Psychopsidae

Silky lacewings Temporal range: Carnian–Recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N

Psychopsis insolens

Undulopsychopsis alexi
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Neuroptera
Superfamily:	Nemopteroidea
Family:	Psychopsidae Handlirsch, 1906
Genera
see text

Psychopsidae is a family of winged insects of the order Neuroptera. They are commonly called silky lacewings.

The silky lacewings are distinguishable in their adult stage by their spectacularly patterned and pubescent wings, broad wing shape, dense venation, and the presence of a vena triplica (the apical fusion of three veins in the hindwing).^[1]^[2]

Taxonomy

They were formerly placed in the superfamily Hemerobioidea, but do not seem to be closely related to these net-winged insects at all. Rather, might be closer to the Myrmeleontoidea which contain for example the antlions (Myrmeleontidae). In particular, the spoon-winged laceflies (Nemopteridae) seem to be very closely related to the silky lacewings. These had at one time been placed in a superfamily Nemopteroidea. The fossil family Osmylopsychopidae was - as indicated by their scientific name - initially believed to be intermediate between the Psychopsidae and the Osmylidae. But actually these similarities are due to plesiomorphies in the first case, and simply misperceived in the second; the osmylopsychopids are one of the basal lineages of the Myrmeleontoidea as traditionally defined. The Nemopteroidea were eventually abolished and its members included in the Myrmeleontoidea. But as the silky and spoon-winged lacewings together with the "butterfly" lacewings of the Kalligrammatidae do seem to form a quite distinct clade among the expanded Myrmeleontoidea, it appears well warranted to reinstate the Nemopteroidea for them.

Silky lacewings were especially more diverse from the Triassic period to the Tertiary than in modern times.^[1]

Genera and species

The family currently includes five living genera in two subfamilies;^[3] there are also a number of extinct genera with uncertain relationships. The extant species are restricted to the Afrotropical (three genera), Indomalayan (one genus) and Australasian (one genus) regions:^[4]

Subfamily Psychopsinae

Genus Balmes (Southwestern and Southern Asia)
- Balmes birmanus (McLachlan, 1891)
- Balmes chikuni Wang & Bao, 2006
- Balmes formosus (Kuwayama, 1927)
- Balmes notabilis Navás, 1912
- Balmes terissinus Navás, 1910

Subfamily Psychopsinae (continued)

Genus Psychopsis Newman, 1842 (Australia)
- Psychopsis barnardi Tillyard, 1925
- Psychopsis coelivaga (Walker, 1853)
- Psychopsis dumigani Tillyard, 1922
- Psychopsis elegans (Guérin-Méneville, 1844)
- Psychopsis gallardi (Tillyard, 1919)
- Psychopsis gracilis Tillyard, 1919
- Psychopsis illidgei Froggatt, 1903
- Psychopsis insolens McLachlan, 1863
- Psychopsis maculipennis Tillyard, 1925
- Psychopsis margarita Tillyard, 1922
- Psychopsis meyricki McLachlan, 1887
- Psychopsis mimica Newman, 1842
- Psychopsis tillyardi New, 1989

Subfamily Zygophlebiinae
- Genus Cabralis Navás, 1912 (central to southern Africa)
  - Cabralis gloriosus Navás, 1912
- Genus Silveira Navás, 1912 (Afrotropical)
  - Silveira jordani Kimmins, 1939
  - Silveira marshalli (McLachlan, 1902)
  - Silveira occultus Tjeder, 1960
  - Silveira rufus Tjeder, 1960
- Genus Zygophlebius Navás, 1910 (central and southern Africa)
  - Zygophlebius leoninus Navás, 1910
  - Zygophlebius pseudosilveira Oswald, 1994
  - Zygophlebius zebra (Brauer, 1889)

incertae sedis genera

The following extinct genera are based on Peng et al. 2011:^[1]

