Radeon HD 7000 Series

AMD Radeon HD 7000 Series
Release date Announced: December 22, 2011
Released: January 9, 2012
Codename Southern Islands
London
Trinity
Sea Islands
Fabrication process and transistors
  • 292M 40 nm (Cedar)
  • 370M 40 nm (Caicos)
  • 716M 40 nm (Turks)
  • 1,500M 28 nm (Cape Verde)
  • 2,080M 28 nm (Bonaire)
  • 2,800M 28 nm (Pitcairn)
  • 4,313M 28 nm (Tahiti)
Cards
Entry-level 73xx - 76xx
Mid-range 7750, 7770, 7790
High-end 7850, 7870, 7950, 7970
Enthusiast 7990
Rendering support
Direct3D

Direct3D 11.x (TeraScale models);

(GCN only)

OpenCL OpenCL 2.0 for GCN models. OpenCL 1.2 for VLIW models.
OpenGL 4.4, GCN: OpenGL 4.5[1]
History
Predecessor Radeon HD 6000 Series
Variant Radeon HD 8000 Series
Successor Radeon Rx 200 Series

The Radeon HD 7000 Series, based on "Southern Islands", is further products series in the family of Radeon GPUs developed by AMD.[2] AMD builds Southern Islands series graphics chips based on the 28 nm manufacturing process at TSMC.[3] The primary competitor of Southern Islands, Nvidia's GeForce 600 Series (also manufactured at TSMC), also shipped during Q1 2012, largely due to the immaturity of the 28 nm process.[4]

Architecture

This article is about all products under the Radeon HD 7000 Series brand. Graphics Core Next was introduced with the Radeon HD 7000 Series.

Multi-monitor support

Main article: AMD Eyefinity

The AMD Eyefinity-branded on-die display controllers were introduced in September 2009 in the Radeon HD 5000 Series and have been present in all products since.[5]

Video acceleration

Both Unified Video Decoder (UVD) and Video Coding Engine (VCE) are present on the dies of all products and supported by AMD Catalyst and by the free and open-source graphics device driver#ATI/AMD.

Desktop products

The die and package of a Radeon HD 7870 graphics card.

The 28 nm product line is divided in three dies (Tahiti, Pitcairn, and Cape Verde), each one roughly double in shader units compared to its small brethren (32, 20, and respectively 10 GCN compute units). While this gives roughly a doubling of single-precision floating point, there is however a significant departure in double-precision compute power. Tahiti has a maximum ¼ double precision throughput relative to its single precision throughput, while the other two smaller consumer dies can only achieve a 1/16 ratio.[6] While each bigger die has two additional memory controllers widening its bus by 128 bits, Pitcairn however has the same front-end dual tesselator units as Tahiti giving it similar performance to its larger brethren in DX11 tessellation benchmarks.[6]

Radeon HD 7900

Codenamed Tahiti, the Radeon HD 7900 series was announced on December 22, 2011. Products include the Radeon 7970 GHz Edition, Radeon HD 7970 and Radeon HD 7950. The Radeon HD 7970 features 2048 usable stream cores,[upper-alpha 1] whereas the Radeon HD 7950 has 1792 usable stream cores, as 256 out of the 2048 cores are disabled during product binning which detects defective areas of a chip. The cards are the first products to take advantage of AMD's new "Graphics Core Next" compute architecture. Both cards are equipped with 3 GB GDDR5 memory and manufactured on TSMC's 28 nm process. The Tahiti GPU is also used in the Radeon HD 7870 XT, released November 19, 2012. In this case one quarter of the stream processors are disabled, giving 1536 usable cores. Additionally, the memory interface is downgraded from 384-bit to 256-bit, along with a memory size reduction from 3 GB to 2 GB.

