A Little Princess

A Little Princess

Front cover of the first edition (1905)
Author Frances Hodgson Burnett
Illustrator
Country United States
Language English
Genre Children's literature
Publisher Charles Scribner's Sons
Publication date
 September 1905
Media type Print (hardcover)
Pages 324
LC Class
  • PZ7.B934 Sa[1]
  • PZ7.B934 S (1888)[2]
  • PZ7.B934 S23 (1938)[3]
Copyright: Public Domain (In most Countries)

A Little Princess is a children's novel by Frances Hodgson Burnett, first published as a book in 1905. It is an expanded version of the short story Sara Crewe: or, What Happened at Miss Minchin's, which was serialized in St. Nicholas Magazine from December 1887. According to Burnett, after she composed the 1902 play A Little Un-fairy Princess based on that story, her publisher asked that she expand the story as a novel with "the things and people that had been left out before".[4] The novel was published by Charles Scribner's Sons (also publisher of St. Nicholas) with illustrations by Ethel Franklin Betts and the full title A Little Princess: Being the Whole Story of Sara Crewe Now Being Told for the First Time.[1]

Based on a 2007 online poll, the U.S. National Education Association named the book one of its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children".[5] In 2012 it was ranked number 56 among all-time children's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal, a monthly with primarily U.S. audience.[6] It was the second of two Burnett novels among the Top 100, with The Secret Garden number 15.[6]

Plot

Captain Ralph Crewe, a wealthy English widower, enrolls his young daughter Sara, who has been living in India, at Miss Minchin's boarding school for girls in London, in order to prepare her for a future life in society. Crewe dotes on his daughter, ordering and paying for her special treatment at the school, such as her own room fitted with extra luxuries, her own maid, her own carriage for rides and pony, and her own sitting room. The Headmistress, Miss Minchin, secretly dislikes Sara, but hides her true feelings and publicly fawns over Sara because her father is so rich. Miss Minchin has a younger sister named Amelia who is kinder but weak willed.

Despite her status, Sara does not act snobbish and instead is quiet, well-mannered and kind, going out of her way to befriend Ermengarde, the school dunce; Lottie, a four-year-old student prone to temper tantrums; and Becky, the lowly 14-year-old that looks two years younger scullery maid. Sara gains the reputation of being like a "princess", and embraces it by trying to behave as a kind and magnanimous princess would in all situations.

After some time, Sara's birthday is celebrated at Miss Minchin's with a lavish party, attended by all her friends and classmates. Just as it ends, Miss Minchin learns of Captain Crewe's unfortunate demise. Prior to his death, the previously wealthy gentlemen had lost his entire fortune; a friend had persuaded Captain Crewe'to cash in his investments and deposit the proceeds to develop a network of diamond mines. The mines go bad and Sara is left a pauper. Miss Minchin is left with a sizable unpaid bill for Sara's school fees and luxuries, including her birthday party. In a rage, Miss Minchin takes away all of Sara's possessions (except for some old frocks and one doll), makes her live in a cold and poorly furnished attic, and forces her to earn her keep by working as an errand girl.

For the next several years Sara is abused by Miss Minchin and the other servants, except for Becky. Amelia deplores how Sara is treated but is too weak to speak up about it. Sara is starved, worked for long hours, sent out in all weathers, poorly dressed in outgrown and worn-out clothes, and deprived of warmth or a comfortable bed in the attic. Despite her hardships, Sara is consoled by her friends and uses her imagination to cope, pretending she is a prisoner in the Bastille or a princess disguised as a servant. Sara also continues to be kind and polite to everyone, including those who treat her badly. One day she finds a coin in the street and uses it to buy buns at a bakery, but despite being very hungry, she gives most of the buns away to a beggar girl dressed in rags who is hungrier than herself. The bakery shop owner sees this and wants to reward Sara, but she has disappeared, so the shop owner instead gives the beggar girl bread and warm shelter for Sara's sake.

