1990 Plainfield tornado

The 1990 Plainfield tornado was a devastating tornado that occurred on the afternoon of Tuesday, August 28, 1990. The violent tornado killed 29 people and injured 353.^[1] It is the only F5 tornado ever recorded in August and the only F5 tornado to strike the Chicago area.^[1][2] There are no known videos or photographs of this heavily rain-wrapped tornado. The Plainfield tornado was part of a small outbreak that produced several tornadoes in the northern US and in Canada.

Atmospheric conditions

For late August standards, August 28 was a very humid, very warm day. Temperatures reached into the low 90s °F (about 11 °F warmer than the normal of 79 °F), but dew points soared into the upper 70s °F. The presence of such a high dew point did not necessarily predict a severe thunderstorm outbreak; the prior day, similar conditions existed in northern Illinois with the exception of a warmer mid level troposphere. A warmer atmosphere inhibits the rising of surface air through the atmosphere; a requirement for convective precipitation, that is, precipitation resultant from humid surface air ascending to condense in a cooler atmosphere above, to occur. This warmer air aloft can describe either, or both, weak lapse rates thus weak instability or a capping inversion.

The atmosphere on the 28th was significantly more unstable as the approach of a low-pressure system from the northwest cooled the mid levels (and also caused dynamic lifting) as instability continued to build in the capped, muggy environment, although the wind fields (strong, but out of the west-northwest and unidirectional) were not suitable for significant tornadic development. As a result of the very high low-level temperature and dew point, convective available potential energy (CAPE) values were in excess of 8,000 J/kg; generally, values of 1,500 J/kg are considered to be moderately unstable, whereas values of more than 4,000 J/kg are considered "extreme". The lifted index (LI), the dominant estimate of instability used at the time, was also extreme. Generally, an LI value of -6 °C or below readily supports severe thunderstorm development, but during the day the LI value ranged from -12 °C to -14 °C. Such extreme instability can lead to explosive thunderstorm development, very strong updrafts, and modulates the updraft to better enable tornadogenesis.

Conditions were ripe for severe thunderstorm development, and with both low level and high level steering winds from the west-northwest, the National Severe Storms Forecast Center issued a Severe Thunderstorm Watch for northern Illinois valid 1:30 p.m. through 8:00 p.m. CDT that night. The NSSFC predicted a derecho-type event for later that night as rapidly developing thunderstorms along a cold front in Wisconsin would be carried by the steering flow into the Chicago area. One of these storms developed supercellular characteristics south of Rockford, steering 30 to 40 degrees to the right of prevailing steering winds. By now, mid-level steering winds had begun to veer, causing a wind profile slightly more favorable for tornadic development. This helped develop a high precipitation supercell.

The "HP" supercell produced multiple funnel sightings, hail damage, and damaging winds south of Rockford before heading southeast toward Will County and dropped a rain wrapped tornado. This is why many in the path did not see the actual tornado but more of a wall of water and dark clouds coming toward them. As the storm continued south it produced a 16-mile swath of damage ranging from F1 to F5. The National Weather Service in Rosemont, IL (serving all of Central and Northern Illinois at the time) did not issue a Tornado Warning until 10 minutes after the tornado had hit Plainfield. Using the traditional radar technology at the time (until the installation of NEXRAD Doppler Radar) the storm had a well defined "hook echo" meaning the radar was picking up the wrapping of the rain around the circulation of the tornado.

Event summary

The tornado formed from a supercell thunderstorm, which initially formed in the vicinity of Janesville in south central Wisconsin, and produced a tornado near Pecatonica in Winnebago County, Illinois near Rockford which touched down at 1:42 p.m. That tornado did not live long, but the storm continued to move southeast towards the Aurora area, but with no official touchdown and only minor roof damage.

Continuing to move to the southeast, the supercell spawned a tornado that touched down near Oswego in Kendall County, eventually and rapidly strengthening into a violent tornado. The tornado traveled southeast into Wheatland Township Will County, near the Wheatland Plains subdivision, northwest of Plainfield. At 3:30 p.m. CDT in Wheatland Township, the tornado damaged nearly all of the homes in a Wheatland Plains subdivision where there were several injuries, including one child who had to be airlifted to Loyola University Hospital in Chicago, who later died of injuries. Twelve homes were destroyed in Wheatland Plains.