Radeon HD 7800

Codenamed Pitcairn, the Radeon HD 7800 series was formally unveiled on March 5, 2012, with retail availability from March 19, 2012. Products include the Radeon HD 7870 and Radeon HD 7850. The Radeon HD 7870 features 1280 usable stream cores, whereas the Radeon HD 7850 has 1024 usable stream cores. Both cards are equipped with 2048mb GB GDDR5 memory and manufactured on TSMC's 28 nm process.[8]

Radeon HD 7700

Codenamed Cape Verde, the Radeon HD 7700 series was released on February 15, 2012. Products include the Radeon HD 7770 GHz Edition and Radeon HD 7750. The Radeon HD 7770 GHz Edition features 640 stream cores based on the GCN architecture, whereas the Radeon HD 7750 has only 512 usable stream cores. Both cards are equipped with 1 GB GDDR5 memory and manufactured in 28 nm. On March 22, 2013 another card, Radeon HD 7790, was introduced in this series. This card is based on the Bonaire architecture, which features 896 stream cores using GCN 1.1 technology, an incremental update. On May 2013, AMD launched the Radeon HD 7730, based on the Cape Verde LE graphics processor. It features a 128-bit memory bus, 384 stream cores, 8 ROPs, and a core clock speed of up to 800MHz. The HD 7730 came with GDDR5 and DDR3 variants, running on memory clock speeds of 1125MHz and 900MHz, respectively. Load power usage was lowered by 14.5% (47W) compared to the Radeon HD 7750 (55W).[9][10]

Chipset table

A Radeon HD 7750 card, using a fanless design.