Meanwhile, Mr. Carrisford and his Indian assistant Ram Dass have moved into the house next door to Miss Minchin's school. Carrisford had been Captain Crewe's friend and partner in the diamond mines. After the diamond mine venture failed, both Crewe and Carrisford became very ill, and Carrisford in his delirium abandoned his friend Crewe, who died of his 'jungle fever.' As it turned out, the diamond mines did not fail, but instead were a great success, making Carrisford extremely rich. Although Carrisford survived, he suffers from several ailments and is guilt-ridden over abandoning his friend. He is determined to find Crewe's daughter and heir, although he does not know where she is and thinks she is attending school in France or Moscow.


Meanwhile, Ram Dass befriends Sara when his pet monkey escapes into Sara's adjoining attic. After climbing over the roof to Sara's room to get the monkey, Ram Dass tells Carrisford about Sara's poor living conditions. As a pleasant distraction, Carrisford and Ram Dass buy warm blankets, comfortable furniture, food, and other gifts, and secretly leave them in Sara's room when she is asleep or out. Sara's spirits and health improve due to the gifts she receives from her mysterious benefactor, whose identity she does not know; nor are Ram Dass and Carrisford aware that she is Crewe's lost daughter. When Carrisford anonymously sends Sara a package of new, well-made and expensive clothing in her proper size, Miss Minchin becomes alarmed, thinking Sara might have a wealthy relative secretly looking out for her, and begins to treat Sara better and allows her to attend classes rather than doing menial work.

One night, the monkey again runs away to Sara's room, and Sara visits Carrisford's house the next morning to return him. When Sara casually mentions that she was born in India, Carrisford and his solicitor question her and discover that she is Captain Crewe's daughter, for whom they have been searching for years. Sara also learns that Carrisford was her father's friend and her own anonymous benefactor, and that the diamond mines have produced great riches, of which she will now own her late father's share. When Miss Minchin angrily appears to collect Sara, she is informed that Sara will be living with Carrisford and her entire fortune has been restored and greatly increased. Upon finding this out, Miss Minchin unsuccessfully tries to persuade Sara into returning to her school as a star pupil, and then threatens to keep her from ever seeing her school friends again, but Carrisford and his solicitor tell Miss Minchin that Sara will see anyone she wishes to see and that her friends' parents are not likely to refuse invitations from an heiress to diamond mines. Miss Minchin goes home, where she is surprised when her sister Amelia finally stands up to her. Amelia has a nervous breakdown afterwards, but she is on the road to gaining more respect.

Sara invites Becky to live with her and be her personal maid, in much better living conditions than at Miss Minchin's. Carrisford becomes a second father to Sara and quickly regains his health. Finally, Sara pays a visit to the bakery where she bought the buns, making a deal with the owner to cover the bills for bread for any hungry child. Sara also meets the beggar girl again, who, as a result of Sara's selfless act, ended up as the bakery owner's assistant, and now has good food, clothing, shelter, and steady employment. She later discovered that the girl's name was "Anne".

Source material

The novella appears to have been inspired in part by Charlotte Brontë's unfinished novel, Emma, the first two chapters of which were published in Cornhill Magazine in 1860, featuring a rich heiress with a mysterious past who is apparently abandoned at a boarding school.[7]

The thread of the book is evident in the novella, in which Sara Crewe is left at Miss Minchin's, loses her father, is worked as a drudge, and is surprised with the kindness of an Indian gentleman who turns out to be Captain Crewe's friend. However, at just over one-third the length of the later book, the novella is much less detailed.

Generally, the novel expanded on things in the novella; Captain Crewe's "investments" are only referred to briefly and generally, and much of the information revealed in conversations in the novel is simply summarised. However, there are details in the novella which were dropped for the novel. While a drudge, Sara is said to have frequented a library, in which she read books about women in rough circumstances being rescued by princes and other powerful men. In addition, Mr. Carrisford's illness is specified as liver trouble.

After writing Sara Crewe, Burnett returned to the material in 1902, penning the three-act stage play A Little Un-fairy Princess, which ran in London over the autumn of that year. Around the time it transferred to New York City at the start of 1903 with title was shortened to A Little Princess. (It was A Little Princess in London, but The Little Princess in New York.)

