Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe
Debate has occurred throughout Europe over proposals to legalize same-sex marriage as well as same-sex civil unions.
Currently 28 of the 50 countries and 5 of the 7 dependent territories in Europe recognize some type of same-sex unions, among them a majority of members of the European Union. As of June 2016, thirteen European countries legally recognize and perform same-sex marriage, namely Belgium, Denmark,[nb 1] Finland (effective from 2017), France, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,[nb 2] Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.[nb 3] Twenty-one European countries legally recognize some form of civil union, namely Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands,[nb 2] Slovenia, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.[nb 4] San Marino only allows immigration and cohabitation of a citizen's partner. Several countries are currently considering same-sex union recognition.
Same-sex marriage is not recognized in several European countries and in addition marriage is defined as a union solely between a man and a woman in the constitutions of Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine.
ECHR case law
Over the years, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has handled cases that challenged the lack of legal recognition of same-sex couples in certain member states. The Court has held that the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) requires member states to provide legal recognition, but does not require marriage to be opened to same-sex couples.
In Schalk and Kopf v Austria (24 June 2010), the European Court of Human Rights decided that the European Convention on Human Rights does not oblige member states to legislate for or legally recognize same-sex marriages. However, the Court, for the first time, accepted same-sex relationships as a form of "family life".
In Vallianatos and Others v Greece (7 November 2013),[1] the Court held that exclusion of same-sex couples from registering a civil union, a legal form of partnership available to opposite-sex couples, violates the Convention. Greece had enacted a law in 2008 that established civil unions for opposite-sex couples only. A 2015 law extended partnership rights to same-sex couples.
Oliari and Others v Italy (21 July 2015)[2] went further and established a positive obligation upon member states to provide legal recognition for same-sex couples. Italy thus breached the Convention; it eventually implemented civil unions in 2016. The decision set a precedent for potential future cases regarding the 23 member states, certain British, Danish and Dutch territories, and the states with limited recognition (excluding Kosovo), that currently do not recognise same-sex couples' right to family life.
Chapin and Charpentier v France (9 June 2016) largely confirmed Schalk and Kopf v. Austria, holding that denying a same-sex couple access to marriage does not violate the Convention. At the time of the judgment, France did allow same-sex marriage, however, the case originated from 2004, when only pacte civil de solidarité (PACS) was available to same-sex couples in France.
Current situation
National level
Status | Country | Since | Country population living in Europe (Last Census count) |
---|---|---|---|
Marriage (13 countries) * In eight countries that have passed marriage, other types of partnerships are available, too. | |||
Belgium | 2003[3] | 11,198,638 | |
Denmark[nb 1] | 2012[4] | 5,655,750 | |
Finland | 2017 [5] | 5,470,820 | |
France | 2013[6] | 66,030,000 | |
Iceland | 2010[7] | 325,671 | |
Ireland | 2015[8] | 4,609,600 | |
Luxembourg | 2015[9] | 549,680 | |
Netherlands[nb 2] | 2001[10][11] | 16,856,620 | |
Norway | 2009[12] | 5,136,700 | |
Portugal | 2010[13] | 10,427,301 | |
Spain | 2005[14] | 46,704,314 | |
Sweden | 2009[15] | 9,716,962 | |
United Kingdom[nb 3] | 2014[16][17] | 62,700,000[nb 5] | |
Subtotal | — | — | 245,382,279 (28.9% of the European population) |
Recognition of foreign marriage (1 country) |
Malta[nb 6] | 2014[18][19] | 446,547 |
Subtotal | — | — | 446,547 (0.05% of the European population) |
Other type of partnership (13 countries) * In one of the countries that have passed other types of partnerships, yet another type of partnership is available, too. | |||
Andorra | 2014[20] | 85,082 | |
Austria | 2010[21] | 8,504,850 | |
Croatia | 2014[22] | 4,284,889 | |
Czech Republic | 2006[23] | 10,513,209 | |