Southern Islands (HD 7xxx) Series

Model Launch Codename Architecture Fab (nm) Transistors (Million) Die Size (mm2) Bus interface Clock rate Core config[lower-alpha 1] Fillrate Memory[lower-alpha 2] Processing Power
(GFLOPS)
TDP (W)[lower-alpha 3] API support (version) Release Price (USD)
Core (MHz) Boost (MHz) Memory (MHz) Pixel (GP/s) Texture (GT/s) Size (MB) Bus width (bit) Bus type Bandwidth (GB/s) Single Precision Double Precision Idle Max. Direct3D OpenGL OpenCL Vulkan
Radeon HD 7350 (OEM) January 2012 Cedar TeraScale 2 40 292 59 PCIe 2.1 ×16 400
650
Unknown 400
800
900
80:8:4 1.6
2.6
3.2
5.2
256
512
64 DDR2
DDR3
6.4
12.8
104 N/A 6.4 19.1 11.0 4.4 1.2 N/A OEM
Radeon HD 7450 (OEM) January 2012 Caicos TeraScale 2 40 370 67 PCIe 2.1 ×16 625
750
Unknown 533
800
160:8:4 2.5
3.0
5.0
6.0
512
1024
64 GDDR3 8.5
12.8
200
240
N/A 9 18 11.0 4.4 1.2 N/A OEM
Radeon HD 7470 (OEM) January 2012 Caicos TeraScale 2 40 370 67 PCIe 2.1 ×16 625
775
Unknown 800
900
160:8:4 2.5
3.1
5.0
6.2
512
1024
64 GDDR3
GDDR5
12.8
14.4
200
248
N/A 9 27 11.0 4.4 1.2 N/A OEM
Radeon HD 7510 (OEM) February 2013 Turks LE TeraScale 2 40 716 118 PCIe 2.1 ×16 650 Unknown 667 320:16:4 2.6 10.4 1024 128 GDDR3 21.3 416 N/A Unknown Unknown 11.0 4.4 1.2 N/A OEM
Radeon HD 7570 (OEM) January 2012 Turks PRO-L TeraScale 2 40 716 118 PCIe 2.1 ×16 650 Unknown 900
1000
480:24:8 5.2 15.6 512
1024
128 GDDR3
GDDR5
28.8
64
624 N/A 10
11
44
60
11.0 4.4 1.2 N/A OEM
Radeon HD 7670 (OEM) January 2012 Turks XT TeraScale 2 40 716 118 PCIe 2.1 ×16 800 Unknown 1000 480:24:8 6.4 19.2 512
1024
128 GDDR5 64 768 N/A 12 66 11.0 4.4 1.2 N/A OEM
Radeon HD 7730 April 2013 Cape Verde LE GCN 1st gen 28 1500 123 PCIe 3.0 ×16 800 Unknown 1125 384:24:8 6.4 19.2 1024 128 DDR3
GDDR5
25.6
72
614.4 38.4 10 47 12.0 (11_1) 4.5 2.0[12][13] 1.0 $60
Radeon HD 7750 15 February 2012 Cape Verde PRO GCN 1st gen 28 1500 123 PCIe 3.0 ×16 800
900
Unknown 800
1125
512:32:16 12.8
14.4
25.6
28.8
1024
2048
4096
128 DDR3
GDDR5
25.6
72
819.2
921.6
51.2
57.6
10 55 12.0 (11_1) 4.5 2.0[12][13] 1.0 $110
Radeon HD 7770
GHz Edition
15 February 2012 Cape Verde XT GCN 1st gen 28 1500 123 PCIe 3.0 ×16 1000 Unknown 1125 640:40:16 16 40 1024
2048
128 GDDR5 72 1280 80 10 80 12.0 (11_1) 4.5 2.0[12][13] 1.0 $160
Radeon HD 7790 22 March 2013 Bonaire XT GCN 2nd gen 28 2080 160 PCIe 3.0 ×16 1000 Unknown 1500 896:56:16 16.0 56.0 1024
2048
128 GDDR5 96 1792 128 10 85 12.0 (12_0) 4.5 2.0[12][13] 1.0 $150
Radeon HD 7850 19 March 2012 Pitcairn PRO GCN 1st gen 28 2800 212 PCIe 3.0 ×16 860 Unknown 1200 1024:64:32 27.52 55.04 1024
2048
256 GDDR5 153.6 1761.28 110.08 10 130 12.0 (11_1) 4.5 2.0[12][13] 1.0 $250
Radeon HD 7870
GHz Edition
19 March 2012 Pitcairn XT GCN 1st gen 28 2800 212 PCIe 3.0 ×16 1000 Unknown 1200 1280:80:32 32 80 2048 256 GDDR5 153.6 2560 160 10 175 12.0 (11_1) 4.5 2.0[12][13] 1.0 $350
Radeon HD 7870 XT 19 November 2012 Tahiti LE GCN 1st gen 28 4313 352 PCIe 3.0 ×16 925 975 1500 1536:96:32 29.6 88.8 2048 256 GDDR5 192.0 2841.6
2995.2
710.4
748.8
15 185 12.0 (11_1) 4.5 2.0[12][13] 1.0 $270
Radeon HD 7950 31 January 2012 Tahiti PRO
Tahiti PRO-H
GCN 1st gen 28 4313 352 PCIe 3.0 ×16 800 Unknown 1250 1792:112:32 25.6 89.6 3072 384 GDDR5 240 2867.2 717 15 200 12.0 (11_1) 4.5 2.0[12][13] 1.0 $450
Radeon HD 7950 Boost 14 August 2012 Tahiti PRO2
Tahiti PRO-H2
GCN 1st gen 28 4313 352 PCIe 3.0 ×16 850 925 1250 1792:112:32 29.6 103.6 3072 384 GDDR5 240 3046.4
3315.2
761.6
828.8
15 225 12.0 (11_1) 4.5 2.0[12][13] 1.0 $330
Radeon HD 7970 9 January 2012 Tahiti XT GCN 1st gen 28 4313 352 PCIe 3.0 ×16 925 Unknown 1375 2048:128:32 29.6 118.4 3072
6144
384 GDDR5 264 3788.8 947.2 15 250 12.0 (11_1) 4.5 2.0[12][13] 1.0 $550
Radeon HD 7970
GHz Edition
22 June 2012 Tahiti XT2 GCN 1st gen 28 4313 352 PCIe 3.0 ×16 1000 1050 1500 2048:128:32 32 128.0 3072
6144
384 GDDR5 288 4096
4300
1024
1075
15 250 12.0 (11_1) 4.5 2.0[12][13] 1.0 $500
Radeon HD 7990 24 April 2013 New Zealand GCN 1st gen 28 4313 ×2 352 ×2 PCIe 3.0 ×16 950 1000 1500 2048:128:32 ×2 32 ×2 128 ×2 3072 ×2 384 ×2 GDDR5 288 ×2 8200 1894 15 375 12.0 (11_1) 4.5 2.0[12][13] 1.0 $1000
Model Launch Codename Architecture Fab (nm) Transistors (Million) Die Size (mm2) Bus interface Core (MHz) Boost (MHz) Memory (MHz) Core config[lower-alpha 1] Pixel (GP/s) Texture (GT/s) Size (MiB) Bus width (bit) Bus type Bandwidth (GB/s) Single Precision Double Precision Idle Max. Direct3D OpenGL OpenCL Vulkan Release Price (USD)
Clock rate Fillrate Memory[lower-alpha 2] Processing Power
(GFLOPS)
TDP (W)[lower-alpha 3] API support (version)
  1. 1 2 Unified Shaders : Texture Mapping Units : Render Output Units
  2. 1 2 The effective data transfer rate of GDDR5 is quadruple its nominal clock, instead of double as it is with other DDR memory.
  3. 1 2 The TDP is reference design TDP values from AMD. Different non-reference board designs from vendors may lead to slight variations in actual TDP.

