Fieldata
FIELDATA (also written as Fieldata) was a pioneering computer project run by the US Army Signal Corps in the late 1950s that intended to create a single standard (as defined in MIL-STD-188A/B/C[1][2][3][4]) for collecting and distributing battlefield information. In this respect it could be thought of as a generalization of the US Air Force's SAGE system that was being created at about the same time.
Unlike SAGE, FIELDATA was intended to be much larger in scope, allowing information to be gathered from any number of sources and forms. Much of the FIELDATA system was the specifications for the format the data would take, leading to a character set that would be a huge influence on ASCII a few years later.[1][5] FIELDATA also specified the message formats and even the electrical standards for connecting FIELDATA-standard machines together.
Another part of the FIELDATA project was the design and construction of computers at several different scales, from data-input terminals at one end, to theatre-wide data processing centers at the other. Several FIELDATA-standard computers were built during the lifetime of the project, including the transportable MOBIDIC from Sylvania, and the BASICPAC and LOGICPAC from Philco. Another system, ARTOC, was intended to provide graphical output (in the form of photographic slides), but was never completed.
Because FIELDATA did not specify codes for interconnection and data transmission control, different systems (like "STANDARD FORM", "COMLOGNET Common language code", "SACCOMNET (465L) Control Code"[6][5]) used different control functions. Intercommunication between them was difficult.[1]
FIELDATA is the original character set used internally in UNIVAC computers of the 1100 series, represented by the sixth of the 36-bit word of that computer. The direct successor to the UNIVAC 1100 is the Unisys 2200 series computers, which use FIELDATA to this day (although ASCII is now also common with each character encoded in 1/4 of a word, or 9 bits). Because some of the FIELDATA characters are not represented in ASCII, the Unisys 2200 uses '^', '"' and '_' characters for codes 004oct, 076oct and 077oct respectively.
The FIELDATA project ran from 1956 until it was stopped during a reorganization in 1962.
FIELDATA characters
Tag Bit (1) | Indicator Bits (2) | Detail Bits (4) | Binary Bits (1+6) | Decimal | Octal | Glyph | Name |
0 | 00 | 0000 | 0:000000 | 0 | 000 | Blank / Idle (IDL) | |
0 | 00 | 0001 | 0:000001 | 1 | 001 | Control Upper Case (CUC) | |
0 | 00 | 0010 | 0:000010 | 2 | 002 | Control Lower Case (CLC) | |
0 | 00 | 0011 | 0:000011 | 3 | 003 | Control Tab (CHT) | |
0 | 00 | 0100 | 0:000100 | 4 | 004 | Control Carriage Return (CCR) | |
0 | 00 | 0101 | 0:000101 | 5 | 005 | Control Space (CSP) | |
