Parihaspore

Parihaspore
archaeological site
Parihaspore Show map of Jammu and Kashmir Parihaspore Show map of India Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
Coordinates: 34°08′N 74°38′E / 34.133°N 74.633°E / 34.133; 74.633Coordinates: 34°08′N 74°38′E / 34.133°N 74.633°E / 34.133; 74.633
Country	India
State	Jammu and Kashmir
District	Baramulla
Tehsil	Pattan
Established	~700 CE
Founded by	Lalitaditya Muktapida
Named for	City of Laughter
Time zone	IST (UTC+5:30)

Parihaspora or Parihaspur or Paraspore or Paraspur (Kashmiri پرہاسپور – پرس پور) was a small town 22 kilometers northwest of Srinagar in the Kashmir Valley.^[1] It was built on a plateau above the Jhelum River.^[1] It was built by Lalitaditya Muktapida (695–731) and served as the capital of Kashmir during his reign.

Name

The present name of the place, Paraspore,^[2] is a variation of the original Sanskrit name of the city, Parihaspur, which loosely translated would mean a city of laughs or a smiling city. "Parihas" means laughter and "pur" means city.

History

Parihaspur Stupa

The Sultanganj Buddha, India's only surviving post-Gupta monumental bronze a fraction of the size of Parihasapur Buddha

It was built by Lalitaditya Muktapida (695–731) of the Karkota dynasty. He moved his capital from Srinagar to Parihaspur. Kalhana mentions the construction of the city in his Book 4 cantos 194–204. Lalitaditya according to Kalhana built his residence and four temples in this area. The temples included one for Vishnu (Muktakeshva) where according to Kalhana the emperor used 84,000 tolas of gold to make the image of Vishnu. In another temple he used as many Palas of silver for the image of Parihaskesana. He also had made a statue of Buddha in copper that according to Kalhana “reached up to the sky.” The main temple was larger than the famous temple that Lalitaditya built in Martand.^[3]

Parihaspur lost its status as a capital after Lalitaditya’s death. His son moved the royal residence. The Jhelum River is to the northeast of Parihaspur as it meets the Sind nallah at Shadpur sangam. In the past this confluence of the rivers occurred closer to Parihaspur. The change in the course of the river is not natural but was engineered by famous Soya Pandit during Raja Avanti Varman’s time (855–883 AD). With the river access gone, the city suffered greatly.

The real destruction occurred when Avanti Varman’s son Shankar Varman moved his capital to the new city of Shankarpur. According to Kalhana he cannibalized all the “good material” from these temples and palaces to build his city of Shankarpur (Pattan). Parihaspur however survived the pillage because Kalhana mentions that during the war between King Harsha and Uccala (1089–1101 AD), Uccala took refuge in Parihaspur. King Harsha believing that Uccala was in one of the buildings set the place on fire. He broke and melted down the statues of Parihaspur. Kalhana in a very poignant way describes the destruction in Rajatarangini, “ After this image (of Vishnu) had been broken up, heaven and earth became covered with dust, which was grey like the plumage of the pigeons.” And “For month and a half it was a land of darkness even at day-time.” The final blow to the temples came when Sultan Sikandar destroyed them completely in the fourteenth century.^[4][5]

Present ruins

Only ruins in the form of large boulders, some orately carved, and in situ carved footings are left of the old city now, and the place is commonly known as "Kani Shahar" (City of Stones) to local residents.^[6] Some of the finest examples of the carved figures of seated and standing atlantes have been taken to the Srinagar Museum.^[1] M.A.Stein first visited the place in 1892 and was able to place each of these constructions based on ruins that he found at that time. Stein also thinks that the village Gurdan near Parihaspur comes from Govardhana. Govardhana dhara is one of the names of God Vishnu. He visited the place again in 1892 and found that many stones that he had seen in 1892 were gone. Apparently Maharaja of Kashmir was building the Jhelum cart road and using the Parihaspur ruins as road material. Stein approached the British resident at that time for help. He was able to convince the Dogra king to stop further desecration of the historic temple ruins.

References