Cyprus[nb 7] | 2015[24] | 1,117,000[nb 8] | |
Estonia | 2016[25] | 1,315,819 | |
Germany | 2001[26] | 80,716,000 | |
Greece | 2015[27] | 10,816,286 | |
Hungary | 2009[28] | 9,877,365 | |
Italy | 2016[29] | 60,782,668 | |
Liechtenstein | 2011[30] | 37,132 | |
Slovenia | 2006[31] | 2,061,085 | |
Switzerland | 2007[32] | 8,183,800 | |
Subtotal | — | — | 198,295,185 (22.8% of the European population) |
Unregistered cohabitation (1 country) |
San Marino | 2012[33] | 32,576 |
Subtotal | — | — | 32,576 (.003% of the European population) |
Total | — | — | 443,039,377 (52.18% of the European population) |
No recognition (11 countries) | |||
Albania | — | 3,020,209 | |
Azerbaijan | — | 9,494,600 | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | — | 3,871,643 | |
Georgia | — | 4,935,880 | |
Kazakhstan | — | 17,948,816 | |
Macedonia | — | 2,058,539 | |
Monaco | — | 36,371 | |
Romania | — | 19,942,642 | |
Russia | — | 143,700,000 | |
Turkey | — | 76,667,864 | |
Vatican City | — | 842 | |
Subtotal | — | — | 281,677,406 (37.94% of the European population) |
Constitutional ban on marriage (13 countries) * In two countries that constitutionally ban same-sex marriage, other types of partnerships are available, too. | |||
Armenia | 2015[34] | 3,018,854 | |
Belarus | 1994 [35] | 9,475,100 | |
Bulgaria | 1991[36] | 7,364,570 | |
Croatia | 2013[37][38] | 4,284,889 | |
Hungary | 2012[39][40] | 9,877,365 | |
Latvia | 2006[41][42] | 1,990,300 | |
Lithuania | 1992[43] | 2,944,459 | |
Moldova | 1994[44] | 3,557,600 | |
Montenegro | 2007[45] | 647,905 | |
Poland | 1997[46] | 38,483,957 | |
Serbia | 2006[47] | 7,209,764 | |
Slovakia | 2014[48][49] | 5,415,949 | |
Ukraine | 1996[50] | 44,291,413 | |
Subtotal | — | — | 138,562,125 (18.66% of the European population) |
Total | — | — | 406,077,277[nb 9] (47.82% of the European population) |
Sub-national level
Status | Country | Jurisdiction | Legal since | Jurisdiction population (Last Census count) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marriage (2 jurisdiction) |
United Kingdom | 92,497 | ||
Total | — | — | — | 92,497 (0.01% of the European population) |
Other type of partnership (3 jurisdictions) |
United Kingdom | 1,927,858 (Combined population) | ||
Total | — | — | — | 1,927,858 (0.22% of the European population) |
No recognition (2 jurisdictions) |
Denmark | Faroe Islands | — | 49,709 |
United Kingdom | Guernsey | — | 65,345 | |
Total | — | — | — | 115,054 (0.01% of the European population) |
Future legislation
Marriage
Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority
Faroe Islands: A same-sex marriage bill was approved in final reading in the Faroese Parliament on 29 April 2016 by a 19-14 vote.[56] It will now be sent to the Danish Parliament for ratification through three readings and Royal Assent.
Guernsey: On 21 September 2016, the States of Guernsey approved the bill to legalize same-sex marriage, in a 33-5 vote. It awaits Royal Assent in the Privy Council.[57][58]
Jersey: On 14 July 2015 the Chief Minister submitted a proposal to parliament. The States were asked to decide whether they agree, in principle, that same-sex couples should be allowed to marry. The proposition was approved by the Assembly on 22 September 2015.[59] Legislation to bring the law into effect is scheduled for introduction by January 2017.[60]
Gibraltar: Following a consultation period, the Government published a bill to legalise same-sex marriage on 15 August 2016.[61] On 26 October 2016, the Marriage Bill was passed unanimously by the Gibraltar Parliament. The Bill now awaits Royal Assent.[62]
Opposition proposals or proposals without a parliamentary majority
Austria: The opposition party NEOS – The New Austria submitted a bill to the National Council on 12 June 2014. On 24 September 2014 it had its first reading and was sent to the Judiciary Committee.[63] A people's initiative was submitted to the National Council on 5 August 2015 and sent to the Petition and People's Initiative Committee on 8 August 2015.[64]
Germany: The opposition party The Left submitted a bill to the Federal Diet on 23 October 2013. It had its first reading on 19 December 2013.[65]
On 5 June 2015 the states of Baden-Württemberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Schleswig-Holstein and Thuringia submitted a bill to the Federal Council. On 12 June 2015 it had its first reading and was sent to the committees. It was approved on second reading and sent to the Federal Diet on 25 September 2015.[66]
