Saint Bathans mammal
| "Saint Bathans mammal" Temporal range: Miocene, 19–15 Ma | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Life restoration. | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Clade: | Synapsida |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Subclass: | Theriiformes |
| Species: | †Saint Bathans mammal |
The Saint Bathans mammal is a currently unnamed extinct mammal from the Miocene of New Zealand. A notable member of the Saint Bathans Fauna, it is notable for being a late surviving "archaic" mammal species, neither a placental or marsupial, as well as for providing evidence that terrestrial mammals did in fact once live in Zealandia, in contrast with modern New Zealand, where bats are the only mammals in otherwise bird-dominated terrestrial faunas.[1]
Discovery
The Saint Bathans mammal is currently represented by two specimens, MNZ S.40958 and MNZ S.42214, composed of a lower jaw fragment and a femur respectively. It was part of an assemblage of fossils recovered in Saint Bathans in 1978, in what would later be understood to be the Bannockburn Formation, and first described in 2006.[2]
Description
Like most small mammal fossils, the Saint Bathans mammal material is rather incomplete, with only a lower jaw fragment and femur being known.
The lower jaw is edentulous, though the presence of deep tooth sockets suggests that it was toothed in life and that the teeth were lost post-mortem. It bears a long fused symphysis, an evidently procumbent lower incisor, and five additional sockets that imply a dental formula of one incisor, one canine and two double-rooted premolars.
The femur possesses a round head and poorly defined neck, orientated slightly dorsomedially with respect to the long axis of the shaft, and separated from the greater trochanter by a marked trough. The alignment of the femur in life is hard to ascertain, but it is thought that the animal had a semi-sprawling stance, more abducted than in therian mammals but nowhere near as much as in monotremes.
Phylogeny
Because of the incomplete material, it is very hard to understand the position of this taxon within Mammaliaformes as a whole. Worthy et al 2006 tentatively deemed the Saint Bathans mammal as a theriiform, being more derived than morganucodontans, eutriconodonts and monotremes but not as much as multituberculates, on the basis of its femoral anatomy. As the phylogeny of non-therian mammals has undergone multiple shifts since its description, new studies might be necessary.
Ecology
The Bannockburn Formation depicts a warm temperate or subtropical lakeside environment, surrounded by herbaceous peat-swamps. Casuarinas, araucarias, podocarps, eucalypts, palm trees and southern beeches are among the various plant species known to have grown here. As today, the local vertebrate fauna was dominated by birds: early moas and adzebills are represented by unnamed species, as are various representatives of groups such as waterfowl, flamingos, rails herons, strigopoidean parrots and even an early kiwi, Proapteryx.[3] However, unlike modern New Zealand it also had a varied herpetofauna: besides an early tuatara, the Saint Bathans fauna also includes meiolaniid and pleurodire turtles, a possible mekosuchine crocodile and possible snakes.[4]
Besides the Saint Bathans mammal, this fauna also includes mystacine bats, a group still present in modern New Zealand.[5] Like the modern species, these were probably terrestrial foragers, likely competing ecologically with the Saint Bathans mammal. Other bats, including a vesper bat and several currently unclassified species, also existed, but their ecological niches probably did not overlap with the Saint Bathans Mammal's.
References
- ↑ Trevor H. Worthy, Alan J. D. Tennyson, Michael Archer, Anne M. Musser, Suzanne J. Hand, Craig Jones, Barry J. Douglas, James A. McNamara and Robin M. D. Beck, Miocene mammal reveals a Mesozoic ghost lineage on insular New Zealand, southwest Pacific, Edited by James P. Kennett, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, and approved October 11, 2006 (received for review July 8, 2006)
- ↑ Trevor H. Worthy, Alan J. D. Tennyson, Michael Archer, Anne M. Musser, Suzanne J. Hand, Craig Jones, Barry J. Douglas, James A. McNamara and Robin M. D. Beck, Miocene mammal reveals a Mesozoic ghost lineage on insular New Zealand, southwest Pacific, Edited by James P. Kennett, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, and approved October 11, 2006 (received for review July 8, 2006)
- ↑ Worthy, Trevor H.; et al. (2013). Miocene fossils show that kiwi (Apteryx, Apterygidae) are probably not phyletic dwarves (PDF). Paleornithological Research 2013, Proceedings of the 8th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
- ↑ Scofield, R. Paul; Worthy, Trevor H. & Tennyson, Alan J.D. (2010). "A heron (Aves: Ardeidae) from the Early Miocene St Bathans Fauna of southern New Zealand.". In W.E. Boles & T.H. Worthy. Proceedings of the VII International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution (PDF). Records of the Australian Museum 62. pp. 89–104.
- ↑ Worthy, Trevor; Hand, SJ; Worthy, TH; Archer, M; Worthy, JP; Tennyson, AJD; Scofield, RP (2013). "Miocene mystacinids (Chiroptera, Noctilionoidea) indicate a long history for endemic bats in New Zealand". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33 (6): 1442-1448.