Past Wheatland Plains the tornado continued to strengthen as it tore across open farmland, and reached F5 intensity in this area. A narrow swath of very intense ground scouring was observed, as mature corn crop was completely stripped from the ground, leaving nothing but bare soil behind. Several inches of topsoil were removed as well. As the tornado crossed US-30, a 20-ton tractor-trailer was thrown more than half a mile from the road, killing the driver. Three other motorists were killed in this area as their vehicles were thrown from the road. Some cars were picked up and carried considerable distances through the air. Beyond this point, the ground scouring became less pronounced as the tornado weakened slightly as it approached Plainfield at high-end F4 intensity.^[3][4]

The tornado struck Plainfield, Illinois, around 3:28 p.m. Around 3:30 p.m. the tornado directly struck the Plainfield High School, killing three people, including a science teacher and two maintenance workers.^[5] Students who had been out practicing for the fall football programs ran into the high school to take shelter a few minutes before the storm hit. After an alarm was pulled by a dean in the main office, the volleyball players preparing for a game in the gymnasium rushed to the nearest door and took shelter in the hallway. It is reported that as soon as the last player was through the door, a coach quickly closed it, only for it to be immediately ripped back off by the storm. The gymnasium proceeded to fall apart and crash down filling the gap in the doorway. They took shelter in the same hallway as the football team, and once the tornado had passed, that was the only hallway left standing in the building.

The tornado then demolished the Plainfield School District Administration building, where the wife of a custodian was killed. The tornado crossed Route 59 (Division Street) and ripped into St. Mary Immaculate Church and school, claiming an additional 3 lives, including the principal of the school, a music teacher, and the son of the cook at the rectory. Fifty-five homes were destroyed in Plainfield itself, a few of which were swept away. A grocery store east of the high school was badly damaged. Gravestones in the nearby cemetery were toppled, and a metal dumpster was found wrapped around the top of a partially debarked tree. Damage in Plainfield was rated as F5.^[3]

The storm then worked its way southeast towards the large city of Joliet, damaging homes in the Crystal Lawns, Lily Cache and Warwick subdivisions and killing five more people: one in Lily Cache subdivision of Plainfield, and two each in Crystal Lawns and Warwick subdivisions; an additional three people would later succumb from injuries sustained during the storm. The tornado ripped through the Grand Prairie Elementary School (Plainfield School District), causing significant damage. Observers watched from the doors at the Louis Joliet Mall, as the tornado passed just southwest of them. Sixty-nine homes were destroyed in Crystal Lawns, 75 homes were destroyed in Peerless Estates, 55 homes were destroyed in Lily Cache, and 50 homes were destroyed in Warwick. Most of the homes in Peerless Estates and Warwick were newly built.

The tornado then moved towards Crest Hill. At 3:38 p.m. the storm ripped through the Crest Hill Lakes Apartment complex, where it caused F3 damage and claimed another eight lives, destroying one apartment building and half of another apartment building.^[5] Neither have been rebuilt. The tornado also ripped through the Colony West subdivision, destroying 12 townhomes, none of which have been rebuilt. A married couple died while in their car on Cedarwood Drive outside the apartment complex. The tornado then destroyed three apartment buildings on Elizabeth Court. Three more homes were destroyed in Bridalwreath, southeast of Elizabeth Court. Homes were damaged on Arden Place, and two high tension wire structures were destroyed at Douglas Street and Palladium Drive West. They were replaced with different structures than the previous two and can be seen as such today.

Further southeast, the tornado lost strength until lifting near Woodlawn Avenue and Campbell Street in Joliet. The parent thunderstorm continued until it crossed over the Indiana border, where it dissipated around 4:30 p.m.

The Plainfield Tornado caused over $140 million worth of damage. As the storm tore through Plainfield, nine people were killed (one additional victim would die afterward, from carbon monoxide poisoning, while guarding his home after the storm). The remaining victims were from Joliet and Crest Hill, in North Eastern Illinois. In all a total of 29 people would die because of the tornado. A total of 350 people were also injured in storm. This was the deadliest tornado event in the region since the Belvidere - Oak Lawn tornado outbreak of April 1967.

Tornado table

Aftermath

Tornado preparedness

The Plainfield Tornado challenged both meteorologists and citizens in terms of tornado preparedness. Substantial safety measures were enacted in the years following the tornado; among these are frequent and regular tornado drills performed in schools.

After the tornado, meteorologists studying tornadic patterns in the area found that a major tornado (F3 or higher) strikes Will County about every 12 to 15 years. There have been no major tornadoes in the county since 1983. However, an F1 tornado swept through the historic Cathedral Area in the near west side of Joliet on April 20, 2004 (April 2004 Utica tornado outbreak). There was another tornado (EF0) in Plainfield in April 2007 that caused damage to a nursing home and a few homes. The twister lasted for three miles and ended up in Bolingbrook.

Deployment of NEXRAD

The development of NEXRAD (Next Generation Radar) contributed greatly to the ability of meteorologists to recognize tornadic activity. Where previous generations of radar could show only reflectivity data and no direct information on air flows (although tornadic supercells and tornadic signatures such as the hook echo and bounded weak echo region (BWER) were identifiable), NEXRAD contained the ability to detect the wind speed and direction inside the storm. The ability to see rotation inside a storm on both the microscale (tornadic) and mesoscale (supercellular) measurements has allowed forecasters to issue severe thunderstorm and tornado warnings in more timely fashion and with a higher probability of detection.

