Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe

Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe
  Marriage
  Foreign marriages recognized
  Other type of partnership
  Unregistered cohabitation
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
---- Includes laws that have not yet gone into effect.
Legal status of same-sex unions
Marriage
Performed

Argentina
Belgium
Brazil
Canada
Colombia
Denmark:
· Denmark proper
· Greenland
Finland*
France
Iceland
Ireland
Luxembourg
Mexico:
· CM, CH, CA,
· CL, GR3, JA,
· MC, MR, NA,
· PU3, QE3,
· QR, CDMX

Netherlands:
· Netherlands proper
New Zealand:
· New Zealand proper
Norway
Portugal
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom:
· England and Wales
· Scotland
· AX and DX, AC*
· BAT, IM, PN
United States:
· United States proper
· GU, MP, PR, VI
· some tribal jurisdictions
Uruguay

Recognized

  1. When performed in Mexican states that have legalized same-sex marriage
  2. When performed in the Netherlands proper
  3. Marriages performed in some municipalities and recognized by the state

* Not yet in effect

LGBT portal

Debate has occurred throughout Europe over proposals to legalize same-sex marriage as well as same-sex civil unions.

Currently 28 of the 50 countries and 5 of the 7 dependent territories in Europe recognize some type of same-sex unions, among them a majority of members of the European Union. As of June 2016, thirteen European countries legally recognize and perform same-sex marriage, namely Belgium, Denmark,[nb 1] Finland (effective from 2017), France, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,[nb 2] Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.[nb 3] Twenty-one European countries legally recognize some form of civil union, namely Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands,[nb 2] Slovenia, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.[nb 4] San Marino only allows immigration and cohabitation of a citizen's partner. Several countries are currently considering same-sex union recognition.

Same-sex marriage is not recognized in several European countries and in addition marriage is defined as a union solely between a man and a woman in the constitutions of Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine.

ECHR case law

Over the years, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has handled cases that challenged the lack of legal recognition of same-sex couples in certain member states. The Court has held that the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) requires member states to provide legal recognition, but does not require marriage to be opened to same-sex couples.

In Schalk and Kopf v Austria (24 June 2010), the European Court of Human Rights decided that the European Convention on Human Rights does not oblige member states to legislate for or legally recognize same-sex marriages. However, the Court, for the first time, accepted same-sex relationships as a form of "family life".

In Vallianatos and Others v Greece (7 November 2013),[1] the Court held that exclusion of same-sex couples from registering a civil union, a legal form of partnership available to opposite-sex couples, violates the Convention. Greece had enacted a law in 2008 that established civil unions for opposite-sex couples only. A 2015 law extended partnership rights to same-sex couples.

Oliari and Others v Italy (21 July 2015)[2] went further and established a positive obligation upon member states to provide legal recognition for same-sex couples. Italy thus breached the Convention; it eventually implemented civil unions in 2016. The decision set a precedent for potential future cases regarding the 23 member states, certain British, Danish and Dutch territories, and the states with limited recognition (excluding Kosovo), that currently do not recognise same-sex couples' right to family life.

Chapin and Charpentier v France (9 June 2016) largely confirmed Schalk and Kopf v. Austria, holding that denying a same-sex couple access to marriage does not violate the Convention. At the time of the judgment, France did allow same-sex marriage, however, the case originated from 2004, when only pacte civil de solidarité (PACS) was available to same-sex couples in France.

