Philip Broke

For other people named Philip Broke, see Philip Broke (disambiguation).
Sir Philip Broke, Bt

Sir Philip Bowes Vere Broke
Born (1776-09-09)9 September 1776
Nacton, near Ipswich, England
Died 2 January 1841(1841-01-02) (aged 64)
Allegiance  United Kingdom
Service/branch Royal Navy
Years of service 1792 -
Rank Rear-Admiral
Battles/wars

French Revolutionary Wars

War of 1812

Awards Order of the Bath
Naval Gold Medal

Rear-Admiral Sir Philip Bowes Vere Broke, 1st Baronet, KCB (/ˈbrʊk/;[1] 9 September 1776 – 2 January 1841) was a distinguished officer in the British Royal Navy. During his lifetime he was often referred to as Broke of the Shannon, a reference to his notable command of HMS Shannon in the War of 1812.

Early life

Broke was born at Broke Hall, Nacton, near Ipswich, the eldest son of Philip Bowes Broke, grandson of Philip Broke and descendant of Sir Richard Broke (d. 1529), who served as Chief Baron of the Exchequer. He was educated at Ipswich School, where a house was later named in his honour.

Broke joined the Royal Naval Academy at Portsmouth Dockyard in 1788, and began active service as a midshipman in 1792. It was rather unusual for him to receive formal naval education — most of his contemporaries had only "on the job" training. He served as third lieutenant on the frigate HMS Southampton during the Battle of Cape St. Vincent in February 1797. He was promoted to commander in 1799 and captain on 14 February 1801.[2]

On 25 November 1802 Broke married Sarah Louisa Middleton. They had eleven children, including Sir Philip Broke, 2nd Baronet (1804–1855), Admiral Sir George Broke-Middleton, 3rd Baronet (1812–1887), and Captain Charles Acton Broke (died 1855).[3]

Capture of USS Chesapeake

His most notable accomplishment was his victory while commanding HMS Shannon, over the USS Chesapeake on 1 June 1813, during the War of 1812. Broke took command of the Shannon, a 38-gun frigate, on 31 August 1806. Broke was ordered to Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1811 as the diplomatic position between America and Britain deteriorated. The US Congress declared war on 18 June 1812. There were half a dozen naval battles between a Royal Navy and a United States Navy vessel of equivalent rate in 1812 and early 1813. The Americans won every time, primarily because although the British and American ships were of the same rate, they were not of the same size or power. In each case the American ships were substantially larger than the British vessels and had a heavier broadside (the Americans had a main battery of 24 pounder long guns compared with the smaller 18 pounders mounted on the British ships).

Matters changed when Shannon defeated Chesapeake off Boston, Massachusetts, when the captain of the latter ship responded to a challenge to a single ship action made by Broke. Although Chesapeake was a slightly larger craft and had a substantially larger crew, gunnery was Broke's area of expertise, and the crew of Shannon were exceptionally well drilled.[4] Chesapeake was disabled by gunfire, boarded and captured within 15 minutes of opening fire. 56 sailors on Chesapeake were killed and 85 wounded including her captain James Lawrence who died of his wounds on 4 June. Lawrence's last command was reported to be, "Don't give up the ship". On the Shannon, 24 were killed and 59 wounded, including Broke who sustained a serious head wound while leading the boarding party.

Medal struck in Halifax, Nova Scotia honouring Broke's victory

Lieutenant Provo Wallis took command of Shannon as the frigate and her prize returned to Halifax as surgeons worked to save Broke. In Halifax, Broke recovered at the Commissioner's residence in the Halifax Naval Yard.

Shannon's victory created a sensation in both the US and Great Britain. In recognition, Broke was created a baronet on 25 September 1813.[5][6] He became a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 3 January 1815.[7][8] He was also awarded a Naval Gold Medal, one of only eight awarded for single ship actions between 1794 and 1816. While his wounds precluded further active service, Broke served as a naval gunnery specialist in the Royal Navy. He was promoted to rear admiral of the red on 22 July 1830.

His younger brother, Charles Broke, later Charles Broke Vere, joined the British Army, serving under the Duke of Wellington, ending up as a Major General and was knighted.

Broke in Fiction

A fictionalized account of Shannon's battle with Chesapeake is featured prominently in Patrick O'Brian's novels The Fortune of War and The Surgeon's Mate. Broke, whom O'Brian makes a cousin to his protagonist Captain Jack Aubrey, is favorably portrayed as a character in the former work, and receives prominent mention in the second.

Notes

  1. ↑ G.M. Miller, BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names (Oxford UP, 1971), p. 21.
  2. ↑ The Navy List, 1831
  3. ↑ Walford Dakin Selby, ed., The Genealogist, vol. 23 (1907), p. 143
  4. ↑ At the time the official rating of a ship did not accurately reflect the number of cannon mounted. Thus HMS Shannon (1053 tons burthen) was classed as a 38 gun ship but mounted 52 guns in total. USS Chesapeake (1244 tons burthen) was variously rated a 36 or 38 gun ship but mounted 49 guns in total. Although Shannon had slightly more cannon the disparity was more apparent than real as Broke mounted a number of very small carronades in order that ships' boys and younger midshipmen could have cannon light enough for them to practise on. The force of a ship was usually calculated as "weight of metal." This was the aggregate of the weight of all the cannonballs capable of being fired in one broadside (ie when half of the cannon (all the guns on the same side) were fired). The British weight of metal was 547 pounds, the American weight of metal was 581 pounds. The two ships were very well matched with no preponderance of force on either side. See Padfield and Gardiner.
  5. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 16779. p. 1890. 21 September 1813. Retrieved 5 February 2008.
  6. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 16852. p. 280. 5 February 1814. Retrieved 5 February 2008.
  7. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 16972. p. 19. 4 January 1815. Retrieved 5 February 2008.
  8. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 17032. p. 1277. 1 July 1815. Retrieved 5 February 2008.

References

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Broke, Sir Philip Bowes Vere, Bart..
Baronetage of the United Kingdom
New creation Baronet
(of Broke Hall)
1813–1841 		Succeeded by
Sir Philip Broke
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