Neopaganism in the United States

Neopaganism in the United States is represented by widely different movements and organizations. The largest Neopagan religion is Wicca, followed by Neodruidism. Both of these religions were introduced during the 1950s and 1960s from Great Britain. Germanic Neopaganism and Kemetism appeared in the US in the early 1970s. Hellenic Neopaganism appeared in the 1990s.

History

The spread of Neopaganism in the United States started in the 1960s with the introduction of Neodruidism (or Druidry) and Wicca from Great Britain. Neodruidism had begun in 1912 in the United States, but was more a fraternal order at that time.^[1] Germanic Neopaganism (or Heathenism) entered during the 1970s, developing into new denominations proper to the US, notably Theodism. In the same period the first Kemetic groups were formed, with the tradition itself originating in the US.

Wicca, introduced by Gerald Gardner in 1964, is the most known of the Neopagan movements. The 1980s and 1990s saw the emergence of a number of reconstructionist and other ethnic traditions. Hellenic Neopaganism (Dodekatheism), for example, has flourished since the 1990s, along with parallel developments in Greece.

Organizations

Notable US Neopagan organizations:

• Wicca/Goddess/eclectic:
  • Cherry Hill Seminary, Vermont, since 2001
  • Church of All Worlds, formed 1962, formerly the largest of all the pagan movements, which centres on worship of the earth-mother goddess^[2]
  • Circle Sanctuary, based in Wisconsin; largest Neo-Pagan organization in the US; its newsletter, Circle Network News, has some 15,000 subscribers (as of 1992)^[3]
  • Council of Magickal Arts, Texas
  • Covenant of the Goddess, since 1975
  • Feraferia, Hellenic-inspired goddess worship, established 1967 in southern California by Frederick M. Adams, as a continuation of his Fellowship of Hesperides founded in 1957, based in Nevada City
  • Feri Tradition, from ca. 1960
  • First Temple of the Craft of WICA, founded February 1972
  • Pagan Way, Chicago^[4]
  • Reclaiming Tradition, an international community of women and men working to combine earth-based spirituality and political activism
• Roman Paganism
  • Nova Roma, since 1998
• Hellenic Neopaganism
  • Hellenion^[5]
• Neodruidism:
  • Ár nDraíocht Féin, since 1983
  • The Druid Order, since 1909
  • Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids, since 1964
  • Reformed Druids of North America, since 1963
  • Ancient Order of Druids in America, since 1874, when it was the Ancient Archaeological Order of Druids
• Germanic neopaganism:
  • Ásatrú Alliance, AA, since 1988, Arizona-based^[6]
  • Ásatrú Folk Assembly, AFA, California based, since 1994, re-activation of Stephen McNallen's 1974-1986 Asatru Free Assembly, formerly Viking Brotherhood, 1971-1974^[7]
  • Odinic Rite, ORV, "Vinland Regional Office", since 1997, Wisconsin-based^[8]
  • The Troth, since 1987^[9]
  • Wolves of Vinland
• Kemetism
  • Ausar Auset Society, since 1973
  • Church of the Eternal Source, since 1970
  • Kemetic Orthodoxy, since 1988
• Nondenominational Pagan groups
  • Free Spirit Alliance

Festivals

• Heartland Pagan Festival, since 1986
• Pagan Spirit Gathering, since 1980
• Starwood Festival, since 1981
• Pan Pagan Festival, since 1976

Demographics

Wiccan churches and other Neopagan institutions are becoming more common in the US. However, estimates of their numbers vary widely. The 2014 Pew Research Center's Religious Landscapes Survey included a subset of the New Age Spiritual Movement called "Pagan or Wiccan," reflecting that 3/4 of individuals identifying as New Age also identified as Pagan or Wiccan and placing Wiccans and Pagans at 0.3% of the total U.S. population or approximately 956,000 people of just over 1,275,000 individuals in the New Age movement.^[10] Most of the 1990s studies put the number of US Neopagans between 200,000 and 1 million (0.1% to 0.5% of the total population).^[11] A 2008 Pew Forum survey put "New Age" religious believers, including Neopagans, at about 1.2 million.^[12]

According to David Waldron (2005),^[13] roughly 10 million Wiccan-related books were sold in 2000 (up from 4.5 million in 1990), as reported by the American Booksellers Association. However this gives only a rough guide to the size of the Wiccan-related economy and he comments that the added complexity of determining the boundary between Wiccan or Neopagan products and New Age products makes determining the size of the movement from this rather problematic.

