Sabine River (Texas–Louisiana)

Sabine River
Sabine River at Logansport, Louisiana
Country United States
States Texas, Louisiana
Source Iron Bridge Dam
 - location Lake Tawakoni, Van Zandt County, Texas
 - elevation 423 ft (129 m) [1]
 - coordinates 32°48′29″N 95°55′14″W / 32.80806°N 95.92056°W / 32.80806; -95.92056 [2]
Mouth Sabine Lake
 - location Texas–Louisiana border, near Orange, Orange County, Texas
and Cameron Parish, Louisiana
 - elevation 0 ft (0 m) [2]
 - coordinates 29°59′08″N 93°47′26″W / 29.98556°N 93.79056°W / 29.98556; -93.79056Coordinates: 29°59′08″N 93°47′26″W / 29.98556°N 93.79056°W / 29.98556; -93.79056 [2]
Length 510 mi (821 km) [3]
Basin 9,756 sq mi (25,268 km2) [4]
Discharge
 - average 8,400 cu ft/s (238 m3/s) [4]
Sabine River (right) and Neches River (left)
Location of the mouth of the Sabine River in Texas

The Sabine River (/səˈbiːn/) is a river, 510 miles (820 km) long,[5] in the U.S. states of Texas and Louisiana.[3] In its lower course, it forms part of the boundary between the two states and empties into Sabine Lake, an estuary of the Gulf of Mexico. The river formed part of the United States-Mexican as well as the United States-Republic of Texas international boundary during the early 19th century. The upper reaches of the river flow through the prairie country of northeast Texas. Along much of its lower reaches, it flows through pine forests along the Texas-Louisiana border, and the bayou country near the Gulf Coast. The river drains an area of 9,756 square miles (25,270 km2),[4] of which 7,426 square miles (19,230 km2) is in Texas and 2,330 square miles (6,000 km2) in Louisiana.[6] It flows through an area of abundant rainfall and discharges the largest volume of any river in Texas.[6] The name Sabine (Sp: Río de Sabinas) comes from the Spanish word for cypress, in reference to the extensive growth of bald cypresses along the lower river. The river flows through an important petroleum-producing region, and the lower river near the Gulf is among the most industrialized areas of the southeastern United States. The river was often described as the dividing line between the Old South and the New Southwest.

Description

The Sabine just south of U.S. Route 80 near Big Sandy, Texas
The Sabine forms the Louisiana/Texas boundary at Toledo Bend Reservoir west of Many, Louisiana.
The Sabine River in Orange, Texas

The Sabine rises in northeast Texas by the union of three branches: the Cowleech Fork, Caddo Fork, and South Fork. The Cowleech Fork rises in northwestern Hunt County and flows southeast for 49.2 miles (79.2 km).[5] The Caddo Fork, shown as "Caddo Creek" on federal maps, rises in two tributary forks, the East Caddo Fork and the West Caddo Fork, in northwestern Hunt County. The South Fork rises in the southwestern corner of Hunt County and flows east for 28.3 miles (45.5 km),[5] joining the Caddo Fork and Cowleech Fork in southeastern Hunt County. The confluence of the forks is now submerged in the Lake Tawakoni reservoir. The combined river flows southeast across northeast Texas and is joined by a fourth branch, Lake Fork Creek, 70.0 miles (112.7 km) downstream from the reservoir.[5]

In northeast Texas, the river flows past Mineola, Gladewater, Big Sandy, and Longview, the largest city on the river, to southwest of Shreveport at the 32nd parallel north, where it establishes the Texas-Louisiana boundary. It flows south, forming the state line for the remainder of its course. It is impounded 10 miles (16 km) west of Leesville, Louisiana, to form the 70-mile-long (110 km) Toledo Bend Reservoir, with the Sabine National Forest along its western bank. South of the reservoir it passes through the bayou country, surrounded by wetlands, as well as widespread industrial areas near the Gulf Coast. Approximately 10 miles (16 km) south of Orange, Texas, it meets the Neches River from the west to form the 17-mile-long (27 km) and 7-mile-wide (11 km) Sabine Lake, which drains through Sabine Pass to the Gulf of Mexico. The city of Port Arthur, Texas, sits along the western shore of Sabine Lake

History

Archeological evidence indicates the valley of the river was inhabited as far back as 12,000 years ago. Starting in the 8th century the Caddo inhabited the area, building extensive mounds. The Caddo culture flourished until the late 13th century, but remnants of the Caddo were living along the river when the first European explorers arrived in the 16th century.

