Puncak Trikora

Puncak Trikora
Ettiakup

Puncak Trikora from north.
Main summit (center left) and west ridge (right)
Highest point
Elevation 4,750 m (15,580 ft)
Prominence 1,268 m (4,160 ft)
Listing
Coordinates 4°15′44″S 138°40′54″E / 4.26222°S 138.68167°E / -4.26222; 138.68167Coordinates: 4°15′44″S 138°40′54″E / 4.26222°S 138.68167°E / -4.26222; 138.68167
Geography
Puncak Trikora

Location in Papua

Location Papua province of Indonesia
Parent range Maoke Mountains
Climbing
First ascent 21 February 1913 by Franssen Herderschee, Hubrecht and Versteeg

Puncak Trikora, until 1963 Wilhelmina Peak, is a 4730 or 4,750 m (15,584 ft) high mountain in the Papua province of Indonesia on New Guinea. It lies in the eastern part of the Sudirman (Nassau) Range of the Maoke Mountains.

Behind Puncak Jaya (Carstensz Pyramid) at 4,884 m (16,024 ft), it is either the second or third highest mountain on the island of New Guinea and the Australasian continent. As such it appears on some Seven Second Summits lists, although SRTM-data support that Puncak Mandala (Juliana Peak) in the Jayawijaya (Orange) Range is higher with 4,760 m (15,617 ft).[1][2]

Glaciation

At the beginning of the 20th century all the highest mountains in New Guinea, including Puncak Jaya (Carstensz Pyramid), Puncak Mandala (Juliana Peak), Ngga Pilimsit (Idenburg) and Puncak Trikora (Wilhelmina Peak), were covered by glaciers. The first expeditions to Maoke Mountains documented a strong recent retreat of all glaciers in the area. The ice cap of Puncak Trikora melted between 1936 and 1962. In 1909 the ice cap still reached as low as 4,400 m (14,436 ft).[3][4]

Geology

Puncak Trikora is a high point on the central range (Sudirman (Nassau) Range), which was created in the late Miocene Melanesian orogeny,[5] caused by oblique collision between the Australian and Pacific plates and is made of middle Miocene limestones.[6]

History

Wilhelmina Top (Puncak Trikora), 1913 from south by P. F. Hubrecht
On the summit of Wilhelminatop, first ascent 21 February 1913.
By Alphons Franssen Herderschee

The navigable Noord River made the mountain more accessible than the other snow-covered peaks of Dutch New Guinea and the Dutch organized a series of scientific expeditions in the early 20th century to reach the equatorial eternal snow and climb the mountain. The leader of the first two expeditions was the diplomat and amateur biologist H.A. Lorentz. Each expedition was accompanied by soldiers, porters and dayaks, who were employed for their expertise with boat journeys.

In July 1907, the first expedition established Camp Alkmaar near where the Noord River, since 1910 known as the Lorentz River, became unnavigable (4°40′S 138°42′E / 4.667°S 138.700°E / -4.667; 138.700), but was unsuccessful in penetrating to the highest mountain range. The Second South New Guinea Expedition also used Camp Alkmaar, from where it left on October 9, 1909. A group of nine, including Lorentz and Jan Willem van Nouhuys, were the first to reach the eternal snow of New Guinea at a height of 4,460 m (14,633 ft) on November 8, 1909. From the ridge they observed a large lake to the north, which Lorentz named Lake Habbema (4°08′S 138°40′E / 4.133°S 138.667°E / -4.133; 138.667), after a member of the expedition. No attempt was made to reach the Wilhelmina summit. The return trip was severe; with a loss of four expedition members, the explorers finally returned to Camp Alkmaar in mid-December.