The opposition party Alliance '90/The Greens submitted a further bill to the Federal Diet on 10 June 2015. It had its first reading on 18 June 2015.[67]
Italy: Two bills were submitted to the Senate on 15 March 2013. A third bill was submitted on 5 April 2013. On 18 June 2013 the examination of those bills by several committees started.[68][69][70]
Switzerland: On 5 December 2013 the Green Liberal Party of Switzerland submitted a parliamentary initiative to the National Council, proposing a constitutional amendment allowing couples to enter into a marriage or civil union irrespective of sex and sexual orientation. On 20 February 2015 the lower house's Justice Committee recommended approval of the proposal.[71] On 1 September 2015, it was also approved by the upper house's Justice Committee, paving the way for a referendum on the constitutional amendment.[72]
In March 2015, the Swiss Federal Council released a governmental report on the modernization of family law. It suggests a repeal of the current law on registered partnerships, to be replaced by a new gender-neutral form of partnership registration, modelled on the French civil solidarity pact, as well as marriage for same-sex couples.[73] The Swiss President Simonetta Sommaruga, in charge of the Federal Department of Justice and Police, also stated that she hoped personally that gay and lesbian couples would soon be allowed to marry.[74]
Non-marital partnership
Opposition proposals or proposals without a parliamentary majority
Monaco: On 27 October 2016, the National Council unanimously adopted a proposal to create gender-neutral "contrat de vie commun" (CVC) modeled on the French PACS. The proposal now goes to the government, which has six months to decide whether to pursue it, and if so, another 12 months to implement the proposal.[75]
San Marino: In March 2016, two opposition parties, LabDem and the United Left, along with the main government party, the Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party, announced their own proposals to expand the rights of all unmarried cohabiting couples through a new partnership law. The junior coalition partner, the Party of Socialists and Democrats, has also announced an intention to submit a fourth bill.[76]
Mutual recognition
European Union: Debate has occurred in the European Union over a proposal which would require each member to legally recognize each other's same-sex marriages as well as any member's civil unions and registered partnerships to ensure the right of freedom of movement for citizens' family members.[77]
Same-sex marriage ban
Macedonia: On 21 January 2015, the Parliament of Macedonia overwhelmingly approved Amendment XXXIII to the Constitution of Macedonia, banning same-sex marriage, with 72 MPs voting for and 4 MPs voting against.[78] However, it also needs another parliamentary vote and presidential approval to become law.[79]
Public opinion
Public support for same-sex marriage from EU member states as measured from a 2015 poll is the greatest in the Netherlands (91%), Sweden (90%), Denmark (87%), Spain (84%), Ireland (80%), Belgium (77%), Luxembourg (75%), the United Kingdom (71%) and France (71%).[80] In recent years, support has risen most significantly in Malta, from 18% in 2006 to 65% in 2015 and in Ireland from 41% in 2006 to 80% in 2015.[81]
After the approval of same-sex marriage in Portugal in January 2010, 52% of the Portuguese population stated that they were in favor of the legislation.[82] In 2008 58% of the Norwegian voters supported the Marriage Act, which was introduced in the same year, and 31 percent were against it.[83] In January 2013 54.1% of Italians respondents supported same-sex marriage[84] In a late January 2013 survey 77.2% of Italians respondents supported the recognition of same-sex unions.[85]
In Greece support more than doubled between 2006 and 2015, albeit still considerably low. In 2006 15% responded that they agreed with same-sex marriages being allowed throughout Europe, whereas in 2015 33% agreed with the statement. [81]
In Ireland, a 2008 survey revealed 84% of people supported civil unions for same-sex couples (and 58% for same-sex marriage),[86] while a 2010 survey showed 67% supported same-sex marriage[87] by 2012 this figure had risen to 73% in support.[88] On 22 May 2015, 62.1% of the electorate voted to enshrine same-sex marriage in the Irish constitution as equal to heterosexual marriage.