More conservative estimates included Helen Berger and Craig Hawkins in Exploring the World of Wicca, who guessed from 150,000 to 200,000. Melton, J. Gordon, Jerome Clark and Aidan A. Kelly in New Age Almanac (1991, p. 340) estimated a total of about 300,000 people associated with the "overall movement" of Wicca, with "tens of thousands" of members active in between 1,000 and 5,000 covens. Conservative estimates in 1993 arrived at about 50,000 Wiccans in the US (Religious Requirements & Practices of Certain Selected Groups: A Handbook for Chaplains, 1993) while Wiccan high estimates claimed several million (Phyllis Curott, The Book of Shadows: A Modern Woman's Journey Into the Wisdom of Witchcraft and the Magic of the Goddess). In 2008, U.S. Today estimated 1 million Wiccans,^{[11][14][15][16]} a fast growth compared to the 100.000/200.000 estimated in late 1990s and early 2000s.^[14]

Wicca

"Emblem of Belief" #37

Wicca was introduced to North America in 1964 by Raymond Buckland, an expatriate Briton who visited Gardner's Isle of Man coven to gain initiation. Interest in the USA spread quickly, and while many were initiated, many more non-initiates compiled their own rituals based on published sources or their own fancy.^[17] Another significant development was the creation by feminists in the late 1960s to 1970s of an eclectic movement known as Dianic Wicca, or feminist Dianic Witchcraft.

The United States Department of Veterans Affairs in an out-of-court settlement of 23 April 2007 with the family of Patrick Stewart allowed the pentacle as an "emblem of belief" on tombstones in military cemeteries.^[18][19][20]

Druidry

Druidry is also known as Druidism and Neodruidism. The Ancient Order of Druids in America was founded in 1912 as the American branch of the Ancient and Archaeological Order of Druids.^[21] Coming from the Druid cultural revivals in the UK in the 18th and 19th centuries, Neodruidry in the U.S. has a long history.

Celtic Reconstructionism, while not associated with Druidry directly, is also part of the cultural diaspora of Celtic Paganism. Celtic Reconstructionists place a greater emphasis on scholarly approaches, reviving and reconstructing the old practices of the Celts in the modern day.

Asatru

Ásatrú in the United States began in the early 1970s with Stephen McNallen's 1974-1986 Asatru Free Assembly, formerly Viking Brotherhood, 1971-1974.

In 1986, the "folkish vs. universalist" dispute regarding the stance of Ásatrú towards white supremacism escalated, resulting in the breakup of the Asatru Free Assembly. The "leftist" (universalist) branch reformed as The Troth, while the "rightist" (folkish) branch became the Ásatrú Alliance (AA). McNallen re-founded his own organisation as the Ásatrú Folk Assembly (AFA) in 1994.

In 1997, the Britain-based Odinic Rite (OR) founded a US chapter (ORV). This means that folkish Asatru is represented by three major organizations in the US, viz. AA, AFA and OR. The three groups have attempted to collaborate within an International Asatru-Odinic Alliance from 1997 until 2002, when it dissolved again as a result of internal factional disputes.

Discrimination

According to feminist pagan Starhawk "religious discrimination against Pagans and Wiccans and indigenous religions is omnipresent in the U.S."^[22]

Controversies mostly surround religious rights in US prisons and the US military. Prison inmates' right to practice minority religions was asserted in 2004 by the Supreme Court in Cutter v. Wilkinson.

Some neopagan groups, particularly Germanic ones, have themselves been accused of racial discrimination. See Nordic racial paganism.