Current situation

National level

Status Country Since Country population living in Europe
(Last Census count)
Marriage
(13 countries)
* In eight countries that have passed marriage,
other types of partnerships are available, too.
Belgium Belgium 2003[3] 11,198,638
Denmark Denmark[nb 1] 2012[4] 5,655,750
Finland Finland 2017 [5] 5,470,820
France France 2013[6] 66,030,000
Iceland Iceland 2010[7] 325,671
Republic of Ireland Ireland 2015[8] 4,609,600
Luxembourg Luxembourg 2015[9] 549,680
Netherlands Netherlands[nb 2] 2001[10][11] 16,856,620
Norway Norway 2009[12] 5,136,700
Portugal Portugal 2010[13] 10,427,301
Spain Spain 2005[14] 46,704,314
Sweden Sweden 2009[15] 9,716,962
United Kingdom United Kingdom[nb 3] 2014[16][17] 62,700,000[nb 5]
Subtotal — — 245,382,279
(28.9% of the European population)
Recognition of foreign marriage
(1 country)		 Malta Malta[nb 6] 2014[18][19] 446,547
Subtotal — — 446,547
(0.05% of the European population)
Other type of partnership
(13 countries)
* In one of the countries that have passed other types of partnerships,
yet another type of partnership is available, too.
Andorra Andorra 2014[20] 85,082
Austria Austria 2010[21] 8,504,850
Croatia Croatia 2014[22] 4,284,889
Czech Republic Czech Republic 2006[23] 10,513,209
Cyprus Cyprus[nb 7] 2015[24] 1,117,000[nb 8]
Estonia Estonia 2016[25] 1,315,819
Germany Germany 2001[26] 80,716,000
Greece Greece 2015[27] 10,816,286
Hungary Hungary 2009[28] 9,877,365
Italy Italy 2016[29] 60,782,668
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein 2011[30] 37,132
Slovenia Slovenia 2006[31] 2,061,085
Switzerland Switzerland 2007[32] 8,183,800
Subtotal — — 198,295,185
(22.8% of the European population)
Unregistered cohabitation
(1 country)		 San Marino San Marino 2012[33] 32,576
Subtotal — — 32,576
(.003% of the European population)
Total — — 443,039,377
(52.18% of the European population)
No recognition
(11 countries)
Albania Albania — 3,020,209
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan — 9,494,600
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina — 3,871,643
Georgia (country) Georgia — 4,935,880
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan — 17,948,816
Republic of Macedonia Macedonia — 2,058,539
Monaco Monaco — 36,371
Romania Romania — 19,942,642
Russia Russia — 143,700,000
Turkey Turkey — 76,667,864
Vatican City Vatican City — 842
Subtotal — — 281,677,406
(37.94% of the European population)
Constitutional ban on marriage
(13 countries)
* In two countries that constitutionally ban same-sex marriage,
other types of partnerships are available, too.
Armenia Armenia 2015[34] 3,018,854
Belarus Belarus 1994 [35] 9,475,100
Bulgaria Bulgaria 1991[36] 7,364,570
Croatia Croatia 2013[37][38] 4,284,889
Hungary Hungary 2012[39][40] 9,877,365
Latvia Latvia 2006[41][42] 1,990,300
Lithuania Lithuania 1992[43] 2,944,459
Moldova Moldova 1994[44] 3,557,600
Montenegro Montenegro 2007[45] 647,905
Poland Poland 1997[46] 38,483,957
Serbia Serbia 2006[47] 7,209,764
Slovakia Slovakia 2014[48][49] 5,415,949
Ukraine Ukraine 1996[50] 44,291,413
Subtotal — — 138,562,125
(18.66% of the European population)
Total — — 406,077,277[nb 9]
(47.82% of the European population)

Sub-national level

Status Country Jurisdiction Legal since Jurisdiction population
(Last Census count)
Marriage
(2 jurisdiction)		 United Kingdom United Kingdom

Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Isle of Man Isle of Man

2014[51]
2016[52]

92,497
Total — — — 92,497
(0.01% of the European population)
Other type of partnership
(3 jurisdictions)		 United Kingdom United Kingdom

Northern Ireland Northern Ireland
Jersey Jersey
Gibraltar Gibraltar

2005[53]
2012[54]
2014[55]

 1,927,858

(Combined population)

Total — — — 1,927,858
(0.22% of the European population)
No recognition
(2 jurisdictions)		 Denmark Denmark Faroe Islands Faroe Islands — 49,709
United Kingdom United Kingdom Guernsey Guernsey — 65,345
Total — — — 115,054
(0.01% of the European population)

Future legislation

Marriage

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

Faroe Islands Faroe Islands: A same-sex marriage bill was approved in final reading in the Faroese Parliament on 29 April 2016 by a 19-14 vote.[56] It will now be sent to the Danish Parliament for ratification through three readings and Royal Assent.

