Venezuelans

Venezuelans
Venezolanos

Flag of Venezuela
Total population
World ±34,000,000
Regions with significant populations
Venezuela: 33,221,865
United States	259,000 - 500,000[1]
Colombia	250,000[2]
Spain	200,000[3]
Italy	150,000[3]
Portugal	100,000[3]
Canada	34,000[4]
France	30,000[3]
Panama	24,000[3]
Germany	20,000[3]
Syria	20,000[5]
Mexico	17,000[3]
United Kingdom	15,000[3]
Cuba	15,000[3]
Australia	10,000[3]
Brazil	7,000[3]
Argentina	6,000[3]
Ireland	5,000[3]
Chile	4,000[3]
Trinidad and Tobago	3,000[3]
Peru	3,000[3]
Costa Rica	3,000[3]
Ecuador	3,000[3]
United Arab Emirates	2,500[3]
New Zealand	2,000[3]
Bolivia	2,000[3]
Netherlands	1,000[3]
Japan	1,000[6]
Uruguay	1,000[3]
Saudi Arabia	1,000[3]
Poland	60[7]
Languages
Spanish and other native languages.
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholic, small minorities of other religions. Native people are mainly animist.

Venezuelan people are from a multiethnic nation in South America called Venezuela. Venezuelans are predominantly Roman Catholic and speak Spanish. The majority of Venezuelans are the result of a mixture of Europeans, Africans and Amerindians. 51.6% of the population are Mestizos of mixed European, African and Amerindian ancestry and 43.6% of Venezuelans consider themselves White of European ancestry and/or Middle Eastern. An additional 3.6% is Black African, while 3.2% are Amerindians. ^[8]

Historical and ethnic aspects

Pre Colombian period

Pre-Columbian times, is a historical stage where various immigrant groups begin to move the current Americas, at which writing was not used, thus being difficult to find evidence of the people who began to populate this land. However, archaeological excavations are the evidences that establish certain periods that were taking place on the continent.

In the case of Venezuela, probably the man first appeared 16,000 years ago, this due to migration flows from other indigenous cultures of America, from the south to the Amazon, from the west through Los Andes and north by the Caribbean Sea.

There are four periods of diversity that develop in the current Venezuela, which also entering a new period, it did not mean the end of the previous.

The first migrations to the continent were probably from East Asia to 15,000 years. C. These early migrants (called forth by the generic name "Indians") came at first to be located in North America, later moving to the territory of present Venezuela. Now for their offspring, it was clear verify the Asian features on their faces that will adapt to the climate and lifestyle.

During this period, various mammals were disappearing by climatic changes already beginning to take place from 5000 years ago, so the population in the mainland, starts to move towards the coast and spread to some nearby islands, trying to find new feeding alternatives.

Colonization

On August 2, 1498 (516 years), Christopher Columbus, and the Spanish colonizers ships, landed for the first time in American mainland and did so in the current Venezuelan territory. With the rapid colonization process despite small local indigenous rebellions, the Spaniards manage to conquer the territory, beginning during this period the most significant crossbreeding process that will define later the social profile of the country.

With the passage of time, and the introduction of the African continent, a third race, the Africans, started to integrate into the population, creating heterogeneity in the faces of the society of the time.

During colonial centuries in Venezuela began to settle the "peninsular whites", coming directly from the Iberian Peninsula and which were those who held positions in the crown, representing only 15% of the population. Another group of whites who were born in Venezuela were originally called "Creole", representing 20% of the population: they were mostly from the Canary Islands and they worked mainly in petty trade. The other two smaller groups were the original inhabitants and indigenous blacks brought from Africa: they were about 5% of the population. Soon the original groups started to have interbreedings and this created a process of "fusion" between the different racial groups: The "brown" were descendants of the unions between Whites, Indians and Blacks and in the XVIII century were the largest racial and social group being more than 60% of the population.

This process is currently responsible for the majority of Venezuelans who are of mestizo mixed race.

Current ethnic groups

The country has a diverse population that reflects its rich history and the people that have lived here since antiquity to the present. The historic amalgam of different principal groups form the basis of the current demographics of Venezuela: the European immigrants, the Amerindian peoples, African, Asian, Middle Eastern and other recent immigrants.

