Polypodiales

Polypodiales
Polypodium californicum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Pteridophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida /
Pteridopsida (disputed)
Order: Polypodiales
Link (1833)
Families

See text.

The order Polypodiales encompasses the major lineages of polypod ferns, which comprise more than 80% of today's fern species. They are found in many parts of the world including tropical, semitropical and temperate areas. The characteristics of this group include: sporangia with a vertical annulus interrupted by the stalk and stomium; indusia laterally or centrally attached (or lost); gametophytes green, chordate, and surficial.[1]

Polypodiales may be regarded as one of the most evolutionarily advanced orders of monilophytes (ferns), based on recent genetic analysis. They arose and diversified about 100 million years ago, probably subsequent to the diversification of the angiosperms. [2]

Families

The Polypodiales order includes the following families.[3][4][5] The order in which they are listed is based on the order in which they appear in the phylogram that follows the list. The classification used here follows that of Christenhusz & Chase (2014)[6]

Phylogenic relationships

The following diagram showing a likely phylogenic relationship between the families of the Polypodiales is based on Lehtonen (2011),[3] Rothfels & al. (2012),[7] and Christenhusz & Chase (2014).[6] The classification followed here is that of Christenhusz & Chase (2014).[6]

Polypodiales

Saccolomataceae

Cystodiaceae

Lonchitidaceae

Lindsaeaceae

Dennstaedtiaceae

Pteridaceae

Cryptogrammoideae


Ceratopteridoideae

Pteridoideae

Cheilanthoideae

Vittarioideae
Aspleniaceae

Cystopteridoideae


Rhachidosoroideae

Diplaziopsidoideae

Asplenioideae

Thelypteridoideae

Woodsioideae

Blechnoideae

Athyrioideae







Polypodiaceae

Didymochlaenoideae

Hypodematioideae

Dryopteridoideae


Lomariopsidoideae

Tectarioideae

Oleandroideae

Davallioideae
Polypodioideae

Loxogrammeae


Drynarieae

Platycerieae

Microsoreae

Polypodieae














Obsolete families

Now-obsolete families of Polypodiales include:

References

  1. ↑ Alan R. Smith, Kathleen M. Pryer, Eric Schuettpelz, Petra Korall, Harald Schneider & Paul G. Wolf; Pryer; Schuettpelz; Korall; Schneider; Wolf (2006). "A classification for extant ferns" (PDF). Taxon. 55 (3): 705–731. doi:10.2307/25065646. JSTOR 25065646.
  2. ↑ Harald Schneider, Eric Schuettpelz, Kathleen M. Pryer, Raymond Cranfill, Susana Magallón, Richard Lupia; Schuettpelz; Pryer; Cranfill; Magallón; Lupia (2004), "Ferns diversified in the shadow of angiosperms", Nature, 428 (6982): 553–557, doi:10.1038/nature02361, PMID 15058303
  3. 1 2 Samuli Lehtonen (2011). "Towards Resolving the Complete Fern Tree of Life" (PDF). PLoS ONE. 6 (10): e24851. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024851. PMC 3192703Freely accessible. PMID 22022365.
  4. ↑ Maarten J. M. Christenhusz, Xian-Chun Zhang & Harald Schneider (2011). "A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns" (PDF). Phytotaxa. 19: 7–54.
  5. ↑ Maarten J. M. Christenhusz & Harald Schneider (2011). "Corrections to Phytotaxa 19: Linear sequence of lycophytes and ferns" (PDF). Phytotaxa. 28: 50–52.
  6. 1 2 3 Christenhusz, Maarten J.M. & Chase, Mark W. (2014). "Trends and concepts in fern classification". Annals of Botany. 113 (9): 571–594. doi:10.1093/aob/mct299.
  7. ↑ Carl J. Rothfels; Anders Larsson; Li-Yaung Kuo; Petra Korall; Wen- Liang Chiou; Kathleen M. Pryer (2012). "Overcoming Deep Roots, Fast Rates, and Short Internodes to Resolve the Ancient Rapid Radiation of Eupolypod II Ferns". Systematic Biology. 61 (1): 70. doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys001. PMID 22223449.

Sources

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