IGP (HD 7xxx)

Model Released Codename Architecture Fab (nm) Core Clock rate (MHz) Config core[lower-alpha 1] Fillrate Shared Memory Processing Power
(GFLOPS)
API compliance (version) Combined TDP[lower-alpha 2] APU
Pixel (GP/s) Texture (GT/s) Bus width (bit) Bus type Bandwidth (GB/s) Direct3D OpenGL OpenCL Idle (W) Max. (W)
Radeon HD 7480D 1 June 2012 Scrapper TeraScale 3 32 723 128:8:4 Unknown Unknown 128 DDR3-1600 25.6 185 11.0 4.4 1.2 Unknown 65 A4-4000, A4-5300
Radeon HD 7540D 1 June 2012 Scrapper TeraScale 3 32 760 192:12:4 Unknown Unknown 128 DDR3-1866 29.9 292 11.0 4.4 1.2 Unknown 65 A6-5400K
Radeon HD 7560D 1 June 2012 Devastator TeraScale 3 32 760 256:16:4 Unknown Unknown 128 DDR3-1866 29.9 389 11.0 4.4 1.2 Unknown 65100 A8-5500, A8-5600K
Radeon HD 7660D 1 June 2012 Devastator TeraScale 3 32 760800 384:24:8 2.7 16.2 128 DDR3-1866 29.9 584614 11.0 4.4 1.2 Unknown 65100 A10-5700 (760 MHz), A10-5800K (800 MHz)
  1. Unified Shaders : Texture Mapping Units : Render Output Units
  2. TDP specified for AMD reference designs, includes CPU power consumption. Actual TDP of retail products may vary.

