Saab 35 Draken

Saab 35 Draken
Danish Air Force Saab TF-35 Draken
Role Fighter aircraft
National origin Sweden
Manufacturer Saab
First flight 25 October 1955
Introduction 8 March 1960
Retired 2005 (Austria)
Status Retired from military service
Primary users Swedish Air Force
Austrian Air Force
Finnish Air Force
Royal Danish Air Force
Produced 1955–74
Number built 651[1]
Variants Saab 210

The Saab 35 Draken ("the kite" or "the dragon")[Nb 1][2] was a Swedish fighter aircraft manufactured by Saab between 1955 and 1974. The Draken was built to replace the Saab J 29 Tunnan and, later, the fighter variant (J 32B) of the Saab 32 Lansen. The indigenous J 35 was an effective supersonic Cold War fighter that was also successfully exported to Austria, Denmark, Finland, and to the United States as a test pilot training aircraft.

The Draken was the first fully supersonic aircraft to be deployed in Western Europe.[3]

Design and development

As the jet era started, Sweden foresaw the need for a jet fighter that could intercept bombers at high altitude and also successfully engage fighters. Although other interceptors such as the US Air Force's F-104 Starfighter were being conceived during the same period, Saab's "Draken" would have to undertake a role unique to Sweden. Requirements included the ability to operate from reinforced public roads used as part of wartime airbases, and for refuelling and rearming to be carried out in no more than ten minutes by conscripts with minimal training. In September 1949, the Swedish Defence Material Administration issued a request for a fighter/interceptor aircraft, and work began at Saab the same year.[4]

A line-up of J 35As.

Draken's design incorporated a distinctive "double-delta" configuration, with one delta wing within another larger delta. The inner wing has an 80° angle for high-speed performance, while the outer 60° wing gives good performance at low speeds. Propulsion was provided by a single Svenska Flygmotor RM6B/C turbojet (Rolls-Royce Avon 200/300). A ram turbine, under the nose, provided emergency power, and the engine had a built-in emergency starter unit. The Draken could deploy a drag parachute to reduce its landing distance.[4]

The double-delta shape was so revolutionary that it warranted the only sub-scale test aircraft built in Sweden: the Saab 210, unofficially nicknamed "Lilldraken" (the little kite). The Saab 210 tested the concept of the double delta, first flying on 21 January 1952. The 210's successful testing results led to an order for three full-size Draken prototypes. The first prototype, not fitted with an afterburner, made its maiden flight on 25 October 1955. The second prototype, equipped with an afterburner, unintentionally broke the sound barrier on its first flight while climbing.[1]

Operational history

Although the J 35 Draken was not designed to be a dog-fighter, it proved to have a good quick-turn capability and was a capable fighter plane. It entered service with the Swedish Air Force in 1960. A total of 651 Saab Drakens were manufactured.[4] Sweden's fleet of Drakens came in six different versions, and two other models of the Draken were offered for export. The early models were intended purely for air defense. The last model built was the J 35F, the final version to remain in Swedish service. These aircraft were retired in the 1990s and replaced by the Saab JAS 39 Gripen.[4]

Ex-RDAF RF-35XD N217FR operated by the National Test Pilot School takes off from the Mojave Spaceport.

The J 35 Draken design underwent several upgrades. The last was the J 35J version, made in the late 1980s, although by then, the Draken had been almost replaced by the Saab 37 Viggen in the Swedish Air Force. The J 35J was a service-life extension program because the delivery of the new Saab JAS 39 Gripen was suffering delays. The extension program was intended to keep the Draken flying into the 2000s, but due to cutbacks and high maintenance costs, the Draken was phased out of Swedish service in December 1998, although the aircraft remained in limited numbers in both military and civilian roles.[4] Its export customers included Denmark and Finland. In 1985, the Austrian Air Force purchased 24 J 35Ds reconditioned by Saab, re-designated the J 35Ö.[4]

All Drakens are interceptors with limited air-to-ground capability, with the sole exception of the Danish Drakens, which are strike aircraft capable of carrying AGM-12 Bullpup missiles, electronic countermeasures, and increased internal and external fuel storage. The Danish Drakens are so far the heaviest of the series to have flown.[4] Danish J 35 aircraft were retired in 1993.[4]

