Robey Leibbrandt
Sidney Robey Leibbrandt (born 25 January 1913 in Potchefstroom, Transvaal – 1 August 1966 in Ladybrand, Free State province, South Africa), who was led by the German military intelligence (Abwehr) under the pseudonym "Robert Leibbrand", was a South African Boer of German and Irish descent. Leibbrandt was an Olympic boxer and later a German secret agent and freedom fighter against the British influence and political power within South Africa.
Life
Family
Leibbrandt was the third of six children, his father was Sergeant Major Meyder (Meider) Johannes Leibbrandt[1] and his mother Susan Marguarite (née Joyce).
Sergeant Major Leibbrandt fought with his friend Jan Smuts in the Second Boer War. Later he wanted to become an officer in the South African Army, but when World War I broke out, he was ordered to invade German South-West Africa, an order, which he morally could not follow, because "Germans should not war against Germans". He was allowed to stay with the army as a Drill Sergeant for recruits, but he received no further promotions. Later he became a policeman and politician in Pretoria, where he was known as "Oom Johannes" (Afrikaans for "uncle John").
From 1924 to 1930, Robey Leibbrandt attended Grey college in Bloemfontein. At 13 he began to develop a keen interest in boxing.
Boxing career
| Medal record | ||
|---|---|---|
| Men's Boxing | ||
Representing .svg.png){kind=small} South Africa
| ||
| British Empire Games | ||
.svg.png){kind=icon} | 1934 London | Light Heavyweight |
- 1934: Leibbrandt won the light heavyweight bronze medal for South Africa at the 1934 Empire Games,.[2]
- 1936: He also represented South Africa at the Berlin Olympics in 1936. He competed in the light heavyweight class. He was not able to fight the bronze medal bout to Francisco Risiglione and finished fourth.
- 1937: He became South African heavyweight champion on 31 July 1937 in Johannesburg, beating Jim Pentz.
- 1948: He returned to boxing in 1948, winning two fights.[3]
Operation Weissdorn
Following the 1936 Berlin Olympics, Leibbrandt returned to Berlin in 1938 to study at the Reich Academy for Gymnastics, and stayed on when war broke out. He joined the German Army, where he became the first South African to be trained as a Fallschirmjäger and glider pilot. Later other South Africans also joined the Wehrmacht. Leibbrand was trained with comrades of the Brandenburgers at a sabotage training course of Abwehr II (Abwehrschool "Quenzgut") near Brandenburg an der Havel, west of Berlin. In 1940 Leibbrandt had a son by a German woman (Bernd).
Admiral Wilhelm Canaris ordered Operation Weissdorn, a plan for a coup d'état[4] to overthrow the government of General Jan Smuts, who had led South Africa into the Second World War on the side of the Allies. Leibbrandt left Germany on 5 April 1941. In June 1941, under the code name Walter Kempf, Leibbrandt was dropped on the Namaqualand coast north of Cape Town by a confiscated French sailboat (the Kyloe) under the command of "Ghostsailor" (German: Geistersegler) and Abwehr asset Lieutenant "S"[5] Christian Nissen aka Hein Mück. The Operation Weissdorn was one of the most successful clouded in secrecy enterprises (German: Kriegsfahrt) of the Geistersegler.
Leibbrandt formed the Nasionaal Sosialistiese Rebelle drumming up support through fiery speeches and political campaigning, while secretly training members in bomb making.[6] He also made contact with another pro-German movement, the Ossewabrandwag, but the leader, Johannes Van Rensburg, was unsympathetic.[7]
Capture and imprisonment
Leibbrandt's 60 resistance fighters kept the British rulers of South Africa on high alert. They fought and committed sabotage successfully. After a confrontation and fierce fire fight with soldiers in the fall of 1942, Leibbrandt went on the run and evaded the police for some time,[8] until he was eventually betrayed, captured and arrested in Pretoria at the end of December 1942. The arresting officer was Claude Sterley, a fellow Springbok Boxer who was, at the time, a Sergeant in the South African Police. Leibbrandt was armed at the time but did not resist his capture by his old friend.
On 11 March 1943 Leibbrandt was sentenced to death for high treason. Although Leibbrandt refused to give evidence at any stage in the trial, he claimed that he had acted "for Volk and Führer" and gave the German Salute (Hitler Salute) when he first entered the court, to which several spectators responded and calling "Sieg Heil". After being sentenced to death, Leibbrandt shouted loudly and clearly "I greet death".
His sentence was commuted to life imprisonment by General Jan Smuts, who had great sympathies for the Leibbrandt family, in the same year. In 1948, Leibbrandt was released in an amnesty of war offenders by the newly victorious National Party government under Daniel François Malan,[9] which had opposed South Africa's entry into World War II on the side of the Allies and wanted to remain neutral. Leibbrandt left the prison and was greeted by crowds as a "folk hero", a legend was born.
Later life and death
Leibbrandt remained politically active in his later life, founding the organisation Anti-Kommunistiese Beskermingsfront (Anti-Communist Protection Front) in 1962, and producing a series of pamphlets titled Ontwaak Suid-Afrika (Wake up South Africa).[10] He was also a passionate sportsman and hunter.
Leibbrandt was married to Margaretha "Etha" Cornelia Botha, they had four sons: Hermann, Remer, Izan, and Meyder Johannes and one daughter, Rayna.[11]
Robey Leibbrandt, "Der treue Gefolgsmann" (the loyal follower) died on 1 August 1966 after a heart attack. The request by family, and friends from around the world to let him be buried with full military honours was denied by the South African government.
Further reading
- George Cloete Visser: OB: Traitors or patriots?, Macmillan South Africa (1976), ISBN 978-0869540305
- Saint-Loup: Les Voilliers fantome d'Hitler, Presses de la Cité, Paris (1973)
See also
References
- ↑ 19.04.1878, Smithfield – 17.06.1954, Pretoria
- ↑ "The Commonwealth Games". Retrieved 20 July 2006.
- ↑ "SuperBoxing". Retrieved 20 July 2006.
- ↑ A coup d'état (/ˌkuːdeɪˈtɑː/; plural: coups d'état), also known as a coup, a putsch, or an overthrow, is the sudden deposition of a government, usually by a small group of the existing state establishment—typically the military—to depose the extant government and replace it with another body, civil or military. A coup d'état is considered successful when the usurpers establish their dominance. When the coup neither fails completely nor succeeds, a civil war is a likely consequence.
- ↑ "S"=Lieutenant Special Leader, in the sense of special forces
- ↑ "Sidney Robey Leibbrandt 1913 - 1966". Leibbrandt Archive. Retrieved 20 July 2006.
- ↑ Bunting, Brian (1969). The Rise of the South African Reich. ISBN 0-14-041012-0.
- ↑ Whiteing, Charles (July 2002). "Robey Leibbrandt and Operation Weissdorn". The South African Military History Society KwaZulu-Natal Branch Newsletter (326).
- ↑ Daniel François Malan (22 May 1874 – 7 February 1959), more commonly known as D.F. Malan, was the Prime Minister of South Africa from 1948 to 1954. He is seen as a champion of Afrikaner nationalism and white supremacy. His National Party government came to power on the program of apartheid and began its comprehensive implementation.
- ↑ "List of Collections". University of the Free State Library. Retrieved 20 July 2006.
- ↑ Research to Leibbrandt's family tree