Burnett said that after the production of the play on Broadway, her publisher, Charles Scribner's Sons asked her to expand the story into a full-length novel and "put into it all the things and people that had been left out before."[8] The book was illustrated by Ethel Franklin Betts[8] and published in 1905 under the full title A Little Princess: Being the Whole Story of Sara Crewe Now Being Told for the First Time.[9]

Related books

In 1995, Apple published a series of three books written by Gabrielle Charbonnet. "The Princess Trilogy" was an updated version of the classic, with the title character named Molly, rather than Sara. Molly Stewart's father was a famous film director who left his daughter in a posh upscale boarding school. There were three books in the series, which ended in a similar way as the original: Molly's Heart, The Room on the Attic, and Home at Last.

A sequel by Hilary McKay was published by Hodder Children's Books in September 2009, Wishing For Tomorrow: The Sequel to A Little Princess[10] It tells the story of what happened to the rest of the boarding school girls after Sara and Becky left ("life must go on at Miss Minchin's").

Other media adaptations


Audiobooks

Film

Television

Musicals

Due in part to the novel's public domain status, several musical versions of A Little Princess have emerged in recent years, including:

Some of these productions have made significant changes to the book, story and characters, most notably the Sickinger/Atkey version, which moves the action to Civil War-era America.

In addition, Princesses, a 2004 musical currently in development for Broadway, features students at a boarding school presenting a production of A Little Princess. Music and book by Cheri Steinkellner and Bill Steinkellner; lyrics and direction by David Zippel.

Other theatre

Video Games

References

  1. 1 2 3 "A little princess; being the whole story of Sara Crewe". LC Online Catalog. Library of Congress (lccn.loc.gov). Retrieved 2016-02-29.
      This catalogue record does not identify the illustrator but links a page-by-page "electronic copy from HathiTrust" that shows "with illustrations in color by Ethel Franklin Betts" on the title page. Those illustrations are 12 color plates including the frontispiece. An author's note, "The Whole of the Story" (pp. v-vii), precedes the novel.
  2. 1 2 "Sara Crewe; or, What happened at Miss Minchin's" (1888 novella). LC Online Catalog. Library of Congress (lccn.loc.gov). Retrieved 2016-03-02.
      This catalogue record does not identify the illustrator but links a page-by-page "electronic copy from HathiTrust" with unnumbered page 7, "List of Illustrations", subheading "From drawings by Reginald B. Birch". Those illustrations are 6 full-page black-and-white drawings including the frontispiece. The story spans pp. 9–83 including ten pages that represent the five interior illustrations.
  3. 1 2 "A little princess, being the whole story of Sara Crewe" (Reginald Birch edition). LC Online Catalog. Library of Congress (lccn.loc.gov). Retrieved 2016-03-02.
  4. ↑ Wordsworth edition of A Little Princess.
  5. ↑ National Education Association (2007). "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children". Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  6. 1 2 Bird, Elizabeth (7 July 2012). "Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results". A Fuse #8 Production. Blog. School Library Journal (blog.schoollibraryjournal.com). Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  7. ↑ Emma Brown by Clare Boylan – Reviews, Books. The Independent. Archived 21 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  8. 1 2 Shaw, Albert. "The Season's Books for Children". The American Monthly Review of Reviews. Review of Reviews Company. 32 (July–December 1905): 764.
  9. ↑ Brown, Marian E. (1988). "Three Versions of A Little Princess: How the Story Developed". Children's Literature in Education. 19 (4): 119–210.
  10. ↑ "Wishing for Tomorrow: The Sequel to A Little Princess by Hilary McKay". ISBN 0340956534. GoodReads.com.
  11. ↑
  12. ↑ "A Little Princess: a new musical version by Marc Folan & Adam Boden". alittleprincessthemusical.co.uk.
  13. ↑ A Little Princess The Musical Off-Broadway and US Premiere. alittleprincessnyc.com. Archived 26 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine.

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