Hugo Award

Hugo Award

Hugo Award Logo
Awarded for Best science fiction or fantasy works of previous year
Country United States of America
Presented by World Science Fiction Society
First awarded 1953
Official website thehugoawards.org

The Hugo Awards are a set of awards given annually for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The awards are named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories, and were officially named the Science Fiction Achievement Awards until 1992. Organized and overseen by the World Science Fiction Society, the awards are given each year at the annual World Science Fiction Convention as the central focus of the event. They were first given in 1953, at the 11th World Science Fiction Convention, and have been awarded every year since 1955. Over the years that the award has been given, the categories presented have changed; currently Hugo Awards are given in more than a dozen categories, and include both written and dramatic works of various types.

The Hugo Awards have been termed as "among the highest honors bestowed in science fiction and fantasy writing".[1] Works that have won have been published in special collections, and the official logo of the Hugo Awards is often placed on the winning books' cover as a promotional tool. The 2016 awards were presented at the 74th Worldcon, MidAmeriCon II, in Kansas City, United States, on August 20, 2016. The 2017 Hugos will be presented at the 75th Worldcon, Worldcon 75, in Helsinki, Finland, on August 12, 2017.

For lists of winners and nominees for each category, see the list of award categories below.

Award

1991 Hugo Award trophy

The World Science Fiction Society (WSFS) gives out the Hugo Awards each year for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The award is named after Hugo Gernsback, who founded the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories and who is considered one of the "fathers" of the science fiction genre.[2] Works are eligible for an award if they were published in English in the prior calendar year. There are no written rules as to which works qualify as science fiction or fantasy, and the decision of eligibility in that regard is left up to the voters, rather than to the organizing committee. Hugo Award nominees and winners are chosen by supporting or attending members of the annual World Science Fiction Convention, or Worldcon, and the presentation evening constitutes its central event. The selection process is defined in the WSFS constitution as instant-runoff voting with five nominees per category, except in the case of a tie.[3] The awards are split over more than a dozen categories, and include both written and dramatic works.[4]

For each category of Hugo, the voter may rank "No Award" as one of their choices. Voters are instructed that they should do so if they feel that none of the nominees are worthy of the award, or if they feel the category should be abolished entirely. A vote for "No Award" other than as one's first choice signifies that the voter believes the nominee(s) ranked higher than "No Award" are worthy of a Hugo in that category, while those ranked lower are not.[5]

David Hartwell, Charles N. Brown, and Connie Willis pose with the 2008 Hugo Awards

The five works on the ballot for each category are the most-nominated by members that year, with no limit on the number of stories that can be nominated. From 1953 to 1958 the awards did not include any recognition of runner-up novels, but since 1959 all of the candidates have been recorded.[3] Initial nominations are made by members in January through March, while voting on the ballot of five nominations is performed roughly in April through July, subject to change depending on when that year's Worldcon is held.[6] Worldcons are generally held near the start of September, and take place in a different city around the world each year.[2][7]

The idea of giving out awards at Worldcons was proposed by Harold Lynch for the 1953 convention.[8] The idea was based on the Academy Awards,[9] with the name "Hugo" being given by Robert A. Madle. The award trophy was created by Jack McKnight and Ben Jason in 1953, based on the design of hood ornaments of 1950s cars. It consisted of a finned rocket ship on a wooden base. Each subsequent trophy, with the exception of the 1958 trophy, has been similar to the original design. The rocket trophy was formally redesigned in 1984, and since then only the base of the trophy has changed each year.[10] There is no monetary or other remuneration associated with the Hugo, other than the trophy.[3]

Retro Hugos

Retrospective Hugo Awards, or Retro Hugos, were added in the mid-1990s. These awards are given by Worldcons held 50, 75, or 100 years after a Worldcon where no Hugos had been awarded, which were the conventions in 1939–41, 1946–52, and 1954, and are given for works that would have been eligible in that year, by the same process as the regular Hugos.[3] Retro Hugos have only been given five times: in 1996, 2001, and 2004 for 50 years prior, and 2014 and 2016 for 75 years prior. The six Worldcons eligible in 1997–2000, 2002, and 2015 chose not to award them. The next opportunity will be in 2022 for 1947.[11]