Guernsey Guernsey: On 21 September 2016, the States of Guernsey approved the bill to legalize same-sex marriage, in a 33-5 vote. It awaits Royal Assent in the Privy Council.[57][58]

Jersey Jersey: On 14 July 2015 the Chief Minister submitted a proposal to parliament. The States were asked to decide whether they agree, in principle, that same-sex couples should be allowed to marry. The proposition was approved by the Assembly on 22 September 2015.[59] Legislation to bring the law into effect is scheduled for introduction by January 2017.[60]

Gibraltar Gibraltar: Following a consultation period, the Government published a bill to legalise same-sex marriage on 15 August 2016.[61] On 26 October 2016, the Marriage Bill was passed unanimously by the Gibraltar Parliament. The Bill now awaits Royal Assent.[62]

Opposition proposals or proposals without a parliamentary majority

Austria Austria: The opposition party NEOS – The New Austria submitted a bill to the National Council on 12 June 2014. On 24 September 2014 it had its first reading and was sent to the Judiciary Committee.[63] A people's initiative was submitted to the National Council on 5 August 2015 and sent to the Petition and People's Initiative Committee on 8 August 2015.[64]

Germany Germany: The opposition party The Left submitted a bill to the Federal Diet on 23 October 2013. It had its first reading on 19 December 2013.[65]
On 5 June 2015 the states of Baden-Württemberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Schleswig-Holstein and Thuringia submitted a bill to the Federal Council. On 12 June 2015 it had its first reading and was sent to the committees. It was approved on second reading and sent to the Federal Diet on 25 September 2015.[66]
The opposition party Alliance '90/The Greens submitted a further bill to the Federal Diet on 10 June 2015. It had its first reading on 18 June 2015.[67]

Italy Italy: Two bills were submitted to the Senate on 15 March 2013. A third bill was submitted on 5 April 2013. On 18 June 2013 the examination of those bills by several committees started.[68][69][70]

Switzerland Switzerland: On 5 December 2013 the Green Liberal Party of Switzerland submitted a parliamentary initiative to the National Council, proposing a constitutional amendment allowing couples to enter into a marriage or civil union irrespective of sex and sexual orientation. On 20 February 2015 the lower house's Justice Committee recommended approval of the proposal.[71] On 1 September 2015, it was also approved by the upper house's Justice Committee, paving the way for a referendum on the constitutional amendment.[72]
In March 2015, the Swiss Federal Council released a governmental report on the modernization of family law. It suggests a repeal of the current law on registered partnerships, to be replaced by a new gender-neutral form of partnership registration, modelled on the French civil solidarity pact, as well as marriage for same-sex couples.[73] The Swiss President Simonetta Sommaruga, in charge of the Federal Department of Justice and Police, also stated that she hoped personally that gay and lesbian couples would soon be allowed to marry.[74]

Non-marital partnership

Opposition proposals or proposals without a parliamentary majority

Monaco Monaco: On 27 October 2016, the National Council unanimously adopted a proposal to create gender-neutral "contrat de vie commun" (CVC) modeled on the French PACS. The proposal now goes to the government, which has six months to decide whether to pursue it, and if so, another 12 months to implement the proposal.[75]

San Marino San Marino: In March 2016, two opposition parties, LabDem and the United Left, along with the main government party, the Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party, announced their own proposals to expand the rights of all unmarried cohabiting couples through a new partnership law. The junior coalition partner, the Party of Socialists and Democrats, has also announced an intention to submit a fourth bill.[76]