A March 2013 survey by Taloustutkimus found that 58% of Finns supported same-sex marriage.[89]
In Croatia, a poll conducted in November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea.[90]
In Poland a 2013 public poll revealed that 70% of Poles reject the idea of registered partnerships.[91] Another survey in February 2013 revealed that 55% were against and 38% of Poles support the idea of registered partnerships for same-sex couples.[92]
In the European Union, support tends to be the lowest in Bulgaria, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Lithuania. The average percentage of support for same-sex marriage in the European Union as of 2006 when it had 25 members was 44%, which had descended from a previous percentage of 53%. The change was caused by more socially conservative nations joining the EU.[81] In 2015, with 28 members, average support was at 61%.[80]
Opinion polls
Country | Pollster | Year | For | Against | Don't Know/Neutral/No answer/Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albania | NDI | 2015 | [93] | 10%[93] 88% | [93] | 2%
Armenia | Интеграция и развитие | 2013 | [94] | 2%[94] 96% | [94] | 2%
Austria | IMAS | 2015 | 55%[95] | [95] | 38%[95] | 7%
Belarus | NAS | 2015 | [96] | 4.5%[96] 86.6% | [96] | 8.8%
Belgium | Eurobarometer | 2015 | 77%[97] | [97] | 20%[97] | 3%
Bosnia and Herzegovina | NDI | 2015 | [93] | 10%[93] 88% | [93] | 2%
Bulgaria | Eurobarometer | 2015 | [97] | 17%68%[97] | [97] | 15%
Croatia | Eurobarometer | 2015 | [97] | 37%54%[97] | [97] | 9%
Cyprus | Eurobarometer | 2015 | [97] | 37%56%[97] | [97] | 7%
Czech Republic | CVVM | 2016 | 51%[98] | [98] | 43%[98] | 6%
Denmark | Eurobarometer | 2015 | 87%[97] | [97] | 9%[97] | 4%
Estonia | Eurobarometer | 2015 | [97] | 31%58%[97] | [97] | 11%
Finland | Eurobarometer | 2015 | 66%[97] | [97] | 28%[97] | 6%
France | BVA | 2015 | 67%[99] | [97] | 31%[97] | 2%
Georgia | NDI | 2012 | [100] | 6%[100] 89% | [100] | 4%
Germany | YouGov | 2016 | 68%[101] | [97] | 24%[97] | 8%
Greece | focus bari | 2016 | 56%[102] | 35% | [103] | 4%
Hungary | Eurobarometer | 2015 | [97] | 39%53% | [97] | 8%
Ireland | Eurobarometer | 2015 | 80%[97] | [97] | 15%[97] | 5%
Italy | Demos & Pi | 2016 | 56%[104] | [104] | 40%[104] | 4%
Kosovo | NDI | 2015 | [93] | 10%[93] 88% | [93] | 2%
Latvia | Eurobarometer | 2015 | [97] | 19%76%[97] | [97] | 5%
Lithuania | Eurobarometer | 2015 | [97] | 24%71%[97] | [97] | 5%
Luxembourg | Eurobarometer | 2015 | 75%[97] | [97] | 20%[97] | 5%
Macedonia | NDI | 2015 | [93] | 10%[93] 88% | [93] | 2%
Malta | Eurobarometer | 2015 | 65%[97] | [97] | 29%[97] | 6%
Moldova | IPP | 2014 | [105] | 5.9%87.2% | 6.9% |
Montenegro | NDI | 2015 | [93] | 10%[93] 88% | [93] | 2%
Netherlands | Eurobarometer | 2015 | [97] 91% | [97] | 7%[97] | 2%
Norway | Ipsos | 2013 | 78%[106] | [106] | 17%[106] | 4%
Poland | Eurobarometer | 2015 | [97] | 28%61%[97] | [97] | 11%
Portugal | Eurobarometer | 2015 | 61%[97] | [97] | 33%[97] | 6%
Romania | Eurobarometer | 2015 | [97] | 21%69%[97] | [97] | 10%
Russia | VTsIOM | 2015 | [107] | 8%80% | 12% |
Serbia | NDI | 2015 | [93] | 10%[93] 88% | [93] | 2%
Slovakia | Eurobarometer | 2015 | [97] | 24%69%[97] | [97] | 7%
Slovenia | Ninamedia | 2015 | [108] | 38.3%[108] 49.5% | [108] | 12.2%
Spain | Eurobarometer | 2015 | 84%[97] | [97] | 10%[97] | 6%
Sweden | Eurobarometer | 2015 | 90%[97] | [97] | 7%[97] | 3%
Switzerland | Ifop | 2013 | [109] 63% | 37% | - |
Ukraine | GfK Ukraine | 2013 | [110] | 4.6%95.4% | - |
United Kingdom | YouGov | 2016 | 56%[111] | [111] | 27%[111] | 17%
See also
Notes
- 1 2 Excluding the Faroe Islands.