Genus †Ainigmapsychops Makarkin & Archibald, 2014
- †Ainigmapsychops inexspectatus Makarkin & Archibald, 2014(Ypresian; Washington State, USA)^[5]
Genus †Angaropsychops
- †Angaropsychops sinicus (?Early Cretaceous; Liaoning, China)
- †Angaropsychops turgensis (Hauterivian; Transbaikalia, Russia)
Genus †Apeirophlebia
- †Apeirophlebia grandis (Toarcian; Dobbertin, Germany)
Genus †Archepsychops
- †Archepsychops triassicus (Carnian; Queensland, Australia)
Genus †Arctopsychops
- †Arctopsychops zherikhini (Turonian; NE Siberia, Russia)
Genus †Baisopsychops
- †Baisopsychops lambkini (Pre-Barremian: Transbaikalia, Russia)
Genus †Beipiaopsychops
- †Beipiaopsychops triangulatus (Aalenian/Bajocian; Liaoning, China)
Genus †Calopsychops
- †Calopsychops extinctus (Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian; Karatau, Kazakhstan)
Genus †Cretapsychops
- †Cretapsychops decipiens (Aalenian/Bajocian; Daohugou, China)
- †Cretapsychops corami (Barremian; Wealden, UK)
Genus †Embaneura
- †Embaneura vachrameevi (Cenomanian; Emba, Kazakhstan)
Genus †Epipsychopsis
- †Epipsychopsis fusca (Pre-Barremian; Transbaikalia, Russia)
- †Epipsychopsis variegata (Pre-Barremian; Transbaikalia, Russia)
Genus †Grammapsychops
- †Grammapsychops lebedevi (Cenomanian; Siberia, Russia)
Genus †Kagapsychops
- †Kagapsychops aranea (Valanginian/Barremian; Kuwajima, Japan)
- †Kagapsychops continentalis (Turonian; Kzyl-Zhar, Kazakhstan)
Genus †Litopsychopsis
- †Litopsychopsis burmitica (Albian; Burmese Amber)

Genus †Micropsychops
- †Micropsychops parallelus (Barremian; Wealden, UK)
Genus †Miopsychopsis
- †Miopsychopsis relicta (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene; Sikhote-Alin, Russia)
- †Miopsychopsis sikhotensis (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene; Sikhote-Alin, Russia)
Genus †Propsychops
- †Propsychops karatavicus(Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian; Karatau, Kazakhstan)
Genus †Propsychopsis
- †Propsychopsis helmi (Lutetian/Bartonian; Baltic Amber)
- †Propsychopsis hageni (Lutetian/Bartonian; Baltic Amber)
- †Propsychopsis lapicidae (Lutetian/Bartonian; Baltic Amber)
Genus †Psychopsites
- †Psychopsites rolandi (Hauterivian; Wealden, UK)
Genus †Pulchroptilonia
- †Pulchroptilonia espatifata (Aptian; Araripe Basin, Brazil)
Genus †Putzneura
- †Putzneura parcimoniosa (Aptian; Araripe Basin, Brazil)
Genus †Sinopsychops
- †Sinopsychops chengdeensis (Aalenian/Bajocian; Hebei, China)
Genus †Triassopsychops
- †Triassopsychops superbus (Carnian; Queensland, Australia)
Genus †Undulopsychopsis Peng, Makarkin, Wang, & Ren, 2011
- †Undulopsychopsis alexi (Barremian; Liaoning, China)
Genus †Valdipsychops
- †Valdipsychops minimus (Hauterivian; Wealden, UK)
- †Valdipsychops brigidae (Barremian; Wealden, UK)
- †Valdipsychops logunovi (Barremian; Wealden, UK)
- †Valdipsychops proudlovei (Barremian; Wealden, UK)
- †Valdipsychops maculosus (Barremian; Wealden, UK)