Forecast criticism

In the months following the tornado, the National Weather Service was heavily criticized for providing no warning of the approaching tornado.^[5] The NOAA Disaster Survey Report was highly critical of the forecast process within the Chicago office as well as coordination with local spotter networks and the preparedness of these groups. Prior to 1990, the National Weather Service in Chicago was responsible for providing forecasts for the entire state of Illinois.

As the Chicago office was overwhelmed with its workload, no warnings were issued by the office until 2:32 p.m. — nearly an hour after the first tornado was sighted southeast of Rockford. A second severe thunderstorm warning was issued almost an hour later at 3:23 p.m., but this provided no indication that a tornado was on the ground and did not mention the area where the tornado had tracked. No tornado warning was issued until after the tornado lifted.

According to the Chicago Tribune, NWS Chicago had "the worst record in the nation" for issuing warnings for severe storms, only issuing warnings 24% of the time when a warning was justifiable.^[8] Even today, many meteorologists refer to the "Plainfield Syndrome" as the idea that it's better to issue too many warnings and be wrong than to miss one critical warning, as was the case for the Plainfield Tornado.^[9] At some point after the 1990 tornado, the National Weather Service reduced the Chicago office's workload by creating an office in Romeoville, Illinois and allowing offices in the Quad Cities, St. Louis, Missouri, Indianapolis, Indiana and Paducah, Kentucky to issue forecasts for their respective areas.

See also

• List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
  • List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
• List of tornado-related deaths at schools
• April 2004 Utica tornado outbreak — a similarly unexpected tornado outbreak caused largely by relatively minor changes in the surrounding meteorological environment.

References

• Hall, Soren G.; W. A. Ashley (2008). "Effects of Urban Sprawl on the Vulnerability to a Significant Tornado Impact in Northeastern Illinois". Natural Hazards Review. 9 (4): 209–19. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2008)9:4(209). 
• Brenner, Sue Anne; Eric K. Noji (1995). "Tornado Injuries Related to Housing in the Plainfield Tornado". International Journal of Epidemiology. 24 (1): 144–9. doi:10.1093/ije/24.1.144. 
• Korotky, William; Przbylinski, Ron W.; Hart, John A. (1993). "The Plainfield, Illinois, Tornado of August 28, 1990: The Evolution of Synoptic and Mesoscale Environments" (PDF). In Church, Christopher C.; Burgess, D. W.; Doswell III, C. A.; Davies-Jones, R. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards. Geophysical Monograph. 79. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union. pp. 611–24. ISBN 978-0875900384. 
• Brenner, Sue Anne; Noji, Eric K. (1993). "Risk Factors for Death or Injury in Tornadoes: An Epidemiologic Approach" (PDF). In Church, Christopher C.; Burgess, D. W.; Doswell III, C. A.; Davies-Jones, R. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards. Geophysical Monograph. 79. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union. pp. 543–4. ISBN 978-0875900384. 
• Baumgardt, Dan A. (1992). A Three-Dimensional, Subjective Investigation of the Synoptic and Mesoscale Environment for the Plainfield/Crest Hill, Illinois Tornado August 28, 1990. M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin–Madison.
• Fujita, Tetsuya Theodore (1991). "Plainfield tornado of 28 August 1990". WRL Research Paper. Chicago: University of Chicago. 234. Bibcode:1993GMS....79....1F. doi:10.1029/GM079p0001. 
• The Plainfield/Crest Hill Tornado. Natural Disaster Survey Report. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 1991. 
• Carlascio, Daniel R.; et al. (1991). "Air medical response to the 1990 Will County, Illinois, Tornado". Journal of Air Medical Transport. 10 (10): 7–16. doi:10.1016/S1046-9095(05)80002-9. 
• Seimon, Anton (1993). "Anomalous Cloud-to-Ground Lightning in an F5-Tornado-Producing Supercell Thunderstorm on 28 August 1990". B. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 74 (2): 189–203. Bibcode:1993BAMS...74..189S. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1993)074<0189:ACTGLI>2.0.CO;2. 
• Beaird, Tina (2005). "Black Sky: Plainfield Tornado August 28, 1990". Plainfield. Plainfield Public Library; Local History Collection. 142pp.

External links

• Map of August 28, 1990 Tornadoes Tornado History Project
• Tornado Disaster -- Illinois, 1990 (CDC, MMWR 40(2); 33-36)
• Plainfield, IL Tornado 1990
• Video Clips of the Aftermath
• Plainfield Tornado History (Plainfield Public Library)
• Plainfield Tornado - 20 Years Later (WGN)
• Reflections on the Plainfield tornado by Tom Skilling
• Federal Disaster Declaration (Federal Emergency Management Agency)
• Ted Fujita presentation at Tornado Symposium III focusing on Plainfield tornado