Many of the indigenous peoples were absorbed by the mestizo population, but the remaining 500,000 currently represent more than 85 different cultures.

European immigrants were mainly Spanish colonists, but another large and growing number are descendants of Europeans (Portuguese, Italians, Germans and Americans) who migrated to the region in mid-twentieth century during the oil growth in the country. Small numbers are descendants of French, English and Polish, as they emigrated during World War II and the Cold War.

Black Africans were brought as slaves, mostly coastal lowlands, beginning early in the sixteenth century and continuing into the nineteenth century. Other immigrant populations are Asian and Middle East, particularly Lebanon, Syria and the Arab world, some Jews from southern Spain, Israel and Central European nations, East Asians like Chinese and Japanese, Dominicans, Haitians, Cubans, Peruvians, Argentinians, Uruguayans, Chileans, Ecuadorians and Colombians, this being the greatest social impact due to a large number of displaced individuals who entered the Venezuelan territory during the armed conflict in that country; which generated a high supply of labor, personnel and domestic economy informal.

Ethnic-somatic characteristics

Currently, according to the critic D'Ambrosio and other academics,^[9] about 51.6% of Venezuelans are mestizos (called Criollos: the 40% of them are with mostly white features, 20% with mostly black features and 10% with mostly Indians features), 45% are white, 2% are black and 1% Indians.

Notably, according to these scholars, is the fact that virtually there are no pure blacks in Venezuela, including those with the darkest skin, found especially in the area of Barlovento. Most of which being limited to black Venezuelans who descend from recent immigrants.

On the other hand, the existence of pure white Venezuelans is also virtually absent, being limited to a few descendants of the European immigration that happened during the years of Perez Jimenez. The only Venezuelan town where there is a consistent number of them is the Colonia Tovar (and even a few can be found in Mérida).

In addition, according to a genetic autosomal DNA study conducted in 2008 by the University of Brasilia (UNB), the composition of the population of Venezuela is: 60.60% of the EU contribution, 23% of Native American contribution and 16% of Africa's contribution.

Demography

Venezuelans in the world

The population of approximately 28 million people (in 2011) ^[10] made Venezuela the sixth-most populous country in Latin America (after Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, and Peru). Approximately more than one million (4-6% of the total population) are living in other countries.^[11]

More than ninety percent of the Venezuelans live in urban areas – a figure significantly higher than the world average. The literacy rate (98 percent) in Venezuela is also well above the world average, and the rate of population growth slightly exceeds the world average. A large proportion of Venezuelans are young, largely because of recent decreases in the infant mortality rate. While 30 percent of the people are 14 years old or younger, just 4 percent are aged 65 or older.

Ethnic groups

The country has a diverse population that reflects its colorful history and the peoples that have resided there throughout. The historic amalgam of the different main groups forms the basics of Venezuela's current demographics: European immigrants, Amerindian peoples, Africans, Asians, Middle Easterners and other recent immigrants.

Mestizos

Many of the indigenous peoples were absorbed into the Mestizo population, because of the heavy mixture of European and African people. They represent over half of the country's population (about 51.6%).^[8] The autosomal DNA genetic composition of mestizo population in Venezuela, is 60.60% of European contribution, 23% of indigenous contribution, and 16.30% of African contribution.^[12]

White and European Venezuelans

The European immigrants were mostly Spanish colonists, but a high number of other Europeans brought by the past high growth from Portuguese, Italian, and German immigrants to the region in the middle 20th century by the Petroleum Growth, and in much smaller numbers French, English, Polish, Russian, Greek, Scandinavian, Romanian, Ukrainian and Hungarian communities immigrated during the Second World War and the Cold War. 300,000 Italians and an equal numbers of Spaniards immigrated in the 1940s and 1950s, and earlier who were fleeing from the Spanish Civil War (1930s).