- 1 2 3 Excluding Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.
- 1 2 Excluding Northern Ireland, Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories (except Isle of Man and Pitcairn Islands which allow it).
- ↑ Excluding Guernsey and Overseas Territories (except Gibraltar).
- ↑ Combined population of England, Wales and Scotland.
- ↑ Civil Unions, which provide everything but the name marriage, are also available.
- ↑ Excluding the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
- ↑ Including the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
- ↑ Excluding Croatia and Hungary.
References
- ↑ CASE OF VALLIANATOS AND OTHERS v. GREECE, European Court of Human Rights
- ↑ CASE OF OLIARI AND OTHERS v. ITALY, European Court of Human Rights
- ↑ (Dutch) Wet tot openstelling van het huwelijk voor personen van hetzelfde geslacht en tot wijziging van een aantal bepalingen van het Burgerlijk Wetboek
- ↑ (Danish) Lov om ændring af lov om ægteskabs indgåelse og opløsning, lov om ægteskabets retsvirkninger og retsplejeloven og om ophævelse af lov om registreret partnerskab
- ↑ (Swedish) Lag om ändring av äktenskapslagen
- ↑ (French) LOI n° 2013-404 du 17 mai 2013 ouvrant le mariage aux couples de personnes de même sexe
- ↑ (Icelandic) Lög um breytingar á hjúskaparlögum og fleiri lögum og um brottfall laga um staðfesta samvist (ein hjúskaparlög)
- ↑ "Marriage Bill 2015 (Number 78 of 2015)". House of the Oireachtas. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
- ↑ (French) Mémorial A n° 125 de 2014
- ↑ (Dutch) Wet openstelling huwelijk
- ↑ (Dutch)ECLI:NL:HR:2007:AZ6095
- ↑ (Norwegian) Lov om endringer i ekteskapsloven, barnelova, adopsjonsloven, bioteknologiloven mv. (felles ekteskapslov for heterofile og homofile par)
- ↑ (Portuguese) Lei n.º 9/2010 de 31 de Maio
- ↑ (Spanish) Ley 13/2005, de 1 de julio, por la que se modifica el Código Civil en materia de derecho a contraer matrimonio
- ↑ (Swedish)Lag (2009:253) om ändring i äktenskapsbalken
- ↑ Marriage (Same-sex couples) Act 2013
- ↑ Marriage and Civil Partnership (Scotland) Act 2014
- ↑ AN ACT to regulate civil unions and to provide for matters connected therewith or ancillary thereto
- ↑ MARRIAGE ACT
- ↑ (Catalan) Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995
- ↑ (German) Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Eingetragene Partnerschaft-Gesetz
- ↑ (Croatian) Zakon o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola
- ↑ (Czech) 115/2006 Sb. o registrovaném partnerství a o změně některých souvisejících zákonů
- ↑ Τέθηκε σε ισχύ η πολιτική συμβίωση στην Κύπρο
- ↑ "Kooseluseadus" (in Estonian). Riigikogu. 9 October 2014.
- ↑ (German) Gesetz über die Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft
- ↑ NOMOΣ ΥΠ’ ΑΡΙΘ. 3456 Σύμφωνο συμβίωσης, άσκηση δικαιωμάτων, ποινικές και άλλες διατάξεις.
- ↑ (Hungarian) 2009. évi XXIX. törvény a bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolatról, az ezzel összefüggő, valamint az élettársi viszony igazolásának megkönnyítéséhez szükséges egyes törvények módosításáról
- ↑ Povoledo, Elisabetta (2016-05-11). "Italy Approves Same-Sex Civil Unions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
- ↑ (German) Gesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft gleichgeschlechtlicher Paare (Partnerschaftsgesetz; PartG)
- ↑ (Slovene) 2840. Zakon o registraciji istospolne partnerske skupnosti
- ↑ (German) Bundesgesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft gleichgeschlechtlicher Paare
- ↑ "San Marino axes medieval law to let gay couples live together". Gay Star News. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ↑ "Referendum in Armenia brings constitutional reforms". ILGA Europe. 16 December 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
Men and women of marriageable age have the right to marry with each other.