History

1950s

The first Hugo Awards were presented at the 11th Worldcon in Philadelphia in 1953, which awarded Hugos in seven categories.[12] The awards presented that year were initially conceived as a one-off event, though the organizers hoped that subsequent conventions would also present them.[13] At the time, Worldcons were completely run by their respective committees as independent events and had no oversight between years. Thus there was no mandate for any future conventions to repeat the awards, and no set rules for how to do so.[14]

The 1954 Worldcon chose not to, but the awards were reinstated at the 1955 Worldcon, and thereafter became traditional. The award was called the Annual Science Fiction Achievement Award, with "Hugo Award" being an unofficial, but better known name.[2] The nickname was accepted as an official alternative name in 1958, and since the 1992 awards the nickname has been adopted as the official name of the award.[9][15]

In 1959, though there were still no formal guidelines governing the awards, several rules were instated which thereafter became traditional. These included having a ballot for nominating works earlier in the year and separate from the voting ballot; defining eligibility to include works published in the prior calendar year, rather than the previous rule of the "preceding year"; and allowing voters to select "no award" as an option, which then won that year in two categories: Dramatic Presentation and Best New Author.[16] The eligibility change additionally sparked a separate rule, prohibiting the nomination of works which had been nominated for the 1958 awards, as the two time periods overlapped.[17]

1960s

In 1961, after the formation of the WSFS to oversee each Worldcon committee, formal rules were set down in the WSFS constitution mandating the presenting of the awards as one of the responsibilities of each Worldcon organizing committee. The rules restricted voting to members of the convention that the awards would be given at, while still allowing anyone to nominate works; nominations were restricted to members of the convention or the previous year's convention in 1963.[17] The guidelines also specified the categories that would be awarded, which could only be changed by the World Science Fiction Society board.[18] These categories were for Best Novel, Short Fiction (short stories, broadly defined), Dramatic Presentation, Professional Magazine, Professional Artist, and Best Fanzine (fan magazine).[19] 1963 was also the second year in which "no award" won a category, again for Dramatic Presentation.[20]

In 1964 the guidelines were changed to allow individual conventions to create additional categories, which was codified as up to two categories for that year. These additional awards were officially designated as Hugo Awards, but were not required to be repeated by future conventions.[21] This was later adjusted to only allow one additional category; while these extra Hugo Awards have been given out in several categories, only a few were ever awarded for more than one year.[4]

In 1967 categories for Novelette, Fan Writer, and Fan Artist were added, and a category for Best Novella was added the following year; these new categories had the effect of providing a definition for what word count qualified a work for what category, which was previously left up to voters.[22][23] Novelettes had also been awarded prior to the codification of the rules. The fan awards were initially conceived as separate from the Hugo Awards, with the award for Best Fanzine losing its status, but were instead absorbed into the regular Hugo Awards by the convention committee.[17]

1970s

While traditionally five works had been selected for nomination in each category out of the proposed nominees, in 1971 this was set down as a formal rule, barring ties.[17] In 1973, the WSFS removed the category for Best Professional Magazine, and a Best Professional Editor award was instated as its replacement, in order to recognize "the increasing importance of original anthologies".[24][25]

After that year the guidelines were changed again to remove the mandated awards and instead allow up to ten categories which would be chosen by each convention, though they were expected to be similar to those presented in the year before. Despite this change no new awards were added or previous awards removed before the guidelines were changed back to listing specific categories in 1977.[17][26] 1971 and 1977 both saw "no award" win the Dramatic Presentation category for the third and fourth time; "no award" did not win any categories afterwards until 2015.[27][28]