Finland updated its 35XS fleet with new avionics, cockpit displays, navigational/attack systems, and electronic countermeasures during the 1990s, but these were finally retired in 2000 to be replaced by F/A-18 Hornets.[4]

Austria was the last country to keep the Draken in military service. The Austrian Air Force bought refurbished J 35Ds. This was the last Austrian Air Force fighter plane with internal cannons for their lone air-to-air armament because of the restriction in the Austrian State Treaty of 1955. This forbade their carrying air-to-air missiles. This restriction was dropped in 1993 because of violations from the nearby Yugoslavian air combat services. American AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles were purchased. These Drakens were retired in 2005, when they were replaced by former Swiss Air Force F-5 Tiger IIs, while waiting for new Eurofighter Typhoons.[5]

In the United States, the National Test Pilot School (NTPS) owns six Drakens that were formerly in Danish service; of these, two TF-35XD s and one RF-35XD are operational, based at the Mojave Spaceport.[4]

Variants

Proof of concept

Saab 210 Draken
Also known as Lilldraken, a scaled-down, "proof of concept" experimental aircraft to evaluate the double-delta wing configuration, not specifically a Draken variant but included here for sequence purposes.

Full-size Drakens

J 35A
Fighter version, total production 90. The J 35As were delivered between 1959 and 1961. The tail section was lengthened after the 66th aircraft to house a new afterburner for additional thrust, the longer tail cone unexpectedly reduced drag. This forced the installation of a retractable tail-wheel. The two versions were nicknamed Adam kort (Adam short) and Adam lång (Adam long). The Adam was fitted with a French Cyrano Radar PS-02 (same as on the Mirage III) as the Swedish radar hadn't been developed in time.
J 35B
Fighter version, built and delivered between 1962 and 1963, total production 73. This variant had improved radar and gun sights, and was also fully integrated into the Swedish STRIL 60 system; a combat guidance and air surveillance system. Fitted with a Swedish built radar PS-03.
SK 35C
25 J 35As with short tail sections rebuilt into a twin-seated trainer version. The minor modification meant that the aircraft could easily be converted back to a J 35A standard if necessary. The trainer version lacked armament.
J 35D
Fighter version, delivered between 1963 and 1964, total production 120. The aircraft had a new and more powerful Rolls-Royce Avon 300 (RM6C), which could deliver 77.3 kN thrust when using its afterburner. This was also the fastest Draken version, capable of accelerating until out of fuel. It was also the last Draken to carry two cannons.
S 35E
Reconnaissance version, total production 60. The radar and the armament was removed and several cameras (of ortho and oblique types) fitted. The aircraft was unarmed but was fitted with a countermeasure system to increase its survivability. A total of 28 aircraft were re-built J 35Ds.
J 35F
Fighter version, delivered between 1965 and 1972, total production: 230. This variant had improved electronics and avionics, e.g. integrated radar, aim and missile systems. The aircraft's main armament were IR and SARH versions of the Hughes Falcon missile originally intended for the J 35D, but one of the cannon was removed to make space for more avionics. The J 35F2 was a J 35F, produced with a Hughes Aircraft Company N71 infrared sensor, a so-called Infra-red search and track. This was a change in the production line from the no. 35501 airframe. The Hawé mods I & II where carried out on the P/S-01/011 radar sets in the early 1980s to improve ressistance to ECM.
