Scutching

Threshing, retting and dressing flax at the Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum

Scutching is a step in the processing of cotton or the dressing of flax in preparation for spinning. The scutching process separates the impurities from the raw material, such as the seeds from raw cotton or the straw and woody stem from flax fibers.^[1]^[2] Scutching can be done by hand or by a machine known as a scutcher. Hand scutching of flax is done with a wooden scutching knife and a small iron scraper. The end products of scutching flax are the long flax fibers, short coarser fibers called tow and waste woody matter called shive.^[3]

In the early days of the cotton industry the raw material was manually beaten with sticks after being placed on a mesh, a process known as willowing or batting, until the task was mechanised by the development of machines known as willowers. Scutching machines were introduced in the early 19th-century, and processed the raw material into a continuous sheet of cotton wadding known as a lap.

Cotton scutching

Cotton Manufacturing Processes

Bale Breaker			Blowing Room

Willowing

Breaker Scutcher		Batting

Finishing Scutcher		Lapping

Carding			Carding Room

Sliver Lap

Combing

Drawing

Slubbing

Intermediate

Roving		Fine Roving

Mule Spinning	-	Ring Spinning	Spinning


		Reeling	Doubling

Winding		Bundling	Bleaching

Weaving shed			Winding

Beaming			Cabling

Warping			Gassing

Sizing/Slashing/Dressing			Spooling

Weaving

Cloth		Yarn (Cheese)- - Bundle	Sewing Thread

Before cotton is processed it has to be cleaned of its seeds and other impurities, which in the early days was done by spreading the raw cotton on a mesh and beating it with sticks, a process known as willowing or batting.^[4] A scutching machine for cotton, known as a scutcher, was invented in 1797, but did not get much attention until it was introduced in Manchester cotton mills in 1808 or 1809. By 1816 scutchers had been generally adopted.^[5]

The scutching machine passes the cotton through a pair of rollers, then strikes it with iron or steel bars called beaters. The beaters, which turn very quickly, strike the cotton hard and knock the seeds out. This process is done over a series of parallel bars, allowing the seeds to fall through. At the same time air is blown across the bars, which carries the cotton into a cotton chamber.^[5] The end result is a continuous sheet of cotton wadding known as a lap, ready for the next stage of the production process, carding.^[6]

Flax scutching

By hand

The scutching knife is scraped down with a sharp strike against the fibers while they hang vertically.^[7] The edge of the knife is scraped along the fibers to pull away pieces of the stalk. This is repeated until all of the stalk has been removed and the flax is smooth and silky. When scutching was done by hand people could scutch up to 15 pounds (6.8 kg) of flax in one day, though the amount depended on the quality of the flax. Coarser flax, harder flax and poorly retted flax takes longer to scutch.^[7] Retting removes the pectins that bind the fibers to the stalk and each other, so under-retted flax is harder to separate from the stalk, and often gets damaged in the scutching process. Over-retting the flax causes the fibers to deteriorate and break.^[3]

In the scutching process some of the fiber is also scutched away along with the stalk, a normal part of the process.

By machine

Scutching is done several ways by machine. Scutching mills started in Ireland, and were commonly used there by 1850, at a time when hand scutching was still common in Continental Europe. Machine scutching, while faster and cheaper, causes more waste than scutching by hand.^[7] One method of machine scutching is to crush the stalks between two metal rollers so that parts of the stalk can be separated.

A modern scutching machine can process up to 500 kilograms (1,100 lb) of flax every hour, and produces about 70 kilograms (150 lb) of flax fibers and 30 kilograms (66 lb) of tow. Older machines create more waste.^[3]

Flax scutching machine

References

Notes

↑ "Scutch." The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989.
↑ Morton (2008), pp. 74–77
1 2 3 Franck (2005), pp. 113–5
↑ Williams & Farnie (1992), p. 4
1 2 Fitton & Wadsworth (1968), p. 296
↑ Williams & Farnie (1992), pp. 6–7
1 2 3 Nicholls, George (1848). The flax-grower. pp. 45–48.

Bibliography

Fitton, R. S.; Wadsworth, Alfred P. (1968), Strutts and the Arkwrights, 1758–1830, Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-678-06758-9
Franck, Robert R. (2005), Bast and other plant fibres, CRC Press, ISBN 0-8493-2597-8
Morton, W. E. (2008), An Introduction to the Study of Spinning, Read Books, ISBN 1-4437-0253-6
Williams, Mike; Farnie, D. A., eds. (1992), Cotton Mills in Greater Manchester, Carnegie Publishing, ISBN 0-948789-89-1

Spinning

Materials	Noil Rolag Roving Sliver Staple Top Tow Woolen Worsted

Techniques	Carding Combing Heckling Long draw Scutching Short draw Twist per inch

Hand spinning tools	Hand spinning Distaff Niddy noddy Nostepinne Spindle Spinning wheel Spinners weasel

Industrial spinning	Cotton-spinning machinery Ring spinning Open end spinning Dref Friction Spinning Magnetic ring spinning Mule spinners' cancer Piece-rate list Spinning frame Spinning jenny Spinning mule Throstle frame Water frame Wool combing machine

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