0 | 00 | 0110 | 0:000110 | 6 | 006 | a | |
0 | 00 | 0111 | 0:000111 | 7 | 007 | b | |
0 | 00 | 1000 | 0:001000 | 8 | 010 | c | |
0 | 00 | 1001 | 0:001001 | 9 | 011 | d | |
0 | 00 | 1010 | 0:001010 | 10 | 012 | e | |
0 | 00 | 1011 | 0:001011 | 11 | 013 | f | |
0 | 00 | 1100 | 0:001100 | 12 | 014 | g | |
0 | 00 | 1101 | 0:001101 | 13 | 015 | h | |
0 | 00 | 1110 | 0:001110 | 14 | 016 | i | |
0 | 00 | 1111 | 0:001111 | 15 | 017 | j | |
0 | 01 | 0000 | 0:010000 | 16 | 020 | k | |
0 | 01 | 0001 | 0:010001 | 17 | 021 | l | |
0 | 01 | 0010 | 0:010010 | 18 | 022 | m | |
0 | 01 | 0011 | 0:010011 | 19 | 023 | n | |
0 | 01 | 0100 | 0:010100 | 20 | 024 | o | |
0 | 01 | 0101 | 0:010101 | 21 | 025 | p | |
0 | 01 | 0110 | 0:010110 | 22 | 026 | q | |
0 | 01 | 0111 | 0:010111 | 23 | 027 | r | |
0 | 01 | 1000 | 0:011000 | 24 | 030 | s | |
0 | 01 | 1001 | 0:011001 | 25 | 031 | t | |
0 | 01 | 1010 | 0:011010 | 26 | 032 | u | |
0 | 01 | 1011 | 0:011011 | 27 | 033 | v | |
0 | 01 | 1100 | 0:011100 | 28 | 034 | w | |
0 | 01 | 1101 | 0:011101 | 29 | 035 | x | |
0 | 01 | 1110 | 0:011110 | 30 | 036 | y | |
0 | 01 | 1111 | 0:011111 | 31 | 037 | z | |
0 | 10 | 0000 | 0:100000 | 32 | 040 | Dial 0 (D0) | |
0 | 10 | 0001 | 0:100001 | 33 | 041 | Dial 1 (D1) | |
0 | 10 | 0010 | 0:100010 | 34 | 042 | Dial 2 (D2) | |
0 | 10 | 0011 | 0:100011 | 35 | 043 | Dial 3 (D3) | |
0 | 10 | 0100 | 0:100100 | 36 | 044 | Dial 4 (D4) | |
0 | 10 | 0101 | 0:100101 | 37 | 045 | Dial 5 (D5) | |
0 | 10 | 0110 | 0:100110 | 38 | 046 | Dial 6 (D6) | |
0 | 10 | 0111 | 0:100111 | 39 | 047 | Dial 7 (D7) | |
0 | 10 | 1000 | 0:101000 | 40 | 050 | Dial 8 (D8) | |
0 | 10 | 1001 | 0:101001 | 41 | 051 | Dial 9 (D9) | |
0 | 10 | 1010 | 0:101010 | 42 | 052 | Start of Control Block (SCB) | |
0 | 10 | 1011 | 0:101011 | 43 | 053 | Start of Block (SBK) | |
0 | 10 | 1100 | 0:101100 | 44 | 054 | Spare | |
0 | 10 | 1101 | 0:101101 | 45 | 055 | Spare | |
0 | 10 | 1110 | 0:101110 | 46 | 056 | Spare | |
0 | 10 | 1111 | 0:101111 | 47 | 057 | Spare | |
0 | 11 | 0000 | 0:110000 | 48 | 060 | Ready to Transmit (RTT) | |
0 | 11 | 0001 | 0:110001 | 49 | 061 | Ready to Receive (RTR) | |
0 | 11 | 0010 | 0:110010 | 50 | 062 | Not Ready to Receive (NRR) | |
0 | 11 | 0011 | 0:110011 | 51 | 063 | End of Blockette (EBE) | |
0 | 11 | 0100 | 0:110100 | 52 | 064 | End of Block (EBK) | |
0 | 11 | 0101 | 0:110101 | 53 | 065 | End of File (EOF) | |
0 | 11 | 0110 | 0:110110 | 54 | 066 | End of Control Block (ECB) | |
0 | 11 | 0111 | 0:110111 | 55 | 067 | Acknowledge Receipt (ACK) | |
0 | 11 | 1000 | 0:111000 | 56 | 070 | Repeat Block (RPT) | |
0 | 11 | 1001 | 0:111001 | 57 | 071 | Spare | |
0 | 11 | 1010 | 0:111010 | 58 | 072 | Interpret Sign (INS) | |
0 | 11 | 1011 | 0:111011 | 59 | 073 | Non-Interpret Sign (NIS) | |