J 35J
In 1985 the Swedish government decided to modify 54 J 35F2s to the J 35J standard. In 1987, 12 more modifications were ordered: between 1987 and 1991, the aircraft received a longer lifespan, modern electronics and cannon, additional two Sidewinder (AIM-9P) pylons under the air intakes and increased fuel capacity. The final operational J 35J flew for the last time in 1999.
Saab 35H
Proposed export version for the Swiss Air Force; none sold or delivered.
Saab 35XD
51 Danish export versions: F-35 single-seat strike aircraft, TF-35 two-seat trainer and RF-35 reconnaissance aircraft. The type was heavily modified to make it into a strike aircraft; compared to the Swedish versions the outer wings where completely redesigned, and the radar was missing. These aircraft could carry heavy bombs as well as Bullpup missiles; during the WDNS upgrade of the 1980s they received the ALQ-162 jammer, a Marconi 900 Series HUD and a Ferranti LRMTS (laser rangefinder and marked target seeker)
Saab 35XS
12 fighter version units for the Finnish Air Force; built by Saab and assembled under licence by Valmet in Finland.
Saab 35BS
Used J 35Bs sold to Finland.
Saab 35FS
Used J 35F1s sold to Finland.
Saab 35CS
Used SK 35Cs sold to Finland.
Saab 35Ö
In the mid-1980s, Saab re-purchased 24 J 35D aircraft from the Swedish Air Force and converted them into the J 35Ö version (also called J 35OE in English literature) for export to Austria. Austria bought AIM-9P5 all aspect Sidewinders for these aircraft during the war in former Yugoslavia.
J 35A
Short		 J 35A
Long		 J 35B SK 35C J 35D S 35E J 35F/F-2 J 35J
Cockpit seats One Two One
Length 15.207 m (49.89 ft) 15.34 m (50.33 ft) 15.207 m (49.89 ft) 15.34 m (50.33 ft)
Wingspan 9.42 m (30.9 ft)
Wing area 49.22 m2 (529.8 sq ft)
Tail height 3.869 m (12.69 ft) 3.89 m (12.76 ft)
Radar type PS-02/A PS-03/A - PS-03/A - PS-011/A
Weapons sight 6B 7A - 7A - 7B
Empty weight 6,590 kg (14,500 lb) 6,792 kg (15,000 lb) 7,265 kg (16,000 lb) 7,311 kg (16,100 lb) 7,425 kg (16,400 lb) 7,422 kg (16,400 lb)
Maximum take-off weight
(MTOW)		 10,089 kg (22,200 lb) 10,189 kg (22,500 lb) 10,508 kg (23,200 lb) 10,089 kg (22,200 lb) 11,864 kg (26,200 lb) 11,973 kg (26,400 lb) 11,914 kg (26,300 lb) 12,430 kg (27,400 lb)
Maximum speed 1,900 km/h (1,200 mph) 2,150 km/h (1,340 mph) Mach 2.0
Runway length
requirement		 810 m (2,660 ft) dry, or
510 m (1,670 ft) drag chute		 920 m (3,020 ft) dry
680 m (2,230 ft) Drag Chute		 921 m (3,022 ft) dry
678 m (2,224 ft) Drag Chute		 1,220 m (4,000 ft) dry, or
880 m (2,890 ft) drag chute
Internal Fuel 2,240 L (590 US gal) 2,820 L (740 US gal)
Drop tanks
525 L (139 US gal)		 1 2 4 2 4
Internal cannons
30mm Aden		 2 - 2 - 1
Air to air missiles
Sidewinder		 4 - 4 - 4
Falcon-capable		 6
Falcon-capable
Air to air rockets
75mm		 - 2×19 - 2×19 - 2×19 4×19
Engine RM6B RM6C
Afterburner Ebk 65 Ebk 66 Ebk 65 Ebk 67

[6]

Proposed modifications

Before it was decided to develop the JAS 39 Gripen in the 1970s, studies where undertaken on modification for low flight hour J 35F airframes.

35 MOD Level 4
The most ambitious modification in the program. The proposed modifications were new outer wing, additional weapon stations, RBS 15 capability, the addition of canards by the air intakes for increased maneuverability and maximum take-off weight increased to 15 000 kg.
35 MOD Level 1b
Essentially the aircraft that became the J 35J.

The total number of Drakens produced and delivered was 644.[1]

Operators

former Saab 35 Draken Operators in red
Austrian Air Force Draken.

The Saab 35 Draken was withdrawn from military use in 2005. Several aircraft fly in the civilian service, mainly by the National Test Pilot School.

