Order of the German Eagle

Order of the German Eagle
Neck badge of the Order of the German Eagle
Awarded by Nazi Germany
Type	Order
Eligibility	German citizens and foreign nationals
Awarded for	military and civil services
Status	Obsolete
Grades (w/ post-nominals)	Six
Established	1 May 1937

The Order of the German Eagle (German: Verdienstorden vom Deutschen Adler) was an award of the German Nazi regime, predominantly to foreign diplomats. The Order was instituted on 1 May 1937 by Adolf Hitler.^[1] It ceased to be awarded following the collapse of the Nazi Government at the end of World War II.

Criteria

The Order of the German Eagle was a diplomatic and honorary award given to prominent foreigners, particularly diplomats, who were considered sympathetic to Nazism.

In addition to awards to non-Germans, the Reich Foreign Minister and the Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia received a 'Special Degree' (Sonderstufe), with identical insignia to the Grand Cross of the Order. Accordingly, Foreign Minister Constantin von Neurath, received the Special Degree of the Order, with a further award to Joachim von Ribbentrop on his appointment as Foreign Minister in 1938.^[2] In 1943 Dr. Wilhelm Frick received the Special Degree after becoming Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia.^[3]

Appearance and classes

The Cross is based on the Maltese Cross with German Eagles at each corner carrying a swastika. For military recipients the Order also featured crossed swords.^[1] The cross was suspended from a 46 mm red ribbon with stripes in black, red and white. The award, in the first two classes, also came in the form of a silver or gold eight pointed star, with corresponding white Maltese Cross and gold eagles centered. The overall appearance and name of the Order was an imitation of the Prussian Order of the Black Eagle and Order of the Red Eagle.

From 1937 to 1943 the order was presented in six classes:^[2]

1. Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle with star (Grosskreuz des Deutschen Adlerordens)
2. Order of the German Eagle with Star (Deutscher Adlerorden mit Stern)
3. Order of the German Eagle 1st Class (Deutscher Adlerorden, Erste Stufe)
4. Order of the German Eagle 2nd Class (Deutscher Adlerorden, Zweite Stufe)
5. Order of the German Eagle 3rd Class (Deutscher Adlerorden, Dritte Stufe)
6. German Medal of Merit (Deutsche Verdienstmedaille)

A unique Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle in Gold with Diamonds (Grosskreuz des Deutschen Adlerordens in Gold und Brillanten) was also awarded to Benito Mussolini on 25 September 1937.^[2]

On 27 December 1943 the Order was reorganised into nine classes:^[2]

1. Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle in Gold with Star (Goldenes Grosskreuz des Deutschen Adlerordens)
2. Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle with Star (Grosskreuz des Deutschen Adlerordens)
3. Order of the German Eagle 1st Class (Deutscher Adlerorden, Erste Stufe)
4. Order of the German Eagle 2nd Class (Deutscher Adlerorden, Zweite Stufe)
5. Order of the German Eagle 3rd Class (Deutscher Adlerorden, Dritte Stufe)
6. Order of the German Eagle 4th Class (Deutscher Adlerorden, Vierte Stufe)
7. Order of the German Eagle 5th Class (Deutscher Adlerorden, Fünfte Stufe)
8. Silver Medal of Merit (Silberne Verdienstmedaille)
9. Bronze Medal of Merit (Bronzene Verdienstmedaille)

Recipients

Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle in Gold with Diamonds

• Benito Mussolini

Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle in Gold with Star

The Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle in Gold was awarded fourteen times:^[2]

• Ion Antonescu, Chief-of-staff of the Romanian army
• King Boris III of Bulgaria
• Galeazzo Ciano Conte di Cortelazzo, Italy
• Roberto Farinacci, Italy
• Francisco Franco, Spanish politician (de facto Regent of Spain and general (last holder of the Grand Cross at the time of his death in 1975).
• Dr. Wilhelm Frick, Reichsminister
• Heinrich Himmler, Reichsführer SS
• Admiral Miklós Horthy, Hungary
• Field Marshal Carl Gustav Emil Mannerheim, Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish armed forces
• Constantin Freiherr von Neurath, Reich Foreign Minister
• General Hideki Tojo, Japanese Prime Minister
• General Hiroshi Ōshima, Japanese ambassador
• Joachim von Ribbentrop, Reich Foreign Minister
• Risto Ryti, President of Finland

Grand Cross

• Luang Praditmanutham (Pridi Banomyong), Minister of Foreign Affairs of Thailand, 1938^[4]
• HRH Prince Wan Waithayakon of Siam, 1938^[4]
• Henry Ford was awarded the Grand Cross of the German Eagle on his 75th birthday, 30 July 1938.^[2][5]
• Swedish explorer Sven Hedin was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle on his 75th birthday on 19 February 1940.^[6]
• General Olof Thörnell, Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces, was awarded the Grand Cross of the German Eagle 7 October 1940.^[2]
• Achille Starace, Secretary of the Fascist Party of Italy

Other classes

Number awarded unknown.

• Emil Kirdof, director of the Gelsenkirchen industrial consortium (awarded by Hitler on 8 April 1937).
• Thomas J. Watson, chairman of IBM, 1937. Watson was also president of the International Chamber of Commerce in 1937; the medal was awarded while the ICC was meeting in Germany that year.^[7]
• Ernest G. Liebold, Henry Ford's private secretary, was awarded Order of the German Eagle 1st Class in September 1938.^[8]
• Charles Lindbergh was awarded the Order of the German Eagle with Star 19 October 1938.^[2]
• James Mooney, General Motors' chief executive for overseas operations, was awarded Order of the German Eagle 1st Class.^[2]
• Giovanni Gentile, Knight of the Order of the Eagle II class German (July 1940).
• Ing. Ugo Conte (1884–1951), Rome Chief Engineer, was awarded Order of the German Eagle 2nd Class on 16 December 1938 for leading team in the construction of first German motorway.
• Finnish Minister of Defence Rudolf Walden was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle.^[9]
• Finnish leader of the Lotta Svärd organization Fanni Luukkonen was awarded the Order of the German Eagle with Star on 19 May 1943. She was the only non-German woman to receive the medal.

See also

• Order of the Red Eagle (Prussian)
• Order of the Black Eagle (Prussian)

References

1. 1 2 "AWM Collection Record: RELAWM30337A". Australian War Memorial. September 2008. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 2008-12-01. 
2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Wendel, Marcus. "Holders of the Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle in Gold". Axis History Factbook. Retrieved 2009-09-17. 
3. ↑ David Littlejohn; Colonel C. M. Dodkins. (1968). Orders, Decorations, Medals and Badges of the Third Reich. R.James Bender Publishing California. p. 20 confirms all 3 German recipients. 
4. 1 2 "Hitler Honours Siamese". The Straits Times. 3 April 1938. p. 3. 
5. ↑ Cabadas, Joe (2004). River Rouge. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-7603-1708-2.  cited in Joe Cabadas (2008). River Rouge. Google Book Search. Retrieved 2008-12-01. 
6. ↑ Wennerholm, Eric. Sven Hedin - En biografi
7. ↑ Geoffrey G. Jones, Adrian Brown, "Thomas J. Watson, IBM and Nazi Germany", Harvard Business School Case 9-807-133, October 2008
8. ↑ Lewis, David L. (1976). The Public Image of Henry Ford: An American Folk Hero and His Company. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 149–150. ISBN 0814318924. 
9. ↑ Einar W. Juva: "Rudolf Walden 1872-1946" page 621