1980s and 90s

In 1980 the category for Best Non-Fiction Book (later renamed Best Related Work) was added, followed by a category for Best Semiprozine (semi-professional magazine) in 1984.[29][30] In 1983, members of the Church of Scientology were encouraged by people such as Charles Platt to nominate as a bloc Battlefield Earth, written by the organization's founder L. Ron Hubbard, for the Best Novel award; it did not make the final ballot.[31] Another campaign followed in 1987 to nominate Hubbard's Black Genesis; it made the final ballot but finished behind "no award".[32] 1989 saw a work—The Guardsman by Todd Hamilton and P. J. Beese—withdrawn by its authors from the final ballot after a fan bought numerous memberships under false names, all sent in on the same day, in order to get the work onto the ballot.[33]

In 1990 the Best Original Art Work award was given as an extra Hugo Award, and was listed again in 1991, though not actually awarded, and established afterward as an official Hugo Award.[15][34] It was then removed from this status in 1996, and has not been awarded since.[35] The Retro Hugos were created in the mid-1990s, and were first awarded in 1996.[3]

Since 2000

In 2003, the Dramatic Presentation award was split into two categories, Long Form and Short Form.[36] This was repeated with the Best Professional Editor category in 2007.[37] 2009 saw the addition of the Best Graphic Story category, while the most recent change to the Hugo Awards was in 2012, when an award for Best Fancast was added.[38][39]

In 2015, two groups of science fiction writers, the "Sad Puppies" led by Brad R. Torgersen and Larry Correia, and the "Rabid Puppies" led by Vox Day, each put forward a similar slate of suggested nominations which came to dominate the ballot.[40][41] The Sad Puppies campaign had run for two years prior on a smaller scale, with limited success. The leaders of the campaigns characterized them as a reaction to "niche, academic, overtly [leftist]" nominees and winners in opposition to "an affirmative action award" that preferred female and non-white authors and characters.[40][42] In response, five nominees declined their nomination before and, for the first time, two after the ballot was published.[43][44] Multiple-Hugo-winner Connie Willis declined to present the awards.[45] The slates were characterized by The Guardian as a "right wing",[40] "orchestrated backlash",[46] by The A.V. Club to a "group of white guys"[47] and were linked with the Gamergate controversy.[41][48][49] Multiple Hugo winner Samuel R. Delany characterized the campaigns as a response to "socio-economic" changes such as minority authors gaining prominence and thus "economic heft".[50] In all but the Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form category, "no award" placed above all nominees that were on either slate, and it won all five categories that only contained slate nominees.[43]

Categories

Current categories Year started Current description
Best Novel 1953 Stories of 40,000 words or more
Best Novella 1968 Stories of between 17,500 and 40,000 words
Best Novelette 1955 Stories of between 7,500 and 17,500 words
Best Short Story 1955 Stories of less than 7,500 words
Best Related Work 1980 Works which are either non-fiction or noteworthy for reasons other than the fictional text
Best Graphic Story 2009 Stories told in graphic form
Best Dramatic Presentation
(Long and Short Forms)		 1958 Dramatized productions, divided since 2003 between works longer or shorter than 90 minutes
Best Semiprozine 1984 Semi-professional magazines
Best Fanzine 1955 Non-professional magazines
Best Professional Editor
(Long and Short Forms)		 1973 Editors of written works, divided since 2007 between editors of novels or editors of magazines and anthologies
Best Professional Artist 1953 Professional artists
Best Fan Artist 1967 Fan artists
Best Fan Writer 1967 Fan writers
Best Fancast 2012 Audiovisual fanzines
Former categories Years active Description
Best Professional Magazine 1953–1972 Professional magazines
Best Cover Artist 1953 Artists of covers for books and magazines
Best Interior Illustrator 1953 Artists of works inside magazines
Excellence in Fact Articles 1953 Authors of factual articles
Best New SF Author or Artist 1953 New authors or artists
#1 Fan Personality 1953 Favorite fan
Best Feature Writer 1956 Writers of magazine features
Best Book Reviewer 1956 Writers of book reviews
Most Promising New Author 1956 New authors
Outstanding Actifan 1958 Favorite fan
Best New Author 1959 New authors
Best SF Book Publisher 1964–1969 Book publishers
Best All-Time Series 1966 Series of works
Other Forms 1988 Printed fictional works which were not novels, novellas, novelettes, or short stories
Best Original Art Work 1990, 1992–1996 Works of art
Best Web Site 2002, 2005 Websites