References

1 2 3 Peng, Y.; Makarkin, V.N.; Wang, X.; Ren, D. (2011). "A new fossil silky lacewing genus (Neuroptera, Psychopsidae) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China". ZooKeys. 130: 217–228. doi:10.3897/zookeys.130.1576.
↑ Grimaldi, D. and M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of Insects. Cambridge University Press, New York.
↑ Badano, Davide; Aspöck, Ulrike; Aspöck, Horst; Cerretti, Pierfilippo (August 2016). "Phylogeny of Myrmeleontiformia based on larval morphology (Neuropterida: Neuroptera)". Systematic Entomology. doi:10.1111/syen.12200. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
↑ "Psychopsidae (Silky lacewings) - Taxonomy". insectoid.info. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
↑ Makarkin, V.; Archibald, S.B. (2014). "An unusual new fossil genus probably belonging to the Psychopsidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene Okanagan Highlands, western North America". Zootaxa. 3838 (3): 385–391. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3838.3.8.

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Engel, Michael S. & Grimaldi, David A. (2007): The neuropterid fauna of Dominican and Mexican amber (Neuropterida, Megaloptera, Neuroptera). American Museum Novitates 3587: 1-58. PDF fulltext

Wikispecies has information related to: Psychopsidae

Insecta orders

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
(unranked): Pancrustacea
Subphylum: Hexapoda

Extant

Monocondylia	Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails)

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Apterygota *	Thysanura (Zygentoma) (silverfish, firebrats)

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Palaeoptera

Ephemeropteroidea	Ephemeroptera (mayflies)

Odonatoptera	Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies)

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Polyneoptera

Dictyoptera	Blattodea (cockroaches, termites) Mantodea (mantises)

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Paraneoptera *	Psocodea (barklice, lice) Thysanoptera (thrips) Hemiptera (cicadas, aphids, true bugs)

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basal

Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps, ants, bees)

Neuropteroidea

Coleopterida	Strepsiptera (twisted-winged parasites) Coleoptera (beetles)

Neuropterida	Raphidioptera (snakeflies) Megaloptera (alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies) Neuroptera (net-winged insects: lacewings, mantidflies, antlions)

Panorpida
(Mecopterida)

Antliophora	Mecoptera (scorpionflies) + Siphonaptera (fleas) Diptera (gnats, mosquitoes, flies)

Amphiesmenoptera	Trichoptera (caddisflies) Lepidoptera (moths, butterflies)

Four most speciose orders are marked in bold

Italic are paraphyletic groups

Based on Sasaki et al. (2013)

Extinct

Alienoptera Archodonata Blattoptera Caloneurodea Campylopteridae Carbotriplurida Coxoplectoptera Diaphanopterodea Eoblattodea Eocoronidae Eudiaphanoptera Erasipteridae Gerarus Geroptera Glosselytrodea Heraridea Hypoperlida Lapeyriidae Meganisoptera (griffinflies or "giant dragonflies") Megasecoptera Mendozachorista Miomoptera Monura Palaeodictyoptera Paoliida Permoplecoptera Protanisoptera Protelytroptera Protephemerida Protodiptera Protorthoptera Protozygoptera Pseudopulex Rhyniognatha Syntonoptera Titanoptera Triadophlebioptera

Extinct incertae sedis families and genera are marked in italic

Wikispecies

Extant Neuroptera families

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Subclass: Pterygota
Infraclass: Neoptera
Superorder: Endopterygota

Basal

Osmylidae (osmylids) Nevrorthidae

Suborder Hemerobiiformia

Ithonioidea	Ithonidae (moth lacewings)

Chrysopoidea	Chrysopidae (green lacewings)

Hemerobioidea	Hemerobiidae (brown lacewings)

Coniopterygoidea	Coniopterygidae (dustywings) Sisyridae (spongeflies or spongillaflies)

Mantispoidea	Dilaridae (pleasing lacewings) Mantispidae (mantidflies) Rhachiberothidae (thorny lacewings) Berothidae (beaded lacewings)

Suborder Myrmeleontiformia

Nemopteroidea	Psychopsidae (silky lacewings) Nemopteridae (spoonwings)

Myrmeleontoidea	Nymphidae (split-footed lacewings) Myrmeleontidae (antlions) Ascalaphidae (owlflies)

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