Ravenscraig Castle

For the castle of the same name in Ayrshire, see Corsehill, Lainshaw, Robertland and Dunlop.

Ravenscraig Castle is a ruined castle located in Kirkcaldy which dates from around 1460. The castle is an early example of artillery defence in Scotland. Now managed by Historic Scotland and protected by Scheduled Ancient Monument this has been recognised as a category A listed building.

History

Ravenscraig Castle, showing the large D-plan west tower, and the ruined east tower

The construction of Ravenscraig Castle by the mason Henry Merlion and the master carpenter Friar Andres Lesouris was ordered by King James II (reigned 1437-1460) as a home for his wife, Mary of Guelders.[1][2] The castle is considered one of the first - perhaps the very first - in Scotland to be built to withstand cannon fire and provide for artillery defence.[2] The king was involved with the planning but, ironically, was killed in a tragic accident with a loaded cannon at the Siege of Roxburgh Castle near Floors Castle in the Scottish Borders.[3] The castle was eventually started around 1460 by his wife, Mary of Guelders, as a memorial to him and as a dower house.[4] Mary of Guelders lived in the castle until her death in 1463, when only the east tower and the basement of the central section were built.[5] Ownership passed to her son James III (reigned 1460-1488) but in 1471 he gave the castle to William Sinclair, Earl of Orkney and Caithness in exchange for the Earldom of Orkney and associated lands which James annexed from Norway to the Scottish Crown.[6] After 1471 Ravenscraig was finally completed by the Sinclairs, who also had an interest in artillery fortifications.[1]

During the 1650-51 invasion of Scotland by English forces under Oliver Cromwell, Ravenscraig was invaded, attacked and damaged.[7][6][8] The castle remained in the ownership of the Sinclairs, who built nearby Dysart House (1755-1756) on the estate, and later passed to the Sinclair-Erskines, Earls of Rosslyn. The estate and castle remained in the family until sold in 1896, by the 5th Earl, to linoleum magnate Sir Michael Nairn.[9]

The castle was used as an ammunition depot during the First World War.[7] In 1929, 85 acres (34 ha) of the estate, including the castle, was given to the town of Kirkcaldy as a public park.[10] Ravenscraig Castle was passed into state care in 1955 and has been open to the public by the owners Historic Scotland since 1971.[8][11][7] It is now managed by Historic Scotland, and is protected as a Scheduled Ancient Monument,[12] and a category A listed building.[1]

The castle

Plan of Ravenscraig Castle
Key: A=Postern B=Cellar C=Entrance passage D=Guard room E=Chamber F=Stair down

Ravenscraig is a small castle, built on a narrow rocky promontory in the Firth of Forth. It is naturally defended on three sides by steep cliffs dropping to the sea, and the main part of the castle forms the northern, landward, defence. This comprises two D-plan towers, with outer walls 4.25 metres (13.9 ft) thick, designed to withstand cannon fire. Battlements between the towers formed an artillery platform, with gun holes pointing to landward. The whole is defended by a deep, rock-cut ditch, and is accessed via a bridge.

The towers

The west tower stands to four storeys, and has a single small room on each floor. At the ground floor is a vaulted cellar, with a hall above, accessed via a stone forestair, or outside stairway. A spiral stair links the upper levels, although the timber floors are no longer present. Chimneys rise through the walls to form features of the castle's skyline. The east tower is of three storeys, although its base is set lower into the cliff. A well is located at the lowest level, with a single chamber on each level above, although again the timber floors are missing. The floors are linked by a straight stair within the thickness of the west wall. The rooms of both towers are windowless to landward, due to the thick walls, but have windows with stone seats to the other sides.[13]

Linking building and courtyard

The towers are linked by a central block, which contains the main gate and entrance passage. Vaulted cellars and a guard room lie to either side. These vaults support the artillery platform above. The gun holes are of the "inverted keyhole" type, which became common in the late 15th century.[5] Beyond the main block, only the foundations remain of the buildings on the promontory.

Rosabelle by Sir Walter Scott

Ravenscraig is the setting for the ballad Rosabelle, sung by Lord St. Clair's bard, Harold, at the wedding feast in the sixth canto of Walter Scott's Lay of the Last Minstrel. The ballad tells in elliptical style of 'the lovely Rosabelle', apparently a daughter of the St. Clair (or Sinclair) family, who insists despite dire warnings on setting out by boat from Ravenscraig (called 'Ravensheuch' by Scott) across the Firth of Forth, to attend a ball at the family seat, Roslin Castle, in Midlothian. Rosabelle knows that, as well as her parents, a certain 'Lord Lindesay's heir' will be present. However, that night an eerie light blazes on Roslin Castle and the nearby chapel where Rosabelle's ancestors lie buried, while Rosabelle herself lies drowned.[14]

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 "Ravenscraig Park, Ravenscraig Castle, Listed Building Report". Historic Scotland. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
  2. 1 2 Eunson, Eric Old Dysart and East Kirkcaldy p.27.
  3. ↑ Lamont-Brown Fife in History and Legend pp145–146
  4. ↑ Lamont-Brown, Raymond Fife in History and Legend, p.148.
  5. 1 2 Tabraham, p.98
  6. 1 2 Civic Society History & Celebration p.13.
  7. 1 2 3 "Ravenscraig Castle". Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
  8. 1 2 Lamont Brown Fife in History and Legend 2002, p.149.
  9. ↑ "Dysart House". Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
  10. ↑ "Ravenscraig Castle, NMRS Number: NT29SE 11". RCAHMS. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
  11. ↑ Civic Society Pathhead and Ravenscraig Castle 2002, p.45.
  12. ↑ "The Monument Known as Ravenscraig Castle". 1999. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
  13. ↑ Lindsay, pp.403-404
  14. ↑ "Poets' Corner - Sir Walter Scott - The Lay of the Last Minstrel - Canto VI". Theotherpages.org. Retrieved 2012-04-07.

References

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Coordinates: 56°7′10.48″N 3°8′28.58″W / 56.1195778°N 3.1412722°W / 56.1195778; -3.1412722

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