The only discontinued awards which were instated in the WSFS constitution as permanent categories were the Best Professional Magazine and Best Original Art Work Hugo Awards. Worldcon committees may also give out special awards during the Hugo ceremony, which are not voted on. Unlike the additional Hugo categories which Worldcons may present, these awards are not officially Hugo Awards and do not use the same trophy, though they once did.[4][51] An additional award, the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer, is presented at the Hugo Award ceremony and voted by the same process, but is not formally a Hugo Award.[52]

Recognition

The Hugo Award is highly regarded by observers. The Los Angeles Times has termed it "among the highest honors bestowed in science fiction and fantasy writing",[1] a claim echoed by Wired, who said that it was "the premier award in the science fiction genre".[53] Justine Larbalestier, in The Battle of the Sexes in Science Fiction (2002), referred to the awards as "the best known and most prestigious of the science fiction awards",[54] and Jo Walton, writing for Tor.com, said it was "undoubtedly science fiction’s premier award".[55] The Guardian similarly acknowledged it as "a fine showcase for speculative fiction" as well as "one of the most venerable, democratic and international" science fiction awards "in existence".[56][57] James Gunn, in The New Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (1988), echoed The Guardian's statement of the award's democratic nature, saying that "because of its broad electorate" the Hugos were the awards most representative of "reader popularity".[58] Camille Bacon-Smith, in Science Fiction Culture (2000), said that at the time fewer than 1000 people voted on the final ballot; she held, however, that this is a representative sample of the readership at large, given the number of winning novels that remain in print for decades or become notable outside of the science fiction genre, such as The Demolished Man or The Left Hand of Darkness.[59] The 2014 awards saw over 1900 nomination submissions and over 3500 voters on the final ballot, while the 1964 awards received 274 votes.[60][61][62] The 2015 awards saw 2122 nominating ballots and 5950 votes.[63][64] The 2016 awards saw 4032 nominating ballots and 3130 votes.[65][66]

Brian Aldiss, in his book Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction, claimed that the Hugo Award was a barometer of reader popularity, rather than artistic merit; he contrasted it with the panel-selected Nebula Award, which provided "more literary judgment", though he did note that the winners of the two awards often overlapped.[67] Along with the Hugo Award, the Nebula Award is also considered one of the premier awards in science fiction, with Laura Miller of Salon.com terming it "science fiction's most prestigious award".[68]

The official logo of the Hugo Awards is often placed on the winning books' cover as a promotional tool.[69][70] Gahan Wilson, in First World Fantasy Awards (1977), claimed that noting that a book had won the Hugo Award on the cover "demonstrably" increased sales for that novel,[71] though Orson Scott Card said in his 1990 book How to Write Science Fiction & Fantasy that the award had a larger effect on foreign sales than in the United States.[72] Spider Robinson, in 1992, claimed that publishers were very interested in authors that won a Hugo Award, more so than for other awards such as the Nebula Award.[59] Literary agent Richard Curtis said in his 1996 Mastering the Business of Writing that having the term Hugo Award on the cover, even as a nominee, was a "powerful inducement" to science fiction fans to buy a novel,[73] while Jo Walton claimed in 2011 that the Hugo is the only science fiction award "that actually affects sales of a book".[55]