- ↑ Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher, LL-M. "Belarus - Constitution". Servat.unibe.ch. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
- ↑ "National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria - Constitution". National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria. 6 February 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
Matrimony shall be a free union between a man and a woman.
- ↑ "2013 Referendum". Izbori.hr. Retrieved 2014-01-23.
- ↑ "Croats reject gay marriage in referendum". Reuters. EurActiv.com. 2 December 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
- ↑ "New Hungarian constitution comes into effect with same-sex marriage ban," PinkNews, 3 January 2012, accessed 18 June 2015.
- ↑ "Text of the Hungarian Constitution (pdf)" (PDF). Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ↑ Laura Sheeter, "Latvia defies EU over gay rights", BBC News website, 16 June 2006.
- ↑ http://www.saeima.lv/Likumdosana_eng/likumdosana_satversme.html
- ↑ "CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA".
- ↑ "Title II. Fundamental rights, freedoms and duties - Presidency of the Republic of Moldova". Retrieved 18 June 2015.
Article 48. [...] The family shall be founded on a freely consented marriage between a husband and wife
- ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld - Constitution of Montenegro". Refworld. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ↑ "The Constitution of the Republic of Poland". Sejm. 2 April 1997. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
Article 18. Marriage, being a union of a man and a woman, as well as the family, motherhood and parenthood, shall be placed under the protection and care of the Republic of Poland.
- ↑ "Constitution of the Republic of Serbia". Srbija.gov.rs. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
Contracting, duration or dissolution of marriage shall be based on the equality of man and woman.
- ↑ "ÚSTAVA SLOVENSKEJ REPUBLIKY". Ministry of Justice of the Slovak Republic. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
Article 43. Marriage is a unique union between a man and a woman
- ↑ "Slovakia bans gay marriage in constitution". Sky News Australia. 5 June 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
- ↑ "Constitutions - Legislationline". Legislationline. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
- ↑ "Overseas Marriage (Armed Forces) Order 2014" (PDF). Legislation.gov.uk. 28 April 2014.
- ↑ "Marriage and Civil Partnership (Amendment) Act 2016" (PDF). Retrieved 22 July 2016.
- ↑ "Civil Partnership Act 2004". Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ↑ Civil Partnership (Jersey) Law 2012
- ↑ CIVIL PARTNERSHIP ACT 2014
- ↑ 19/2015 Uppskot til rikislógartilmæli um at seta í gildi fyri Føroyar partar av broytingum í hjúnabandslógini og rættarvirknaðarlógini
- ↑ Guernsey Has Just Voted To Introduce Same-Sex Marriage
- ↑ Guernsey passes same-sex marriage law
- ↑ P.77/2015 Same-sex marriage, divorce and dissolution
- ↑ Jersey States support same-sex marriage
- ↑ Govt publishes same sex marriage Bill
- ↑ Equal marriage bill passed by Parliament
- ↑ (German)Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Änderung (498/A)
- ↑ Ehe Gleich! Aufhebung des Eheverbots für gleichgeschlechtliche Paare (85/BI)
- ↑ (German) Gesetz zur Einführung des Rechts auf Eheschließung für Personen gleichen Geschlechts (18/8)
- ↑ (German)Gesetz zur Einführung des Rechts auf Eheschließung für Personen gleichen Geschlechts (273/15)
- ↑ "Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Abschaffung des Eheverbots für gleichgeschlechtliche Paare" (PDF) (in German). Bundestag. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
- ↑ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 15
- ↑ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 204
- ↑ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 393
- ↑ (German) 13.468 – Parlamentarische Initiative – Ehe für alle
- ↑ "Ständerat sagt Ja zur Homo-Ehe". Blick.ch. 1 September 2015.