The river was given its name in 1716 by Domingo Ramón, and appeared as Río de Sabinas on a 1721 map. The river was used by French traders, and at various times, the river was claimed by both Spain and France. After the acquisition by Spain of the French territory of Louisiana in 1763, the capital of the Spanish province of Texas was established on the east side of the river, near present-day Robeline, Louisiana.

The United States was at war with Native Americans in Louisiana along the Sabine River from 1836 to 1837.[7]

River transportation

The Sabine River was too deep to ford, proving to be navigable, and by the 1840s steamboats were traveling from Logansport to Sabine Lake. Early travelers and settlers would have to swim the river on horseback and cattle would have to be driven into the river to swim across.

Ferries

Recorded ferry use began 1794, when Louis Chabinan (Sharben), his wife Margarite LaFleur, and their four children settled on the east bank of the Sabine River on land purchased from Vicinte Michele. Louis built a ferry on the river where, called Paso del Chaland, near where Louisiana State Highway 6 (La 6) and Texas State Highway 21 now meet, at the site of the present day Pendleton Bridge. In 1796, Louis was drowned after being kicked by a horse and falling into the Sabine. Michel Crow married his widow and ran the ferry, until he sold it to James Gaines circa 1819, and was renamed Gaines Ferry. This ferry was in service until replaced by the Pendleton bridge in 1937. Crow also operated a ferry he started farther north, a 120-foot crossing started in 1796, on what became known as Carter's Ferry Road that is now Texas FM 276. Carter's ferry was 25 miles from San Augustine and 15 miles from Many. Crow sold the ferry to Carter. Farther north, and just above Bayou Lanan was Williamson Ferry.[8] Other ferries on the Sabine River:

The main Sabine River crossings were the El Camino Real (King’s Highway) from Natchitoches, or “Upper Route” from Shreveport and the “Lower” Route, from Opelousas called “The Old Beef Trail”. It was used to drive thousands of cattle from Texas to Alexandria for shipment to cities such as New Orleans. Hickman Ferry was a shipping point for areas as far west as Burkeville. Sabine River Ports from Sabine Pass in river mileage were "Belgrade", 171 miles; "Stark’s Landing" 191 miles; "Loftin Ferry" and "Bayou Lanacoco" 220 miles; "Hickman’s Ferry" 252 miles; "Burnham’s Landing" 261 miles; and "Burr’s Ferry" 281 miles.[18]

Border dispute

The area's geography remained one of the least understood in the region, with various Spanish maps containing errors in the naming of the Sabine and Neches, and sometimes showed them flowing independently into the Gulf of Mexico. After the Louisiana Purchase by the United States in 1803, this indefinite nature of the boundary between the U.S. and Spain led to an agreement on November 6, 1806, negotiated by Gen. James Wilkinson[19] and Lt. Col. Simón de Herrera,[20] to establish a neutral territory on both sides of the river.

The indefinite boundary was resolved by the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, which established the river as the boundary from the Gulf to the 32nd parallel. The Spanish delay in the ratification of the treaty, as well as the 1821 independence of Mexico, re-ignited the boundary dispute. The United States, at the insistence of Anthony Butler,[21] claimed for a while that the names of the Sabine and Neches had been reversed, and thus claimed the treaty established the boundary at the Neches. The first American settlers began arriving in the region in the 1820s, soon outnumbering the Mexicans by ten to one. After the independence of the Republic of Texas from Mexico in 1836, the boundary between the U.S. and Texas was firmly established at the Sabine in accordance with the Adams-Onís Treaty. The river served as the western boundary of the United States until the Texas Annexation in 1845.

Riverboats

In 1843, Capt. John Clemmons made the first trip up the Sabine in the steamboat Sabine. Steamboats carried passengers, as well as commodities such as cotton, from as far north as Logansport down to Sabine Pass.

Jean Lafitte made many trips up the Sabine and reportedly started the colony of Shacklefoot on the Texas side of the Sabine River, south of Carter's ferry up Bayou Patroon.[22][23]

During the American Civil War, on September 8, 1863, a small Confederate force thwarted a Union invasion of Texas at the Second Battle of Sabine Pass, fought at the mouth of the river.

In the late 19th and early 20th century, the middle course of the river became the scene of widespread logging. The discovery of petroleum at nearby Spindletop led to the river basin becoming the scene of widespread oil drilling. The lower river saw the development of many oil refineries and chemical plants, leading to a degradation of the water quality, which in turn led to on-going efforts to restore the quality of the river.

The lower river south of Orange, Texas, to Sabine Lake forms part of the Intracoastal Waterway, carrying barge traffic.