There have been several anthologies collecting Hugo-winning short fiction. The series The Hugo Winners, edited by Isaac Asimov, was started in 1962 as a collection of short story winners up to the previous year, and concluded with the 1982 Hugos in Volume 5. The New Hugo Winners, edited originally by Asimov, later by Connie Willis and finally by Gregory Benford, has four volumes collecting stories from the 1983 to the 1994 Hugos.[74] The most recent anthology is The Hugo Award Showcase (2010), edited by Mary Robinette Kowal, which contains most of the short stories, novelettes, and novellas that were nominated for the 2009 award.[75]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Kellogg, Carolyn (2011-04-25). "2011 Hugo Award nominees announced". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2011-06-13.
  2. 1 2 3 "The Locus index to SF Awards: About the Hugo Awards". Locus. Archived from the original on 2010-01-03. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "The Hugo Awards: FAQ". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
  4. 1 2 3 "The Hugo Awards: Introduction". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
  5. ↑ "The Hugo Awards: The Voting System". World Science Fiction Society. Retrieved 2015-06-14.
  6. ↑ "The Hugo Awards: Hugo Award Categories". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
  7. ↑ "World Science Fiction Society / Worldcon". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2009-04-14. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
  8. ↑ Madle, Inside Science Fiction, p. 54
  9. 1 2 Nicholls; Clute, The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, p. 595
  10. ↑ "The Hugo Awards: Hugo Award Trophies". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2011-06-12.
  11. ↑ "The Locus index to SF Awards: About the Retro Hugo Awards". Locus. Archived from the original on 2010-01-03. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
  12. ↑ "1953 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
  13. ↑ Kyle, David, ed. (1953). Eleventh World Science Convention Program. Philadelphia Science Fiction Society. p. 5. Archived from the original on 2008-12-02.
  14. ↑ Standlee, Kevin (2007-11-03). "The Hugo Awards: Ask a Question". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2011-06-13. The awards presented in 1953 were initially conceived as "one-off" awards, and the 1954 Worldcon decided not to present them again.
  15. 1 2 "The World Science Fiction Society – 1991 Minutes". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
  16. ↑ "1959 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 Franson; DeVore, A History of the Hugo, Nebula and International Fantasy Awards, pp. 3–6
  18. ↑ "The Con-committee Chairman's Guide, by George Scithers. Chapter 10 – The Constitution and Bylaws". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
  19. ↑ "1961 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
  20. ↑ "1963 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
  21. ↑ "The World Science Fiction Society Constitution and Bylaws 1963". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
  22. ↑ "1967 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
  23. ↑ "1968 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
  24. ↑ "1973 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
  25. ↑ Nicholls; Clute, The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, p. 596
  26. ↑ "Notes from the 1974 WSFS Business Meeting". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
  27. ↑ "1971 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
  28. ↑ "1977 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
  29. ↑ "1980 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
  30. ↑ "1984 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
  31. ↑ Edelman, Scott (2015-04-06). "In which the Sad Puppies prove to be more powerful than L. Ron Hubbard". scottedelman.com. Retrieved 2015-04-27.
  32. ↑ Wallace, Amy (2015-10-30). "Sci-Fi's Hugo Awards and the Battle for Pop Culture's Soul". Wired. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2015-11-21.
  33. ↑ Standlee, Kevin (2015-04-06). "2015 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Retrieved 2015-04-27.
  34. ↑ "Minutes of 1990 WSFS Business Meeting". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
  35. ↑ "1996 WSFS Business Meeting Minutes". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
  36. ↑ "2003 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
  37. ↑ "2007 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
  38. ↑ "2009 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