Mobile products

Model Launch Model Number Codename Architecture Fab (nm) Bus interface Clock rate Core config[lower-alpha 1] Fillrate Memory Processing Power
(GFLOPS)
TDP (W)
(GPU only)
API compliance (version)
Core (MHz) Memory (MHz) Pixel (GP/s) Texture (GT/s) Size (GiB) Bus width (bit) Bus type[lower-alpha 2] Bandwidth (GB/s) Direct3D OpenGL[lower-alpha 3] OpenCL
Radeon HD 7430M 7 January 2012 Seymour Pro Caicos
(RV910)
TeraScale 2 40 PCIe 2.1 ×16 600 900 160:8:4:2 2.4 4.8 1 64 DDR3 14.4 192 7 11.0 4.4 1.2
Radeon HD 7450M 7 January 2012 Seymour Pro Caicos
(RV910)
TeraScale 2 40 PCIe 2.1 ×16 700
700
900
800
160:8:4:2 2.8 5.6 1 64 DDR3
GDDR5
14.4
25.6
224 7 11.0 4.4 1.2
Radeon HD 7470M 7 January 2012 Seymour XT Caicos
(RV910)
TeraScale 2 40 PCIe 2.1 ×16 750
800
900
800
160:8:4:2 3.0
3.2
6
6.4
1 64 DDR3
GDDR5
14.4
25.6
240
256
7~9 11.0 4.4 1.2
Radeon HD 7490M 7 January 2012 Seymour XTX Caicos
(RV910)
TeraScale 2 40 PCIe 2.1 ×16 800 950 160:8:4:2 3.2 6.4 1 64 GDDR5 30.4 256 9 11.0 4.4 1.2
Radeon HD 7510M 7 January 2012 Thames LE Turks
(RV930)
TeraScale 2 40 PCIe 2.1 ×16 450 800 400:20:8:5 3.6 9.0 1 64 DDR3 12.8 360 11 11.0 4.4 1.2
Radeon HD 7530M 7 January 2012 Thames LP Turks TeraScale 2 40 PCIe 2.1 ×16 450 900 400:24:8:5 3.6 9.0 1 64 DDR3 14.4 360 11 11.0 4.4 1.2
Radeon HD 7550M 7 January 2012 Thames Pro Turks TeraScale 2 40 PCIe 2.1 ×16 450
550
900
800
400:20:8:5 3.6
4.4
9.0
11.0
1 64 DDR3
GDDR5
14.4
25.6
360
440
13 11.0 4.4 1.2
Radeon HD 7570M 7 January 2012 Thames Pro Turks TeraScale 2 40 PCIe 2.1 ×16 450
650
900
800
400:20:8:5 3.6
5.2
9.0
13.0
1 64 DDR3
GDDR5
14.4
25.6
360
520
13~15 11.0 4.4 1.2
Radeon HD 7590M 7 January 2012 Thames XT Turks TeraScale 2 40 PCIe 2.1 ×16 600 800 480:24:8:6 4.8 14.4 1 64 GDDR5 25.6 576 18 11.0 4.4 1.2
Radeon HD 7595MX (Dell 14z) 7 January 2012 Thames LX Turks TeraScale 2 40 PCIe 2.1 ×16 600 800 480:24:8:6 20.8 54.4 2 256 GDDR5 51.2 976 14 11.0 4.4 1.2
Radeon HD 7610M 7 January 2012 Thames LE Turks TeraScale 2 40 PCIe 2.1 ×16 450 800 400:20:8:5 3.6 9.0 1 128 DDR3 25.6 360 20 11.0 4.4 1.2
Radeon HD 7630M 7 January 2012 Thames LP Turks TeraScale 2 40 PCIe 2.1 ×16 450 800 480:24:8:6 3.6 10.8 1 128 DDR3 25.6 432 20~25 11.0 4.4 1.2
Radeon HD 7650M 7 January 2012 Thames Pro Turks TeraScale 2 40 PCIe 2.1 ×16 450
550
800
800
480:24:8:6 3.6
4.4
10.8
13.2
1 128 DDR3 25.6 432
528
20~25 11.0 4.4 1.2
Radeon HD 7670M 7 January 2012 Thames Pro Turks TeraScale 2 40 PCIe 2.1 ×16 600 900 480:24:8:6 4.8 14.4 1 128 DDR3
GDDR5
28.8
57.6
576 20~25 11.0 4.4 1.2
Radeon HD 7690M 7 January 2012 Thames XT Turks TeraScale 2 40 PCIe 2.1 ×16 725
600
900
900
480:24:8:6 5.8
4.8
17.4
14.4
1
2
128 DDR3
GDDR5
28.8
57.6
696
576
20~25 11.0 4.4 1.2
Radeon HD 7690M XT 7 January 2012 Thames XTX Turks
(RV930)
TeraScale 2 40 PCIe 2.1 ×16 725 900 480:24:8:6 5.8 17.4 1
2
128 GDDR5 57.6 696 25 11.0 4.4 1.2
Radeon HD 7730M 24 April 2012 Chelsea LP Cape Verde GCN 1st gen 28 PCIe 2.1 ×16 575
675
900
900
512:32:16:8 9.2
10.8
18.4
21.6
2 128 GDDR3 28.8 588.8
691.2
25~28 11.1 4.5 1.2
Radeon HD 7750M 24 April 2012 Chelsea Pro Cape Verde GCN 1st gen 28 PCIe 2.1 ×16 575 1000 512:32:16:8 9.2 18.4 1
2
128 GDDR5 64 588.8 28 11.1 4.5 1.2
Radeon HD 7770M 24 April 2012 Chelsea XT Cape Verde GCN 1st gen 28 PCIe 2.1 ×16 675 1000 512:32:16:8 10.8 21.6 1
2
128 GDDR5 64 691.2 32 11.1 4.5 1.2
Radeon HD 7850M 24 April 2012 Heathrow Pro Cape Verde GCN 1st gen 28 PCIe 3.0 ×16 675 1000 640:40:16:10 10.8 27 2 128 GDDR5 64 864 40 11.1 4.5 1.2
Radeon HD 7870M 24 April 2012 Heathrow XT Cape Verde GCN 1st gen 28 PCIe 3.0 ×16 800 1000 640:40:16:10 12.8 32 2 128 GDDR5 64 1024 4045 11.1 4.5 1.2
Radeon HD 7970M 24 April 2012 Wimbledon XT Pitcairn GCN 1st gen 28 PCIe 3.0 ×16 850 1200 1280:80:32:20 27.2 68 2
4
256 GDDR5 153.6 2176 75 11.1 4.5 1.2
  1. Unified Shaders : Texture Mapping Units : Render Output Units
  2. The effective data transfer rate of GDDR5 is quadruple its nominal clock, instead of double as it is with other DDR memory.
  3. Vulkan 1.0 and OpenGL 4.5 possible with Driver Update Crimson 16.3 or higher.[14]