 Austria
 Denmark
 Finland
 Sweden
J 35A J 35B SK 35C J 35D S 35E J 35F/F2 J 35J
F 1
Hässlö		 - - - - - 1966–83 -
F 3
Malmslätt		 - - - 1965–70 - 1970–73 -
F 4
Frösön		 - - - 1969–84 - - -
F 10
Ängelholm		 - 1966–76 1986–99 1964–71 - 1969–91 1987–99
F 11
Nyköping		 - - - - 1965–79 - -
F 12
Kalmar		 - - - - - 1968–79 -
F 13
Norrköping		 1960–64 - - 1963–66 - 1965–78 -
F 16
Uppsala		 1961–76 1962–65 1962–85 - - 1976–85 -
F 17
Kallinge		 - - - - - 1972–82 -
F 18
Tullinge		 - 1962–73 - - - - -
F 21
Kallax		 - - - 1969–84 1966–79 - -

[6]

 United States

Survivors

Saab Draken at Växjö Air Show 2012.

A small number of Drakens are still with civilian owners mainly in the United States, many former-operational aircraft have been preserved in the operating nations.

Specifications (J 35F Draken)

The missiles used by the J35F and J35J

Data from The Great Book of Fighters,[8] Combat Aircraft since 1945,[9] Saab 35 Draken in Finnish Air Force.[10]

General characteristics

Performance

Armament

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
Related lists

Notes

  1. ↑ The names of Swedish combat aircraft are always in the definite form, like Lansen or Gripen.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Erichs et al. 1987
  2. ↑ Nilsson, Axel (13 Jan 2012). "JAS 39 Gripen − Milestones". Projects. Swedish Defence Materiel Administration. Retrieved 12 Feb 2014. Swedish naming of aircraft
  3. ↑ Jackson, Robert, Men of Power: The Lives of Rolls-Royce Chief Test Pilots Harvey and Jim Heyworth, p. 159.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Andersson 1989.
  5. ↑ "Saab 35 Draken." Global aircraft. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  6. 1 2 3 Widfeldt 1995, p. 156.
  7. ↑ Schrøder, Hans (1991). "Royal Danish Airforce". Ed. Kay S. Nielsen. Tøjhusmuseet, 1991, pp. 1–64. ISBN 87-89022-24-6.
  8. ↑ Green, Swanborough 2001.
  9. ↑ Wilson 2000, p. 123.
  10. ↑ Laukkanen 2009, p. 101

Bibliography

  • Andersson, Hans G (1989). Saab Aircraft since 1937. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 0-87474-314-1. 
  • Dorr, Robert F, René J Francillon and Jay Miller. Saab J35 Draken (Aerofax Minigraph no. 12). Arlington, TX: Aerofax, 1987. ISBN 0-942548-17-5.
  • Eden, Paul (ed). The Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. London: Amber Books, 2004. ISBN 1-904687-84-9.
  • Erichs, Rolph et al. The Saab-Scania Story. Stockholm: Streiffert & Co., 1988. ISBN 91-7886-014-8.
  • Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. The Great Book of Fighters. St. Paul, MN: MBI Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0-7603-1194-3.
  • Jørgensen, Jan. Saab 35 Draken: Scandinavian "Cold War" Warrior. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1997. ISBN 1-85310-729-8.
  • Laukkanen, Jyrki. "Saab 35 Draken in Finnish Air Force", Suomen Ilmavoimien lentokoneet, osa 3 [Finnish Air Force aircraft, part 3] (in Finnish). Tampere, FI: Apali Oy, 2009. ISBN 978-952-5026-55-9.
  • Peacock, Lindsay. "Saab Draken Variant Briefing". World Air Power Journal, Volume 17, Summer 1994, pp. 116–35. London: Aerospace Publishing. ISBN 1-874023-43-3. ISSN 0959-7050.
  • Taylor, John WR "Saab 35 Draken." Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the present. New York: GP Putnam's Sons, 1969. ISBN 0-425-03633-2.
  • This Happens in the Swedish Air Force (brochure). Stockholm: Flygstabens informationsavdelning [Information Department of the Air Staff], Swedish Air Force, 1983.
  • Widfeldt, Bo. Draken. Inbunden, Sweden: Air Historic Research AB UB, 1995. ISBN 91-971605-4-7.
  • Wilson, Stewart. Combat Aircraft since 1945. Fyshwick, AU: Aerospace Publications, 2000. ISBN 1-875671-50-1.
  • Eden, Paul (ed.)Modern Military Aircraft Anatomy. London, UK: Amber Books Ltd, 2007. ISBN 978-1-905704-77-4
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