  39. ↑ "2012 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society.
  40. 1 2 3 Flood, Alison (2015-04-09). "George RR Martin says rightwing lobby has 'broken' Hugo awards". The Guardian. Retrieved 2015-04-11.
  41. 1 2 Waldman, Katy (2015-04-08). "How Sci-Fi's Hugo Awards Got Their Own Full-Blown Gamergate". Slate. Retrieved 2015-04-11.
  42. ↑ "Hugo Award nominations spark criticism over diversity in sci-fi: Sci-fi awards have been roped into a furore". The Daily Telegraph. 2015-04-08. Retrieved 2015-04-12.
  43. 1 2 "2015 Hugo Award Statistics" (PDF). World Science Fiction Society. 2015-08-22. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
  44. ↑ Standlee, Kevin (2015-04-16). "Two Finalists Withdraw from 2015 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Retrieved 2015-04-19.
  45. ↑ "Hugo Awards Withdrawals". Locus. 2015-04-15. Retrieved 2015-04-15.
  46. ↑ Walter, Damien (2015-04-06). "Are the Hugo nominees really the best sci-fi books of the year?". The Guardian. Retrieved 2015-04-11.
  47. ↑ McCown, Alex (2015-04-06). "This year's Hugo Award nominees are a messy political controversy". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved 2015-04-11.
  48. ↑ "Hugo Awards nominations stir controversy". The Boston Globe. 2015-04-07. Retrieved 2015-04-11.
  49. ↑ Biggs, Tim (2015-04-09). "Gamergate-style furore after sci-fi awards hijacked". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 2015-04-11.
  50. ↑ Bebergal, Peter (2015-07-29). "Samuel Delany and the Past and Future of Science Fiction". The New Yorker. Advance Publications. Archived from the original on 2015-08-01. Retrieved 2015-08-03.
  51. ↑ Franson; DeVore, A History of the Hugo, Nebula and International Fantasy Awards, p. 7
  52. ↑ "The Hugo Awards: Campbell Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2011-06-13.
  53. ↑ Donahoo, Daniel (2010-09-05). "Previous post Next post Hugo Award Winners Announced at AussieCon 4". Wired. Condé Nast Publications. Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2011-06-13.
  54. ↑ Larbalestier, The Battle of the Sexes in Science Fiction, p. 255
  55. 1 2 Walton, Jo (2010-10-24). "Hugo Nominees: Introduction". Tor.com. Archived from the original on 2011-08-01. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
  56. ↑ Jordison, Sam (2008-08-07). "An International Contest We Can Win". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2009-07-29. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
  57. ↑ Jordison, Sam (2008-08-07). "Why do critics still sneer at sci-fi?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2009-07-30. Retrieved 2011-06-13.
  58. ↑ Gunn, The New Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, p. 32
  59. 1 2 Bacon-Smith, Science Fiction Culture, p. 61
  60. ↑ Standlee, Kevin (2014-04-19). "2014 Hugo Awards Finalists Announced". World Science Fiction Society. Retrieved 2015-04-07.
  61. ↑ Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (2014-08-17). "Ann Leckie's debut novel wins Hugo science fiction award". The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-08-18.
  62. ↑ "1964 Hugo Statistics" (PDF). World Science Fiction Society. Retrieved 2014-04-26.
  63. ↑ Standlee, Kevin (2015-04-04). "2015 Hugo Award Finalists Announced". World Science Fiction Society. Retrieved 2015-04-07.
  64. ↑ Searle-Kovacevic, Marah (2015-08-04). "Sasquan Announces Record Participation in the 2015 Hugo Awards Voting". Worldcon 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-05.
  65. ↑ Standlee, Kevin (2016-04-26). "2016 Hugo Award Finalists Announced". World Science Fiction Society. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
  66. ↑ "2016 Hugo Final Results" (PDF). World Science Fiction Society. 2016-08-24. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
  67. ↑ Aldiss; Wingrove, Trillion Year Spree, p. 349
  68. ↑ Miller, Laura (2011-08-20). "The Death of the Red-Hot Center". Salon.com. Archived from the original on 2011-01-29. Retrieved 2011-09-20.
  69. ↑ "The Hugo Awards: Hugo Awards Logo Contest Official Rules". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
  70. ↑ Scalzi, John (2010-01-05). "Your Hate Mail Will Be Graded Out in Trade Paperback". scalzi.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
  71. ↑ Gahan, First World Fantasy Awards, 17
  72. ↑ Card, How to Write Science Fiction and Fantasy, p. 133
  73. ↑ Curtis, Mastering the Business of Writing, ch. 15
  74. ↑ Barron, Anatomy of Wonder, p. 476
  75. ↑ "The Hugo Award Showcase Editorial Review", Publishers Weekly

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