Integrated (IGP) products

Model Launch Codename Architecture Fab (nm) Clock rate (MHz) Core config[lower-alpha 1] Fillrate Shared memory Processing Power
(GFLOPS)
API compliance (version)
Core (MHz) Boost (MHz) Pixel (GP/s) Texture (GT/s) Bus width (bit) Bus type Bandwidth (GB/s) Direct3D OpenGL OpenCL
Radeon HD 7400G 1 September 2012 Scrapper TeraScale 3 32 327 424 192:12:4 1.31 3.92 128 DDR3-1333 to 2133 21.3334.13 125.57 11 4.4 1.2
Radeon HD 7420G 1 June 2012 Scrapper TeraScale 3 32 480 655 128:8:4 1.92 3.84 128 DDR3-1333 to 2133 21.3334.13 122.88 11 4.4 1.2
Radeon HD 7500G 15 May 2012 Scrapper TeraScale 3 32 327 424 256:16:8 2.62 5.23 128 DDR3-1333 to 2133 21.3334.13 167.42 11 4.4 1.2
Radeon HD 7520G 1 June 2012 Scrapper TeraScale 3 32 496 685 192:12:4 1.98 5.95 128 DDR3-1333 to 2133 21.3334.13 190.46 11 4.4 1.2
Radeon HD 7600G 1 September 2012 Devastator TeraScale 3 32 320 424 384:24:8 2.56 7.68 128 DDR3-1333 to 2133 21.3334.13 245.76 11 4.4 1.2
Radeon HD 7620G 15 May 2012 Devastator TeraScale 3 32 360 497 384:24:8 2.88 8.64 128 DDR3-1333 to 2133 21.3334.13 276.48 11 4.4 1.2
Radeon HD 7640G 15 May 2012 Devastator TeraScale 3 32 496 685 256:16:8 3.97 7.94 128 DDR3-1333 to 2133 21.3334.13 253.95 11 4.4 1.2
Radeon HD 7660G 15 May 2012 Devastator TeraScale 3 32 496 685 384:24:8 3.97 11.9 128 DDR3-1333 to 2133 21.3334.13 380.93 11 4.4 1.2