Mutual recognition

European Union European Union: Debate has occurred in the European Union over a proposal which would require each member to legally recognize each other's same-sex marriages as well as any member's civil unions and registered partnerships to ensure the right of freedom of movement for citizens' family members.[77]

Same-sex marriage ban

Republic of Macedonia Macedonia: On 21 January 2015, the Parliament of Macedonia overwhelmingly approved Amendment XXXIII to the Constitution of Macedonia, banning same-sex marriage, with 72 MPs voting for and 4 MPs voting against.[78] However, it also needs another parliamentary vote and presidential approval to become law.[79]

Public opinion

Public support for same-sex marriage from EU member states as measured from a 2015 poll is the greatest in the Netherlands (91%), Sweden (90%), Denmark (87%), Spain (84%), Ireland (80%), Belgium (77%), Luxembourg (75%), the United Kingdom (71%) and France (71%).[80] In recent years, support has risen most significantly in Malta, from 18% in 2006 to 65% in 2015 and in Ireland from 41% in 2006 to 80% in 2015.[81]

After the approval of same-sex marriage in Portugal in January 2010, 52% of the Portuguese population stated that they were in favor of the legislation.[82] In 2008 58% of the Norwegian voters supported the Marriage Act, which was introduced in the same year, and 31 percent were against it.[83] In January 2013 54.1% of Italians respondents supported same-sex marriage[84] In a late January 2013 survey 77.2% of Italians respondents supported the recognition of same-sex unions.[85]

In Greece support more than doubled between 2006 and 2015, albeit still considerably low. In 2006 15% responded that they agreed with same-sex marriages being allowed throughout Europe, whereas in 2015 33% agreed with the statement. [81]

In Ireland, a 2008 survey revealed 84% of people supported civil unions for same-sex couples (and 58% for same-sex marriage),[86] while a 2010 survey showed 67% supported same-sex marriage[87] by 2012 this figure had risen to 73% in support.[88] On 22 May 2015, 62.1% of the electorate voted to enshrine same-sex marriage in the Irish constitution as equal to heterosexual marriage.

A March 2013 survey by Taloustutkimus found that 58% of Finns supported same-sex marriage.[89]

In Croatia, a poll conducted in November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea.[90]

In Poland a 2013 public poll revealed that 70% of Poles reject the idea of registered partnerships.[91] Another survey in February 2013 revealed that 55% were against and 38% of Poles support the idea of registered partnerships for same-sex couples.[92]

In the European Union, support tends to be the lowest in Bulgaria, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Lithuania. The average percentage of support for same-sex marriage in the European Union as of 2006 when it had 25 members was 44%, which had descended from a previous percentage of 53%. The change was caused by more socially conservative nations joining the EU.[81] In 2015, with 28 members, average support was at 61%.[80]