They are concentrated though almost half of Venezuela's land area that lies north of the Orinoco (where the 95% vast majority of Venezuelans live), principally in important urban areas like Greater Caracas, Maracaibo, Maracay, Valencia, Lecheria, Barquisimeto/Cabudare, Colonia Tovar, Punto Fijo; the Andean States, Margarita Island and Araya Peninsula.^[13] They represent almost half of the population (43.6%).^[8]

Black and African Venezuelans

Black Africans were brought as slaves, mostly to the coastal lowlands, beginning early in the 16th century, and continuing into the mid 19th century. Although they are located in almost the entire country, the Black and African population are concentrated in places where they used to be slaves and worked as farm hands on subsistence farms of plantains, cocoa, tobacco, sugar cane and cotton in the Aroa Valley, Litoral varguense, Eastern Falcon state; Gibraltar, Bobures and Palmarito in the Sur del Lago Region; and in areas where slaves would run away during Colonial Venezuela and formed cumbes, communities in mountainous and isolated areas, such as, the Sierra de Falcón, Barlovento Region (Acevedo, Andrés Bello, Brión, Buroz and Páez municipalities), Ocumare de La Costa, Choroní; El Callao and Paria Peninsula (where Afro-Trinidadian also migrated); and through Los Llanos, well dispersed in small to decent percents. They represent 3.6% of the population.^[8]

Indigenous peoples

Before the Spanish colonization of the region that would become the country of Venezuela, the territory was the home to many different indigenous peoples. Today more than fifty different indigenous ethnic groups inhabit Venezuela. Most of them speak languages belonging to the Chibchan, Arawakan and Cariban languages families. Pure indigenous Amerindians comprise around 2 percent of the population.^[14] There are 101 languages listed for Venezuela in the Ethnologue database, of which 80 are spoken today as living languages. Today, they're mostly located south of the Orinoco, in the Guayana Region, an area that covers half of the country but the population represents just around 2% of Venezuelans; other important regions where they're located are on Zulia state, Apure state, the Eastern Region and Orinoco Delta.

Arab and Middle Easterner Venezuelans

Arab immigration to Venezuela started as early as the 19th and 20th centuries. They came mostly from Lebanon, Syria, and Palestine. They are mostly located in the most important urban areas and Margarita Island, representing around 5% of the population in Venezuela.^[15]

Asian Venezuelans

The largest sub-groups are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from Mainland China, India, Japan and Korea. The first wave of immigrants began in 1847 and consisted of mainly Cantonese immigrants; then the second wave during beginning ofn the 40's and 50's, consisted of Chinese and Japanese immigrants;^[16] reaching a peak in the mid 70's in connection with the oil boom, where Korean^[17][18] and Indian immigrants (mostly Indo-Caribbeans) formed a new group to the country. Asian people represent around 1% of the Venezuelan population.

The Chinese in Venezuela are the 4th largest diaspora in the Americas.

Religion

According to the 2011 census, 88.3 percent of the population is Christian, primarily Roman Catholic (71%), 17 percent Protestant, and the remaining 0.03 percent Mormons (LDS Church).^[21] The Venezuelans without religion are 9% (atheist 2%, agnostic or indifferent 6% and doesn't know/doesn't respond 1% ), almost 3% of the population follow other religions (1% of them are of santeria).^[19][20]

See also

• List of notable Venezuelans
• Culture of Venezuela
• Venezuelan Americans
• Venezuelans in Spain
• Venezuelans in Uruguay
• Venezuelan Mexicans
• Bolivarian diaspora
• Latin Americans
• Race and ethnicity in Latin America

References

External links

• Venezuela at CIA.gov

Wikimedia Commons has media related to People of Venezuela.

Ancestry and ethnicity in Venezuela
Indigenous peoples Current indigenous Achagua Auaké Baniwa Guahibo Hiwi Ingarikó Kali'na Marueta Motilone/Barí Pemon Piaroa Sanumá Warao Wayuu Yanomami Ye'kuana Extinct indigenous Caquetio Chitareros Cumanagoto Jirajara Mariche Otomacos Quiriquire Saladoid Timoto–Cuica
Immigration European German Greek Hungarian Italian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Spanish Scandinavia (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden) Swiss Ukrainian Others Mestizo African Arab Lebanese Armenian Chinese Indian Japanese Jewish Korean Turkish Uruguayan
Category:Ethnic groups in Venezuela