Graphics device drivers

AMD's proprietary graphics device driver "Catalyst"

Main article: AMD Catalyst

AMD Catalyst is being developed for Microsoft Windows and Linux. As of July 2014, other operating system are not officially supported. This may be different for the AMD FirePro brand, which is based on identical hardware but features OpenGL-certified graphics device drivers.

AMD Catalyst supports of course all features advertised for the Radeon brand.

Free and open-source graphics device driver "Radeon"

The free and open-source drivers are primarily developed on Linux and for Linux, but have been ported to other operating systems as well. Each driver is composed out of five parts:

  1. Linux kernel component DRM
  2. Linux kernel component KMS driver: basically the device driver for the display controller
  3. user-space component libDRM
  4. user-space component in Mesa 3D;
  5. a special and distinct 2D graphics device driver for X.Org Server, which if finally about to be replaced by Glamor

The free and open-source "Radeon" graphics driver supports most of the features implemented into the Radeon line of GPUs.[15]

The free and open-source "Radeon" graphics device drivers are not reverse engineered, but based on documentation released by AMD.[16]

See also

Notes

  1. Corresponding to 32 cores in "the closest reasonable mapping to the equivalent in a CPU".[7]:60

References

  1. "AMD Catalyst™ 14.4 Windows® Release Notes". AMD. 2014-04-29. Retrieved 2014-08-11.
  2. Demerjian, Charlie (April 6, 2011). "AMD will out the 'Southern Islands' GPU architecture early". SemiAccurate. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
  3. "Report: TSMC wins key 40-, 28-nm deals". EETimes. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-28.
  4. Charlie Demerjian (July 19, 2011). "Southern Islands, Kepler, and Apple's A6 process puzzle outed". Retrieved December 1, 2013.
  5. "AMD Eyefinity: FAQ". AMD. 2011-05-17. Retrieved 2014-07-02.
  6. 1 2 "Review: AMD Radeon HD 7850 & 7870" (in French). BeHardware. March 5, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  7. Gaster, Benedict; Howes, Lee; Kaeli, David R.; Mistry, Perhaad; Schaa, Dana (2012). Heterogeneous Computing with OpenCL: Revised OpenCL 1.2 Edition. Morgan Kaufmann.
  8. "AMD Radeon HD 7870 GHz Edition & Radeon HD 7850 Review: Rounding Out Southern Islands". AnandTech. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  9. http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/radeon-hd-7730-cape-verde-review,3575.html
  10. http://www.amd.com/en-us/products/graphics/desktop/7000/7700#
  11. "AMD launches Radeon 7790: Meet the Xbox 720's GPU". ExtremeTech. 2013-03-22. Retrieved 2013-11-10.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "AMD OpenCL 2.0 Driver". Advanced Micro Devices. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "MD5 Checksums, System Requirements & Driver Compatibility". Advanced Micro Devices. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  14. JeGX (10 March 2016). "AMD Crimson 16.3 Graphics Driver Available with Vulkan Support". Geeks3D. Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  15. "RadeonFeature". Xorg.freedesktop.org. Retrieved 2014-07-06.
  16. "AMD Developer Guideds".
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