest duration respectively. The attacks usually last from five seconds to 240 seconds. Typically, longer attacks are more painful due to psychological effects, and patients often feel agitated before and during the attack. They occur mostly in the orbital, supraorbital, or temporal region, but can also occur in the retro-orbital (behind the orbit of the eye) region, side, top, and back of head, second and third trigeminal divisions, teeth, neck, and ear.

Cranial autonomic symptoms associated with headache attacks

SUNCT often accompanies cranial autonomic symptoms, including lacrimation (tear flow), ipsilateral ptosis (drooping of the eyelid which is on the same side as the attacks), eyelid edema (swelling due to fluid accumulation), nasal blockage, and conjunctival injection (redness of eye). Attacks seldom occur without any of the cranial autonomic symptoms as in similar form of headache, short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with cranial autonomic features (SUNA).

The majority of SUNCT attacks occur chronically; however, some occur episodically. In chronic SUNCT, attacks can occur regularly or irregularly without a distinct refractory period, whereas in episodic SUNCT, attacks occur only for a certain period of time and then cease for another period. Episodes of attacks last from a few days to a few months, and up to 22 attack episodes in one year have been observed. SUNCT can go into remission even after a chronic period, and relapse either simultaneously or from some stimuli.^[1]

Triggers of headache attacks

Most of the time SUNCT occurs spontaneously, however attacks can be triggered by simple daily stimuli such as touching the face or scalp, washing, chewing, eating, talking, coughing, blowing nose, or showering. They also can be triggered by light (including sunlight and fluorescent lights) and injuries. Stimuli capable of triggering a cluster headache, including alcohol, smoke, strong smells and a warm environment, can also trigger SUNCT in a few patients.^[1] In some cases, patients of episodic SUNCT only exhibit symptoms biannually in spring and fall. This periodicity suggests that the hypothalamus, which is responsive to day length and photoperiod for regulating circadian and seasonal rhythms, has a role in its triggering.^[2]

Diagnosis

First reported case of SUNCT

In 1977, a 62-year-old male patient was the first to be diagnosed with SUNCT. The patient had experienced unilateral, mild pain in the ocular and periorbital areas since he was 30 years old. The patient started to experience more severe attacks after being struck by a fishing rod in the lower medial supraorbital area when he was 58 years old. The attacks could be provoked by mechanical stimuli and occurred more frequently with symptoms of conjuctival injection, lacrimation, and rhinorrhea. The definitive diagnosis and determination of the role of the trauma (fishing rod strike) could not be made until 10 years later when another similar case occurred. Conditions of the next case ruled out the possibility of SUNCT being a post-traumatic headache.^[3]

IHS criteria for SUNCT diagnosis

SUNCT must be properly distinguished from cluster headaches, since cluster headaches also occur several times per day with separate attacks, and share some common symptoms. However, cluster headaches usually last longer (up to three hours), occur less often (three to five attacks per day), and do not accompany cranial autonomic symptoms. IHS standard criteria for the diagnosis of SUNCT specifically includes pain in the trigeminal division of the face, especially in the orbital region, often with cranial autonomic symptoms which last for relatively short periods of time (from five seconds to several minutes) up to 100 times per day. SUNCT is a major subset of SUNA,^[4] which does not accompany cranial symptoms; complete separation between the two is inappropriate since SUNCT does not necessarily always accompany cranial autonomic signs. Exact statistical data is not available due to common mis-diagnosis, and setting up diagnostic criteria is important.^[1]

The International Headache Classification established by the International Headache Society criteria for diagnosing SUNCT for therapeutic purposes is:

(i) Type of attack — Attacks of unilateral orbital, supraorbital, or temporal ares from stabbing or pulsating pain accompanied by ipsilateral conjunctival injection and lacrimation

(ii) Number of attacks per day — 3 to 200 attacks per day

(iii) Attack load in minutes per day — 5–240 seconds

Symptoms of SUNCT often lead to misdiagnosis as paroxysmal hemicrania, which is also categorized in the same group. Inefficiency of indomethacin usually indicates SUNCT over paroxysmal hemicrania.^[5]

Misdiagnosis and indecisive diagnosis in the past has made it difficult to obtain accurate statistics about SUNCT. Proper diagnosis will broaden data availability and facilitate discovery of new treatment options and useful statistics.

Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology of SUNCT is not fully understood. However, recent studies suggest the existence of a relationship between the hypothalamus and the condition. Functional imaging and deep brain stimulation of a large patient pool showed activation of the posterior hypothalamus during attacks of primary SUNCT, both bilaterally (on both sides) and contra-laterally (on the opposite side).^[6] Functional MRI studies suggest brain stem activation during attacks as well.^[7] Activation of the trigeminocervical complex and other related structures results from innervation from branches of trigeminal and upper cervical nerves.^[8] There exists a direct connection between trigeminal nucleus caudalis, which is located in the brain stem, and the posterior hypothalamus. Therefore, it is possible that stimulation of the peripheral trigeminal nerve activates the hypothalamus and the hypothalamus in turn communicates with the trigeminal nucleus caudalis via neurotransmitters such as orexin.

Elevated levels of prolactin, secretion of which is regulated by the hypothalamus, seem to be associated with SUNCT attacks. Some patients with a pituitary tumor only experience attacks at night. These patients only exhibit higher levels of prolactin at night, even where hormone levels, including prolactin, were normal throughout the day.^[9]

SUNCT is considered a primary headache (or condition), but can also occur as a secondary symptom of other conditions. However, a patient can only be diagnosed with SUNCT as a primary condition.

A pituitary tumor causes SUNCT as a secondary headache. Some patients with a pituitary tumor complain of short-lasting heachaches. Upon removal of the tumor, the symptoms of SUNCT may disappear permanently.^[10]

Although it occurs very rarely, paranasal sinusitis can also cause secondary SUNCT. The symptoms of SUNCT in such cases can be removed permanently with endoscopic sinus surgery.^[11]

Treatments

As diagnosis criteria have been indecisive and its pathophysiology is still unknown, currently there is no permanent cure available. Though antiepileptic drugs (membrane-stabilizing drugs) such as pregabalin, gabapentin, topiramate, and lamotrigine improve symptoms, there is no effective permanent or long-term treatment for SUNCT.^[12] However, a few short-term treatments are available and can relieve and possibly prevent some symptoms of attacks.

Lamotrigine exhibits some long-term prevention and reduction in many patients; however, titration of dose is difficult due to adverse skin reactions.

Topiramate also has preventive effects but it is accompanied by a high risk of severe side-effects for patients with a history of renal stones, glaucoma, depression, or low body weight.

Intravenous lidocaine can abolish symptoms during its administration, or reduce frequency and duration of attacks. However, administration of intravenous lidocaine requires careful monitoring of ECG and blood pressure.^[13] Methylprednisolone therapy shows some promise in short-term prevention of attacks, even though its mechanism of action is yet to be discovered.^[14]

Verapamil is reported to be useful in alleviating symptoms (lower frequency and duration of attacks), even though some patients experience worsened symptoms.^[5]

Various medications that are often used in other headache syndromes such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, tricyclic antidepressants, calcium channel antagonists do not relieve the symptoms of SUNCT.

There have been attempts to alter oxygen supply during attacks to alleviate the symptoms since some of the headaches are caused by decreased oxygen supply; however, elevated blood oxygen level did not affect the symptoms.

Researchers now focus on the administration of various combination of medications and therapies to treat symptoms of SUNCT.

References

External links

• NINDS SUNCT Information Page
• International Classification of Headache Disorders