- ↑ (French) Rapport du Conseil fédéral - Modernisation du droit de la famille, Federal Department of Justice and Police, retrieved on 27 May 2015
- ↑ (French) Sommaruga espère que les homosexuels pourront bientôt se marier, L'Hebdo, retrieved on 27 May 2015
- ↑ "Pacs monégasque : bientôt un projet de loi ? - Monaco Hebdo". Monaco Hebdo (in French). 2016-11-09. Retrieved 2016-11-22.
- ↑ (Italian) San Marino. Unioni civili, presto sul tavolo tre bozze di legge
- ↑ "REPORT on the proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on measures facilitating the exercise of rights conferred on workers in the context of freedom of movement for workers - A7-0386/2013". Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ↑ "Macedonian lawmakers approve same-sex marriage ban". Washington blade. 21 January 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
- ↑ "Macedonia bans gay marriage". 21 January 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
- 1 2 "Special Eurobarometer 437: Discrimination in the EU in 2015" (PDF). European Commission. October 2015.
- 1 2 3 "EU Public Opinion: SSM" (PDF). Retrieved 5 November 2010.
- ↑ "New England's largest GLBT newspaper". Bay Windows. 25 January 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
- ↑ AVJonathan Tisdall . "Support for gay marriage". Aftenposten.no. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
- ↑ (Italian) Datamonitor, 7 January 2013
- ↑ (Italian) Il Rapporto Italia 2013 | L'Italia del presentismo Eurispes, 31 January 2013
- ↑ "Increased support for gay marriage – Survey". BreakingNews.ie. 31 March 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
- ↑ "Yes to gay marriage and premarital sex: a nation strips off its conservative values". Irish Times. 9 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
- ↑ "Poll finds Irish support for gay marriage at 73%". PinkNews. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ↑ "Poll: Over half of Finns favour same-sex marriage law". Yle Uutiset. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ↑ "Anketa za HRT: 59 posto građana ZA promjenu Ustava" (in Croatian). Slobodnadalmacija.hr. 29 November 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
- ↑ (Polish) Polacy: Związki partnerskie? Niepotrzebne! [SONDAŻ TOK FM]
- ↑ (Polish) Sondaż: Polacy przeciwko związkom partnerskim. [SONDAŻ TNS OBOP]
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 "NDI Public Opinion Poll in the Balkans on LGBTI Communities". National Democratic Institute. 8 October 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
- 1 2 3 "ПРЕДПОЧТЕНИЯ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ АРМЕНИИ ЛЕЖАТ В СФЕРЕ ТАМОЖЕННОГО СОЮЗА". russia-armenia.info. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
- 1 2 3 "86 Prozent fordern mehr Spielregeln für Zuwanderer". Krone.at. 16 October 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
- 1 2 3 "Однополые браки в Беларуси: как Академия наук считала их сторонников". Euroradio.fm. 7 June 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 "Special Eurobarometer 437: discrimination in the EU in 2015" (PDF). TNS. European Commission. October 2015. p. 373. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
- 1 2 3 (Czech) "Postoje veřejnosti k právům homosexuálů – červen 2016" (PDF). CVVM. 25 July 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ↑ "Les Français et les droits des couples homosexuels" (PDF). BVA. 27 June 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
- 1 2 3 "Законопроект о запрете однополых браков в Грузии готовы поддержать 89% населения". apsny.ge. 10 July 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
- ↑ "Große Mehrheit der Deutschen für Ehe-Öffnung". queer.de. 28 January 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
- ↑ "Immigration, minorities, and human rights". Focus Bari. February 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
- ↑
- 1 2 3 "Il governo italiano, i diritti degli omosessuali". Demos & Pi. 22 February 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
- ↑ "Fenomenul discriminării în Republica Moldova: percepţia cetăţeanului" (PDF). Institute for Public Policy (in Romanian). Chişinău. 2014.
- 1 2 3 "Detailed Tables". Ipsos. 18 June 2013. p. 13. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
- ↑ "SAME-SEX MARRIAGE: PRO ET CONTRA". VTsIOM. 10 July 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
- 1 2 3 "Kaj je pokazala anketa pred referendumom?". rtvslo.si. 18 December 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
- ↑ "Enquête sur la droitisation des opinions publiques européennes" (PDF). ifop.com. Retrieved 2015-06-10.
- ↑ "Большинство украинцев против однополых браков - опрос". BBC. 17 May 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
- 1 2 3 "2016 opinion poll by YouGov" (PDF). YouGov. 29 January 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.