As a young man, Captain Bill McDonald of the Texas Rangers operated a small store at Brown's Bluff (modern-day Elderville, Texas) on the Sabine in Gregg County, Texas.[24]

Toledo Bend reservoir

Hadden's ferry was the site of the ground breaking ceremony held on October 5, 1961 for the 181,600 acre Toledo Bend Reservoir. Dedicated October 11, 1969, the reservoir is the largest man-made lake in the south and inundated all of the ferry sites within its boundary.[25]

Sabine River Diversion Canal

The 1970 Louisiana Legislature passed Acts 90 and 117, creating the Sabine River Diversion Canal, for the purpose of supplying fresh river water to businesses in Lake Charles, Sulphur, Westlake, and what was Mossville now the Sasol complex, as well as to farmers along the canal with a total capacity of 216,000,000 gallons a day. The canal was completed by the Louisiana Department of Public Works in 1981.[26] The canal is 35 miles long, with approximately 4 1/2 miles of underground pipe, and begins on the Old Sabine River 2 1/2 miles north of Niblett’s Bluff. Pump station #1 is located 2 miles east of the river. The canal continues running east, piped under roadways such as Louisiana Highway 109 north of Vinton, the Edgerly Big Woods road, and highway 388 that runs to Dequincy. Just east of Louisiana Highway 27 the canal forks to the south running around southern Sulphur. The canal is piped under Louisiana Highway 108, at pumping station #4, providing river water to the business area known as City Service in Westlake, and companies such as Equistar, that has a daily contract for 734,400 gallons a day. Other customers and their gallons of use per day are the city of Westlake (8,640,000 gallons), Air Liquide (129,600), Air Products (1,728,000), CITGO (20,160,000), Phillips 66 (3,600,000), The Axiall subsidiary Eagle US 2 LLC (20,160,000), Entergy (21,600,000), Lake Charles Co-Gen (14,400,000), Louisiana Pigment (3,038,400) that produces Titanium White, another LyondellBasell company (720,000), and Matheson Tri-Gas (175,680). The main canal continues east, crossing under highway 27 and joined by the Houston River canal at pumping station #2, continuing to old Mossville where it tees to the left, providing water to the Krause and Managan canal supplying the Nelson Industrial Steam Company (Nisco), that supplies steam and electricity to area businesses.[27] The right tee of the canal terminates at pumping station #3 on what was 8th street in Mossville, now the Sasol complex, providing 46,080,000 gallons of river water for a total daily contract use of 141,166,000 gallons of river water a day.[28]

In literature and music

Joe R. Lansdale, who grew up in East Texas, often features the river in his work.

Gerald Duff, novelist and short story writer, has set several of his works in the territory of the Sabine, including the stories "Texas Wherever You Look," "The Way a Blind Man Tracks Light," and "Redemption". His novels Graveyard Working and Coasters are centered geographically and metaphorically along the Sabine. His novel Blue Sabine (2012) was chosen by the Texas State History Museum as a book of the month for discussion of the light it sheds on the valley of the Sabine and its people.

In Jack Kerouac's 1955 novel, On The Road, the book's narrator Sal Paradise and other prominent character Dean Moriarty (an alias of Kerouac's friend Neal Cassady) encounter the Sabine River. It is recorded as an "evil old river," and "the mansion of the snake...we could almost hear the slither of a million copperheads." A novel in which the theme rests heavily on familiarity with the American continent, it is interesting that Kerouac labels the region as "a manuscript of the night we couldn't read."

Blues singer Alger "Texas" Alexander wrote a song called the "Sabine River Blues".

January 2010 oil spill

Up to around 450,000 gallons (about 11,000 bls) of crude oil spilled over the Sabine River when the tanker Eagle Otome which was carrying the shipment struck two chemical-carrying barges due to loss of engine power on January 24, 2010, at 10 AM local time.[29]

2016 flooding

Severe flooding during the first week of March 2016 was the result of record rainfalls, in northern Louisiana and the Sabine River basin, of eighteen inches to more than twenty-four inches. Toledo Bend Reservoir is considered at "full pool" at 172 feet and before the rains started was at 171.5 feet. On March 10 the level reached a record 174.36 feet and all eleven gates were opened to 22 feet. Lake Tawakoni, east of Dallas on the Sabine River, was two feet above full pool and Lake Fork Reservoir was 1 1/2 feet above full pool.

When the reservoir level dropped to 173.69 feet nine gates were in operation at 20 feet. The previous record level of 173.93 feet was on May 18, 1989. At that time the spillway gates were opened to nine feet. The maximum height is 28 feet and with nine gates open the discharge rate is over 190,000 cubic feet per second which is equivalent to the flow over Niagara Falls.[30] The peak water flow from the dam was near 208,000 cubic feet per second for 31 hours, equating to 1.5 million gallons per second,[31] and catastrophic flooding was predicted to be from two to five feet above record floods of 1884 and 1889.