0 | 11 | 1100 | 0:111100 | 60 | 074 | Control Word Follows (CWF) | |
0 | 11 | 1101 | 0:111101 | 61 | 075 | S.A.C. (SAC) | |
0 | 11 | 1110 | 0:111110 | 62 | 076 | Special Character (SPC) | |
0 | 11 | 1111 | 0:111111 | 63 | 077 | Delete (DEL) | |
1 | 00 | 0000 | 1:000000 | 64 | 100 | @ | Master Space (MS) |
1 | 00 | 0001 | 1:000001 | 65 | 101 | [ | Upper Case (UC) |
1 | 00 | 0010 | 1:000010 | 66 | 102 | ] | Lower Case (LC) |
1 | 00 | 0011 | 1:000011 | 67 | 103 | # | |
1 | 00 | 0100 | 1:000100 | 68 | 104 | Δ | Delta |
1 | 00 | 0101 | 1:000101 | 69 | 105 | Blank / Space (SP) | |
1 | 00 | 0110 | 1:000110 | 70 | 106 | A | |
1 | 00 | 0111 | 1:000111 | 71 | 107 | B | |
1 | 00 | 1000 | 1:001000 | 72 | 110 | C | |
1 | 00 | 1001 | 1:001001 | 73 | 111 | D | |
1 | 00 | 1010 | 1:001010 | 74 | 112 | E | |
1 | 00 | 1011 | 1:001011 | 75 | 113 | F | |
1 | 00 | 1100 | 1:001100 | 76 | 114 | G | |
1 | 00 | 1101 | 1:001101 | 77 | 115 | H | |
1 | 00 | 1110 | 1:001110 | 78 | 116 | I | |
1 | 00 | 1111 | 1:001111 | 79 | 117 | J | |
1 | 01 | 0000 | 1:010000 | 80 | 120 | K | |
1 | 01 | 0001 | 1:010001 | 81 | 121 | L | |
1 | 01 | 0010 | 1:010010 | 82 | 122 | M | |
1 | 01 | 0011 | 1:010011 | 83 | 123 | N | |
1 | 01 | 0100 | 1:010100 | 84 | 124 | O | |
1 | 01 | 0101 | 1:010101 | 85 | 125 | P | |
1 | 01 | 0110 | 1:010110 | 86 | 126 | Q | |
1 | 01 | 0111 | 1:010111 | 87 | 127 | R | |
1 | 01 | 1000 | 1:011000 | 88 | 130 | S | |
1 | 01 | 1001 | 1:011001 | 89 | 131 | T | |
1 | 01 | 1010 | 1:011010 | 90 | 132 | U | |
1 | 01 | 1011 | 1:011011 | 91 | 133 | V | |
1 | 01 | 1100 | 1:011100 | 92 | 134 | W | |
1 | 01 | 1101 | 1:011101 | 93 | 135 | X | |
1 | 01 | 1110 | 1:011110 | 94 | 136 | Y | |
1 | 01 | 1111 | 1:011111 | 95 | 137 | Z | |
1 | 10 | 0000 | 1:100000 | 96 | 140 | ) | |
1 | 10 | 0001 | 1:100001 | 97 | 141 | - | |
1 | 10 | 0010 | 1:100010 | 98 | 142 | + | |
1 | 10 | 0011 | 1:100011 | 99 | 143 | < | |
1 | 10 | 0100 | 1:100100 | 100 | 144 | = | |
1 | 10 | 0101 | 1:100101 | 101 | 145 | > | |
1 | 10 | 0110 | 1:100110 | 102 | 146 | & | |
1 | 10 | 0111 | 1:100111 | 103 | 147 | $ | |
1 | 10 | 1000 | 1:101000 | 104 | 150 | * | |
1 | 10 | 1001 | 1:101001 | 105 | 151 | ( | |
1 | 10 | 1010 | 1:101010 | 106 | 152 | % | |
1 | 10 | 1011 | 1:101011 | 107 | 153 | : | |
1 | 10 | 1100 | 1:101100 | 108 | 154 | ? | |
1 | 10 | 1101 | 1:101101 | 109 | 155 | ! | |
1 | 10 | 1110 | 1:101110 | 110 | 156 | , | |
1 | 10 | 1111 | 1:101111 | 111 | 157 | \ | |
1 | 11 | 0000 | 1:110000 | 112 | 160 | 0 | |
1 | 11 | 0001 | 1:110001 | 113 | 161 | 1 | |
1 | 11 | 0010 | 1:110010 | 114 | 162 | 2 | |
1 | 11 | 0011 | 1:110011 | 115 | 163 | 3 | |
1 | 11 | 0100 | 1:110100 | 116 | 164 | 4 | |
1 | 11 | 0101 | 1:110101 | 117 | 165 | 5 | |
1 | 11 | 0110 | 1:110110 | 118 | 166 | 6 | |
1 | 11 | 0111 | 1:110111 | 119 | 167 | 7 | |