The summit was first reached in 1913 during the Third South New Guinea Expedition, which lasted from September 1912 to April 1913 and followed the same route. It was led by Alphons Franssen Herderschee, an officer of the Royal Dutch East Indies Leger (Koninklijk Nederlandsch-Indisch Leger), and its aim was to research the soils, flora and fauna of the region that lay above 2,300 metres. Other expedition members were the zoologist Gerard Martinus Versteeg, the botanist August Adriaan Pulle, the geologist Paul François Hubrecht, and J.B. Sitanala, an Indonesian GP. Herderschee also took over the role of ethnographer. Including soldiers, porters and dayaks, the baggage train had 241 members. They were divided up into several groups in order to carry out the different tasks in a time-effective way. Herderschee, Hubrecht and Versteeg formed the summit team, which reached the Wilhelminatop on 21 February 1913.

The 1920-1922 Central New Guinea Expedition had as goal to reach the mountain from the north coast over a route partially explored in a 1914 military expedition. On February 7, 1920 the first exploration, under leadership of A.J.A. van Overeem started at the mouth of the Mamberamo and followed the Idenburg River. In October, they had climbed across the Doorman Mtns and reached the upper Swart Valley (now Toli Valley). Here they made first contact with the Lani people (a.k.a. the Western Dani people), an agricultural people with whom they stayed for six weeks. Running out of time and food provisions, this expedition returned without climbing Wilhelmina.

A follow-up expedition starting in June 1921 and led by J.H.G. Kremer, who was surveyor the previous year, retraced the route, and via the upper Baliem Valley and Lake Habbema reached the summit on 4 December 1921. Among the ascendants was Paul Hubrecht, who had been on the top in 1913 and noticed that the ice cap had retreated considerably since 8 years before.[7][8]

Name

The Dani living near lake Habbema call the mountain Ettiakup.[9] Around 1905 the mountain was named after the Dutch Queen Wilhelmina. When Indonesia obtained control of West New Guinea in 1963 it changed the name of the mountain to Puncak Trikora, after the Trikora (Tri Komando Rakyat, "People’s Triple Command") speech by Sukarno given in December 1961 at a mass meeting in Yogyakarta. The three commands were: to defeat the formation of an independent state of West Papua, raise the Indonesian flag in that country, and be ready for mobilization at any time.[10]

References and notes

  1. ↑ See for example the lists at peaklist, peakbagger.com, and gunungbagging.com
  2. ↑ Several other summits of Mount Carstensz besides Carstensz Pyramid, like Ngga Pulu (4,862 m) and Carstensz East (4,820 or 4,840 m) are higher than both Mandala and Trikora, but because of their low prominence (200-300 m) and isolation (2.2-2.6 km) these are usually not regarded as separate mountains.
  3. ↑ Kincaid, Joni L.; Klein, Andrew G (2004). "Retreat of the Irian Jaya Glaciers from 2000 to 2002" (pdf). 61st Eastern Snow Conference. pp. 147–157. Retrieved 2011-11-03.
  4. ↑ Ian Allison and James A. Peterson. "Glaciers of Irian Jaya, Indonesia and New Zealand". U.S. Geological Survey, U.S.Department of the Interior. Retrieved April 28, 2000. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  5. ↑ Dow, D.B.; Sukamto R. (1984). "Late Tertiary to Quaternary Tectonics of Irian Jaya" (PDF). Episodes. 7 (4): 3–9. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
  6. ↑ Weiland, Richard J.; Cloos, Mark (1996). "Pliocene-Pleistocene asymmetric unroofing of the Irian fold belt, Irian Jaya, Indonesia: Apatite fission-track thermochronology". GSA Bulletin. 108 (11): 1438–49. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1996). Retrieved 7 March 2011.
  7. ↑ Andrew G. Klein, Joni L. Kincaid: Correspondence. On the disappearance of the Puncak Mandala ice cap, Papua; Journal of Glaciology. Vol. 54, Nr. 184, 2008, p. 195.
  8. ↑ The Papua Insects Foundation. The third South New Guinea Expedition (1912-1913) (www.papua-insects.nl), Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  9. ↑ Pim Schoorl, Besturen in Nederlands-Nieuw-Guinea, 1945-1962, p.595, Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde , 1996, ISBN 9067180939
  10. ↑ Sukarno's "Trikora"-Speech. The commands are at the end of the speech.

See also

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