Aftermath

During peak flooding Deweyville, Texas was surrounded by water, accessible only by air or boat. The flood stage is 24 feet but reached 33.24 feet on March 10, 2016, which was 9.24 feet above flood stage.[32]

A group of Texas residents met March 17, 2016, to discuss a class action suit against the Sabine River Authority (SRA) over mismanagement of water release and the issue is under review by council.[33]

According to 12News SRA spokesperson Ann Galassi stated that the SRA has guidelines it has to follow and those cannot be altered based on weather forecasts. She stated that the guidelines are designed to protect the infrastructure of the dam, and also noted that after the record flood event, the regulatory commission could possibly review the guidelines, and she said that the SRA would welcome that.[34] The SRA of Texas states "The Authority was created as a conservation and reclamation district with responsibilities to control, store, preserve, and distribute the waters of the Sabine River and its tributary streams for useful purposes.". The site also states "Toledo Bend Project-since its inception and original development over 50 years ago has never been a flood-control facility. Rather, the Project is regulated, as set forth in the Project license, to accommodate a number of public benefits, including water supply, recreation, and hydropower production.".[35]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Source elevation derived from Google Earth search using GNIS source coordinates.
  2. 1 2 3 "Sabine River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey (USGS). June 4, 1980. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
  3. 1 2 Benke and Cushing, p. 208
  4. 1 2 3 Benke and Cushing, p. 224
  5. 1 2 3 4 U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed June 20, 2011
  6. 1 2 Long, Christopher. "Sabine River". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved April 10, 2011.
  7. ↑ American State Papers, House of Representatives, 24th Congress, 1st Session, Military Affairs. Washington, D.C.: Gales & Seaton, 1861. Volume 6, pp. 416-427, accessible online at http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsp&fileName=021/llsp021.db&Page=416.
  8. ↑ Map of Carter and Williamson ferries; Fold 3- Retrieved 2013-08-01
  9. ↑ Hadden's ferry; Hometown locator- Retrieved 2013-08-01
  10. ↑ Sabinetown ferry; Hometown locator- Retrieved 2013-08-01
  11. ↑ Hometown locator; Pendleton (Gaines) Ferry- Retrieved 2013-08-01
  12. ↑ Carter's ferry; Hometown locator- Retrieved 2013-08-01
  13. ↑ Chamber's ferry; Hometown locator- Retrieved 2013-08-01
  14. ↑ Gilcrease ferry; Hometown locator- Retrieved 2013-08-01
  15. ↑ Darnell Ferry; Hometown locator- Retrieved 2013-08-01
  16. ↑ Thompson's ferry; Hometown locator- Retrieved 2013-08-01, Coords; 31.4941, -93.7218
  17. ↑ 1846 - Birth of William N. Loftin, Loftin ferry; Lutheransonline.com- Retrieved 2013-08-02
  18. ↑ Ferry distance; Lutherans online- Retrieved 2013-08-01
  19. ↑ James Wilkinson; Texas State Historical Association -Retrieved 2013-07-31
  20. ↑ Simón de Herrera; Texas State Historical Association- Retrieved 2013-07-31
  21. ↑ Miller, Edward L. (2004). New Orleans and the Texas Revolution. Texas A&M University Press. p. 46.
  22. ↑ Colony of Shacklefoot; texasescape.com- Retrieved 2013-08-02
  23. ↑ Shacklefoot; Toledo-bend.com- Retrieved 2013-08-02
  24. ↑ "The Handbook of Texas: Elderville, Texas". tshaonline.org. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
  25. ↑ Toledo Bend Reservoir- Retrieved 2013-08-01
  26. ↑ - Retrieved 2016-07-21
  27. ↑ Nelson Industrial Steam Co- Retrieved 2016-07-22
  28. ↑ Sabine River Authority- Retrieved 2016-07-22
  29. ↑ Hewitt, Paige; Schiller, Dane (January 24, 2010). "Vessels' Collision Sparks Massive Oil Spill". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
  30. ↑ toledobend.com; reservoir levels- Retrieved 2016-04-09
  31. ↑ weather.com; Sabine River flooding- Posted 2016-03-17; Retrieved 2016-04-09
  32. ↑ Weather.com; Deweyville flood level- Posted 2016-04-07; Retrieved 2016-04-09
  33. ↑ 12newsnow.com; Flood victims threaten to sue- Posted 2016-03-16; Retrieved 2016-04-09
  34. ↑ KJAS.com- Posted 2016-03-18; Retrieved 2016-04-09
  35. ↑ Sabine River Authority of Texas- Posted 2016-04-06; Retrieved 2016-04-09

Works cited

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