See also

• Religion in the United States
  • Ásatrú in the United States
  • Neopaganism in Minnesota
  • Cutter v. Wilkinson
  • Dettmer v. Landon
  • Eric S. Raymond
  • Oberon Zell-Ravenheart
  • Starhawk
• Christianity and Neopaganism

References

Further reading

• Helen A. Berger (2005-05-26). Witchcraft And Magic: Contemporary North America. ISBN 978-0-8122-3877-8. 
• Helen A. Berger; Evan A. Leach; Leigh S. Shaffer (2003). Voices from the Pagan Census: A National Survey of Witches and Neo-Pagans in the United States. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-488-6. 
• Helen A Berger (1999). A Community of Witches: Contemporary Neo-paganism and Witchcraft in the United States. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-246-2. 
• Margot Adler (2006). Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-101-54976-6. 
• Robert S. Ellwood; Harry Baxter Partin (1988). Religious and spiritual groups in modern America. Pearson College Div. 
• Annie Gottlieb (1987). Do you believe in magic?: the second coming of the sixties generation. Crown. 
• Robert S. Ellwood, Notes on a Neopagan Religious Group in America, History of Religions (1971).
• J. Gordon Melton (2003). Encyclopedia of American religions. Gale / Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-7876-6384-1. 
• G. Melton and I. Poggi, Magic, Witchcraft, and Paganism in America (1992).
• Sarah M. Pike (2004). New Age and Neopagan Religions in America. ISBN 978-0-231-12402-7. 

Wicca
History	History of Wicca Etymology of Wicca Wicca and LGBT people Dettmer v. Landon
Traditions	1734 Tradition Cochrane's Craft Coven of Atho Feri Reclaiming Stregheria Bricket Wood coven New Forest coven Church and School of Wicca Wicca British Traditional Alexandrian Wicca Algard Wicca Blue Star Wicca Central Valley Wicca Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca Gardnerian Wicca Other Celtic Wicca Dianic Wicca Faery Wicca Georgian Wicca Odyssean Wicca Seax-Wica Universal Eclectic Wicca
Notable figures	Gerald Gardner Doreen Valiente Alex Sanders Maxine Sanders Sybil Leek Margot Adler Victor Anderson Eleanor Bone Gavin Bone Lois Bourne Jack Bracelin Raymond Buckland Eddie Buczynski Zsuzsanna Budapest Charles Cardell Ipsita Roy Chakraverti Patricia Crowther Vivianne Crowley Robert Cochrane Scott Cunningham Phyllis Curott Cerridwen Fallingstar Janet Farrar Stewart Farrar Raven Grimassi Gavin Frost Yvonne Frost Philip Heselton Frederic Lamond Silver RavenWolf Starhawk
Deities	Triple Goddess Horned God Holly King Mother goddess
Key concepts	Wiccan morality Wiccan Rede Rule of Three Wiccan views of divinity Coven Craft name Magic Witchcraft White magic Otherworld The Summerland Reincarnation Karma Skyclad Summoner Watchtower Familiar spirit Animism
Rites and ritual	Drawing down the Moon Great Rite Handfasting Wiccaning Fivefold kiss Magic circle Cone of power Kitchen witchcraft Herbalism Scrying Spellwork Banishing Divination Incantation Invocation Initiation Rite of passage Eko Eko Azarak Solitary practitioner
Holidays	Wheel of the Year Solstice Equinox Imbolc Ostara Beltane Midsummer Lughnasadh Mabon Samhain Yule Esbat Wild Hunt
Paraphernalia	Magical tools in Wicca Altar Athame Besom Boline Book of Shadows Cauldron Censer Chalice/Goblet Horn Pentacle Runes Incense Tarot deck Wand Talisman Amulet Scourge Candles Bell Statue Parchment Witch's ladder
Literature	Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches The Meaning of Witchcraft The Spiral Dance What Witches Do Witchcraft Today Charge of the Goddess Enchanted Feminism
Related	List of Wiccan organisations Traditional witchcraft Witch-cult hypothesis Left-hand path and right-hand path Cunning folk in Britain European witchcraft Malleus Maleficarum Granny woman Cunning folk Witching hour Witch-hunt Witches' Sabbath Flying ointment Museum of Witchcraft and Magic Witchcraft Research Association "Fluffy Bunny"