Opinion polls

Opinion polls for same-sex marriage
Country Pollster Year For Against Don't Know/Neutral/No answer/Other
 Albania NDI 2015 10%[93] 88%[93] 2%[93]
 Armenia Интеграция и развитие 2013 2%[94] 96%[94] 2%[94]
 Austria IMAS 2015 55%[95] 38%[95] 7%[95]
 Belarus NAS 2015 4.5%[96] 86.6%[96] 8.8%[96]
 Belgium Eurobarometer 2015 77%[97] 20%[97] 3%[97]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina NDI 2015 10%[93] 88%[93] 2%[93]
 Bulgaria Eurobarometer 2015 17%[97] 68%[97] 15%[97]
 Croatia Eurobarometer 2015 37%[97] 54%[97] 9%[97]
 Cyprus Eurobarometer 2015 37%[97] 56%[97] 7%[97]
 Czech Republic CVVM 2016 51%[98] 43%[98] 6%[98]
 Denmark Eurobarometer 2015 87%[97] 9%[97] 4%[97]
 Estonia Eurobarometer 2015 31%[97] 58%[97] 11%[97]
 Finland Eurobarometer 2015 66%[97] 28%[97] 6%[97]
 France BVA 2015 67%[99] 31%[97] 2%[97]
 Georgia NDI 2012 6%[100] 89%[100] 4%[100]
 Germany YouGov 2016 68%[101] 24%[97] 8%[97]
 Greece focus bari 2016 56%[102] 35% 4%[103]
 Hungary Eurobarometer 2015 39%[97] 53% 8%[97]
 Ireland Eurobarometer 2015 80%[97] 15%[97] 5%[97]
 Italy Demos & Pi 2016 56%[104] 40%[104] 4%[104]
 Kosovo NDI 2015 10%[93] 88%[93] 2%[93]
 Latvia Eurobarometer 2015 19%[97] 76%[97] 5%[97]
 Lithuania Eurobarometer 2015 24%[97] 71%[97] 5%[97]
 Luxembourg Eurobarometer 2015 75%[97] 20%[97] 5%[97]
 Macedonia NDI 2015 10%[93] 88%[93] 2%[93]
 Malta Eurobarometer 2015 65%[97] 29%[97] 6%[97]
 Moldova IPP 2014 5.9%[105] 87.2% 6.9%
 Montenegro NDI 2015 10%[93] 88%[93] 2%[93]
 Netherlands Eurobarometer 2015 91%[97] 7%[97] 2%[97]
 Norway Ipsos 2013 78%[106] 17%[106] 4%[106]
 Poland Eurobarometer 2015 28%[97] 61%[97] 11%[97]
 Portugal Eurobarometer 2015 61%[97] 33%[97] 6%[97]
 Romania Eurobarometer 2015 21%[97] 69%[97] 10%[97]
 Russia VTsIOM 2015 8%[107] 80% 12%
 Serbia NDI 2015 10%[93] 88%[93] 2%[93]
 Slovakia Eurobarometer 2015 24%[97] 69%[97] 7%[97]
 Slovenia Ninamedia 2015 38.3%[108] 49.5%[108] 12.2%[108]
 Spain Eurobarometer 2015 84%[97] 10%[97] 6%[97]
 Sweden Eurobarometer 2015 90%[97] 7%[97] 3%[97]
  Switzerland Ifop 2013 63%[109] 37% -
 Ukraine GfK Ukraine 2013 4.6%[110] 95.4% -
 United Kingdom YouGov 2016 56%[111] 27%[111] 17%[111]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Excluding the Faroe Islands.
  2. 1 2 3 Excluding Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.
  3. 1 2 Excluding Northern Ireland, Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories (except Isle of Man and Pitcairn Islands which allow it).
  4. ↑ Excluding Guernsey and Overseas Territories (except Gibraltar).
  5. ↑ Combined population of England, Wales and Scotland.
  6. ↑ Civil Unions, which provide everything but the name marriage, are also available.
  7. ↑ Excluding the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
  8. ↑ Including the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
  9. ↑ Excluding Croatia and Hungary.