1 | 11 | 1000 | 1:111000 | 120 | 170 | 8 | |
1 | 11 | 1001 | 1:111001 | 121 | 171 | 9 | |
1 | 11 | 1010 | 1:111010 | 122 | 172 | ' | |
1 | 11 | 1011 | 1:111011 | 123 | 173 | ; | |
1 | 11 | 1100 | 1:111100 | 124 | 174 | / | |
1 | 11 | 1101 | 1:111101 | 125 | 175 | . | |
1 | 11 | 1110 | 1:111110 | 126 | 176 | ⌑ | Lozenge |
1 | 11 | 1111 | 1:111111 | 127 | 177 | ≠ | Not Equal |
References
- 1 2 3 Mackenzie, Charles E. (1980). Coded Character Sets, History and Development. The Systems Programming Series (1 ed.). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 61, 64, 86. ISBN 0-201-14460-3. LCCN 77-90165. ISBN 978-0-201-14460-4. Retrieved 2016-05-22.
- ↑ Military Communication System Technical Standard, MIL-STD-188A, 1958-04-25
- ↑ Military Communication System Technical Standard, MIL-STD-188B, 1964-02-24
- ↑ Military Communication System Technical Standard, MIL-STD-188C, 1969-11-24
- 1 2 Jennings, Thomas Daniel (2016-04-20) [1999]. "An annotated history of some character codes or ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Infiltration". World Power Systems (WPS). Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2016-05-22.
- ↑ International Telephone & Telegraph Corporation (ITT) (1968). Reference Data for Radio Engineers (5 ed.). Howard W. Sams and Co. pp. Appendix. ISBN 0-672-20678-1. Retrieved 2016-05-23.
Further reading
- Leubbert, William F. (1960) [1959-12-01/03 (International Workshop on Managing Requirements Knowledge)]. Written at U.S. Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, USA. "Data Transmission Equipment Concepts for FIELDATA" (PDF). 1959 Proceedings of the Western Joint Computer Conference (WJCC). Boston, USA: American Federation of Information Processing Societies (AFIPS): 189–196. doi:10.1145/1457838.1457872. doi:10.1109/AFIPS.1959.27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-05-23. Retrieved 2016-05-23.
- Leubbert, William F. (September 1960). "Data Processing as a Tool for Generalizing Communications Systems". Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (IEEE), Part I: Communication and Electronics. 79 (4): 431–436. doi:10.1109/TCE.1960.6367290. ISSN 0097-2452. Retrieved 2012-12-10.
- Fleming, George; James, Nathan L. (2002-12-17). "Univac Fieldata Codes". 1.0. Greenbelt, USA: National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from the original on 2016-05-24. Retrieved 2016-05-24.
- Walker, John (1996-08-06). "UNIVAC 1100 Series FIELDATA Code". UNIVAC Memories. Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2016-05-22.
- Haralambous, Yannis (September 2007). Fonts & Encodings. Translated by Horne, P. Scott (1st ed.). Sebastopol, California, USA: O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-596-10242-5. ISBN 0-596-10242-9.