Phoebe Hearst

Phoebe Hearst
Born Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson
(1842-12-03)December 3, 1842
Franklin County, Missouri, USA
Died April 13, 1919(1919-04-13) (aged 76)
Pleasanton, California, USA
Cause of death Spanish flu
Resting place Cypress Lawn Memorial Park
Nationality American
Occupation Philanthropist
Religion Cumberland Presbyterian (1842–1898)
Bahá'í Faith (1898–1919)
Spouse(s) George Hearst (1862–1891)
Children William Randolph Hearst

Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson Hearst (December 3, 1842 – April 13, 1919) was an American philanthropist, feminist and suffragist.[1] She was the mother of William Randolph Hearst and wife of George Hearst.

Early life

She was born Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson in St. Clair, Missouri, in Franklin County, the daughter of Drucilla (Whitmire) and Randolph Walker Apperson. In her early years, Phoebe attended school, intending to become a teacher. Her childhood also consisted of helping her father with finances at the family store, learning French, and how to play the piano.[2] George Hearst returned to St. Clair in 1860 to care for his dying mother, and ran into Phoebe, a childhood friend. On June 15, 1862, when she was 19, Phoebe married George in the hopes of leaving her mundane home.

Family life

Soon after their marriage,[3] the couple left Missouri and moved to San Francisco, California, George's home, where Phoebe gave birth to their only child, William Randolph Hearst. George was a successful miner and had struck it rich. In their busy life, George often left Phoebe alone during his work.[2] George later became a U.S. Senator.[4] Phoebe and her son William shared a close relationship throughout their time together, sharing many similar interests, one being art and design.[5] After Phoebe's death in 1919, William inherited a $10 million fortune, which Phoebe had passed down after George's death in 1891.[2]

Philanthropy

In the 1880s, she became a major benefactor and director of the Golden Gate Kindergarten Association[6] and the first president of the Century Club of California.[7] In 1902, Phoebe Hearst funded the construction of a building to provide teacher training and kindergarten classes, and to house the Golden Gate Kindergarten Association’s offices. The Golden Gate Kindergarten Association had 26 schools at the time of the San Francisco earthquake in 1906.[8]

Phoebe Hearst was a major benefactor of the University of California, Berkeley and its first woman Regent, serving on the board from 1897 until her death. Also in 1897, she contributed to the establishment of the National Congress of Mothers, which evolved eventually into the National Parent-Teacher Association. In 1900, she co-founded the all-girls National Cathedral School in Washington, DC. A public elementary school near the National Cathedral School bears her name.[9]

Phoebe Hearst funded the Hearst Library in Anaconda Montana in 1898. She maintained the library until 1904.[10]

In 1901, Phoebe Hearst founded the University of California Lowie Museum of Anthropology, renamed Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology in 1992, in celebration of the museum's ninth decade. The original collection was founded with about 230,000 objects representing cultures and civilizations throughout history.

Phoebe Apperson Hearst.

The museum now contains about 3.8 million objects. Throughout her lifetime, and as denoted in her will, Phoebe Hearst donated over 60,000 objects to the Museum. She also funded archaeological and anthropological expeditions such as the Pepper-Hearst Expedition (1895-1897) on the coast of Florida, near Tarpon Springs. The purpose of these expeditions was to enable anthropologists and archaeologists to study and collect cultural objects. Most notable are the 1899 expeditions in Egypt by American archaeologist George A. Reisner and in Peru by German archaeologist Max Uhle. These expeditions, among others, found numerous, well-documented objects now in the museum's collection. Among these are approximately 20,000 ancient Egyptian artifacts, the largest Egyptian collection west of Chicago. Phoebe Hearst also realized the importance of such a museum in preserving Native Californian culture, which was rapidly disappearing. With her support, anthropologist Alfred L. Kroeber and his students, including Robert F. Heizer, documented Native Californian culture in the form of photographs, audio recordings, texts, and artifacts. This research helped to preserve approximately 250,000 Native Californian artifacts, the most extensive in the world. The museum collection is available to students and researchers for examination. A gallery located on the University of California Berkeley campus is available for public view.

Hearst also donated money to the restoration of Pohick Church in Virginia.[11]

Religion

Hearst was raised a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian faith in the 1840s.[12] In 1898 she converted to the Bahá'í Faith,[13] and helped play a key role in the spread of the religion in the United States. In November 1898 Hearst, with Lua Getsinger and others, stopped off in Paris briefly on their way to Palestine and was shocked to see May Bolles (later Maxwell), a well known American member of the Bahá'í Faith, bedridden with the chronic malady with which she had been afflicted.[14] Hearst invited Bolles to travel to Palestine with her, believing that the change of air would be conducive to her health. Getsinger also disclosed to Bolles the purpose of the journey: a pilgrimage to visit the then head of the Bahá’í Faith: `Abdu'l-Bahá.[15] The group travelled to Akka and Haifa in Ottoman Palestine on pilgrimage, arriving on December 14, 1898.[16][17][18][19] Hearst later wrote, "Those three days were the most memorable days of my life."[20][21] In October 1912 she invited 'Abdu'l-Bahá, who was travelling throughout the United States, to stay at her home for a long weekend, even though at that time she had become estranged from the Bahá'í faith. During his stay 'Abdu'l-Bahá mentioned that anyone who tried to extort money or goods from others should not be considered a true Bahá'í. Mrs. Hearst had been a victim of such an incident, which had caused her estrangement.[22]