References

  1. ↑ CASE OF VALLIANATOS AND OTHERS v. GREECE, European Court of Human Rights
  2. ↑ CASE OF OLIARI AND OTHERS v. ITALY, European Court of Human Rights
  3. ↑ (Dutch) Wet tot openstelling van het huwelijk voor personen van hetzelfde geslacht en tot wijziging van een aantal bepalingen van het Burgerlijk Wetboek
  4. ↑ (Danish) Lov om ændring af lov om ægteskabs indgåelse og opløsning, lov om ægteskabets retsvirkninger og retsplejeloven og om ophævelse af lov om registreret partnerskab
  5. ↑ (Swedish) Lag om ändring av äktenskapslagen
  6. ↑ (French) LOI n° 2013-404 du 17 mai 2013 ouvrant le mariage aux couples de personnes de même sexe
  7. ↑ (Icelandic) Lög um breytingar á hjúskaparlögum og fleiri lögum og um brottfall laga um staðfesta samvist (ein hjúskaparlög)
  8. ↑ "Marriage Bill 2015 (Number 78 of 2015)". House of the Oireachtas. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  9. ↑ (French) Mémorial A n° 125 de 2014
  10. ↑ (Dutch) Wet openstelling huwelijk
  11. ↑ (Dutch)ECLI:NL:HR:2007:AZ6095
  12. ↑ (Norwegian) Lov om endringer i ekteskapsloven, barnelova, adopsjonsloven, bioteknologiloven mv. (felles ekteskapslov for heterofile og homofile par)
  13. ↑ (Portuguese) Lei n.º 9/2010 de 31 de Maio
  14. ↑ (Spanish) Ley 13/2005, de 1 de julio, por la que se modifica el Código Civil en materia de derecho a contraer matrimonio
  15. ↑ (Swedish)Lag (2009:253) om ändring i äktenskapsbalken
  16. ↑ Marriage (Same-sex couples) Act 2013
  17. ↑ Marriage and Civil Partnership (Scotland) Act 2014
  18. ↑ AN ACT to regulate civil unions and to provide for matters connected therewith or ancillary thereto
  19. ↑ MARRIAGE ACT
  20. ↑ (Catalan) Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995
  21. ↑ (German) Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Eingetragene Partnerschaft-Gesetz
  22. ↑ (Croatian) Zakon o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola
  23. ↑ (Czech) 115/2006 Sb. o registrovaném partnerství a o změně některých souvisejících zákonů
  24. ↑ Τέθηκε σε ισχύ η πολιτική συμβίωση στην Κύπρο
  25. ↑ "Kooseluseadus" (in Estonian). Riigikogu. 9 October 2014.
  26. ↑ (German) Gesetz über die Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft
  27. ↑ NOMOΣ ΥΠ’ ΑΡΙΘ. 3456 Σύμφωνο συμβίωσης, άσκηση δικαιωμάτων, ποινικές και άλλες διατάξεις.
  28. ↑ (Hungarian) 2009. évi XXIX. törvény a bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolatról, az ezzel összefüggő, valamint az élettársi viszony igazolásának megkönnyítéséhez szükséges egyes törvények módosításáról
  29. ↑ Povoledo, Elisabetta (2016-05-11). "Italy Approves Same-Sex Civil Unions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  30. ↑ (German) Gesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft gleichgeschlechtlicher Paare (Partnerschaftsgesetz; PartG)
  31. ↑ (Slovene) 2840. Zakon o registraciji istospolne partnerske skupnosti
  32. ↑ (German) Bundesgesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft gleichgeschlechtlicher Paare
  33. ↑ "San Marino axes medieval law to let gay couples live together". Gay Star News. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  34. ↑ "Referendum in Armenia brings constitutional reforms". ILGA Europe. 16 December 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2015. Men and women of marriageable age have the right to marry with each other.
  35. ↑ Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher, LL-M. "Belarus - Constitution". Servat.unibe.ch. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  36. ↑ "National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria - Constitution". National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria. 6 February 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2014. Matrimony shall be a free union between a man and a woman.
  37. ↑ "2013 Referendum". Izbori.hr. Retrieved 2014-01-23.
  38. ↑ "Croats reject gay marriage in referendum". Reuters. EurActiv.com. 2 December 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  39. ↑ "New Hungarian constitution comes into effect with same-sex marriage ban," PinkNews, 3 January 2012, accessed 18 June 2015.
  40. ↑ "Text of the Hungarian Constitution (pdf)" (PDF). Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  41. ↑ Laura Sheeter, "Latvia defies EU over gay rights", BBC News website, 16 June 2006.
  42. ↑ http://www.saeima.lv/Likumdosana_eng/likumdosana_satversme.html
  43. ↑ "CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA".
  44. ↑ "Title II. Fundamental rights, freedoms and duties - Presidency of the Republic of Moldova". Retrieved 18 June 2015. Article 48. [...] The family shall be founded on a freely consented marriage between a husband and wife
  45. ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld - Constitution of Montenegro". Refworld. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  46. ↑ "The Constitution of the Republic of Poland". Sejm. 2 April 1997. Retrieved 10 July 2014. Article 18. Marriage, being a union of a man and a woman, as well as the family, motherhood and parenthood, shall be placed under the protection and care of the Republic of Poland.
  47. ↑ "Constitution of the Republic of Serbia". Srbija.gov.rs. Retrieved 22 June 2015. Contracting, duration or dissolution of marriage shall be based on the equality of man and woman.
  48. ↑ "ÚSTAVA SLOVENSKEJ REPUBLIKY". Ministry of Justice of the Slovak Republic. Retrieved 9 July 2015. Article 43. Marriage is a unique union between a man and a woman
  49. ↑ "Slovakia bans gay marriage in constitution". Sky News Australia. 5 June 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  50. ↑ "Constitutions - Legislationline". Legislationline. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  51. ↑ "Overseas Marriage (Armed Forces) Order 2014" (PDF). Legislation.gov.uk. 28 April 2014.
  52. ↑ "Marriage and Civil Partnership (Amendment) Act 2016" (PDF). Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  53. ↑ "Civil Partnership Act 2004". Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  54. ↑ Civil Partnership (Jersey) Law 2012
  55. ↑ CIVIL PARTNERSHIP ACT 2014
  56. ↑ 19/2015 Uppskot til rikislógartilmæli um at seta í gildi fyri Føroyar partar av broytingum í hjúnabandslógini og rættarvirknaðarlógini
  57. ↑ Guernsey Has Just Voted To Introduce Same-Sex Marriage
  58. ↑ Guernsey passes same-sex marriage law
  59. ↑ P.77/2015 Same-sex marriage, divorce and dissolution
  60. ↑ Jersey States support same-sex marriage
  61. ↑ Govt publishes same sex marriage Bill
  62. ↑ Equal marriage bill passed by Parliament
  63. ↑ (German)Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Änderung (498/A)
  64. ↑ Ehe Gleich! Aufhebung des Eheverbots für gleichgeschlechtliche Paare (85/BI)
  65. ↑ (German) Gesetz zur Einführung des Rechts auf Eheschließung für Personen gleichen Geschlechts (18/8)
  66. ↑ (German)Gesetz zur Einführung des Rechts auf Eheschließung für Personen gleichen Geschlechts (273/15)
  67. ↑ "Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Abschaffung des Eheverbots für gleichgeschlechtliche Paare" (PDF) (in German). Bundestag. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
  68. ↑ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 15
  69. ↑ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 204
  70. ↑ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 393
  71. ↑ (German) 13.468 – Parlamentarische Initiative – Ehe für alle
  72. ↑ "Ständerat sagt Ja zur Homo-Ehe". Blick.ch. 1 September 2015.
  73. ↑ (French) Rapport du Conseil fédéral - Modernisation du droit de la famille, Federal Department of Justice and Police, retrieved on 27 May 2015
  74. ↑ (French) Sommaruga espère que les homosexuels pourront bientôt se marier, L'Hebdo, retrieved on 27 May 2015
  75. ↑ "Pacs monégasque : bientôt un projet de loi ? - Monaco Hebdo". Monaco Hebdo (in French). 2016-11-09. Retrieved 2016-11-22.
  76. ↑ (Italian) San Marino. Unioni civili, presto sul tavolo tre bozze di legge
  77. ↑ "REPORT on the proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on measures facilitating the exercise of rights conferred on workers in the context of freedom of movement for workers - A7-0386/2013". Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  78. ↑ "Macedonian lawmakers approve same-sex marriage ban". Washington blade. 21 January 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  79. ↑ "Macedonia bans gay marriage". 21 January 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  80. 1 2 "Special Eurobarometer 437: Discrimination in the EU in 2015" (PDF). European Commission. October 2015.
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