Death

She died at her home in Pleasanton, California, aged 76, on April 13, 1919, during the worldwide influenza epidemic of 1918-1919, and was buried at Cypress Lawn Memorial Park, Colma, San Mateo County, California.[4][23]

References

  1. ↑ Nickliss, Alexandra (November 2002), "Phoebe Apperson Hearst's 'Gospel of Wealth,' 1883-1901", Pacific Historical Review, 71: 525–605, doi:10.1525/phr.2002.71.4.575.
  2. 1 2 3 Kastner, Victoria; Garagliano, Victoria (2009). Hearst's San Simeon: the Gardens and the Land. New York: Harry N. Abrams. pp. 34, 25, 13. ISBN 978-0-81097-290-2.
  3. ↑ Crawford County, Missouri Marriage Book, Volume B, page 139
  4. 1 2 Phoebe Apperson Hearst (1842-1919), Hearst Castle, retrieved 2007-06-18
  5. ↑ Kastner, Victoria (2000). Hearst Castle: the Biography of a Country House. New York: Harry N. Abrams. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-81097-290-2.
  6. ↑ Edward T. James, ed. (1971), Notable American Women 1607-1950, II, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, p. 171
  7. ↑ Century Club of California (1893), Historical Sketch, Century Club of California
  8. ↑ "Development « Phoebe Hearst Preschool". www.phoebehearstpreschool.org. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
  9. ↑ "Hearst Elementary School". Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  10. ↑ "The Library's History". Hearst Free Library. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
  11. ↑ The Christian Advocate. T. Carlton & J. Porter. 1916. pp. 218–.
  12. ↑ Owens, Billie Louise & Robert James, (1976), Sons of Frontiersmen: History & Genealogy of Rowland, Whitmire and Associated Families, Billie Louise and Robert James Owens, p. 62
  13. ↑ Sandra Hutchinson; Richard Hollinger (2006). "Women in the North American Baha'i Community". In Keller, Rosemary Skinner; Ruether, Rosemary Radford; Cantlon, Marie. Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America: Native American creation stories. Indiana University Press. pp. 776–786. ISBN 0-253-34687-8.
  14. ↑ Hogenson, Kathryn J. (2010), Lighting the Western Sky: The Hearst Pilgrimage & Establishment of the Baha'i Faith in the West, George Ronald, p. 60, ISBN 978-0-85398-543-3
  15. ↑ Nakhjavani, Violette (1996). Maxwells of Montreal, The. George Ronald. pp. 52, 70. ISBN 978-0-85398-551-8.
  16. ↑ Keller, Rosemary Skinner; Ruether, Rosemary Radford; Cantlon, Marie (2006), Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America, Indiana University Press, p. 777, ISBN 0-253-34685-1
  17. ↑ Robinson, Judith (1991), The Hearsts, University of Delaware Press, pp. 311–312, ISBN 0-87413-383-1
  18. ↑ Hatcher, W.S.; Martin, J.D. (1998), The Bahá'í Faith: The Emerging Global Religion, San Francisco: Harper & Row, pp. 52–53, ISBN 0-87743-264-3
  19. ↑ Van den Hoonaard, Will C. (1996), The Origins of the Bahá'í Community of Canada, 1898-1948, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, pp. 17, 36, 356 pages, ISBN 0-88920-272-9
  20. ↑ Adams, Isaac (1906), Persia by a Persian: Personal Experiences, Manners, Customs, Habits, Religious and Social Life in Persia, New York Public Library: E. Stock, p. 489
  21. ↑ Effendi, Shoghi (1974), God Passes By, Wilmette: Bahá'í Pub. Trust, ISBN 0-87743-020-9
  22. ↑ Balyuzi, H.M. (2001). `Abdu'l-Bahá: The Centre of the Covenant of Bahá'u'lláh (Paperback ed.). Oxford, UK: George Ronald. pp. 308–309. ISBN 0-85398-043-8.
  23. ↑ "Mrs. Phoebe Hearst Dies in California. Her Son, W.R. Hearst, at Her Bedside When the End Came. Lived on the Frontier. Gave Millions to University of California and Cathedral School for Girls. Her Gifts to Art and Education. A Leader in Washington.", New York Times, April 24, 1929, retrieved 2007-06-21, Pleasanton, California, April 24, 1929. Mrs. Phoebe Apperson Hearst, widow of George Hearst, who was United States Senator from California, and mother of William Randolph Hearst, the publisher, died at her home here today, after an illness of several weeks.
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