Oliver Grau

Grau in transmediale 2010.

Oliver Grau (born 24 October 1965) is a German art historian and media theoretician with a focus on image science, modernity and media art as well as culture of the 19th century and Italian art of the Renaissance.

Works

Oliver Grau is Professor of Image Science and Head of the Department for Image Science at the Danube University Krems.

His books include:

• Virtual Art: From Illusion to Immersion (MIT Press/Leonardo Books, 2003)
• Mediale Emotionen (Fischer, 2005)
• MediaArtHistories (MIT Press/Leonardo Books, 2007).
• Imagery in the 21st Century. Cambridge, MA: MIT-Press 2011.

He has conducted international invited lecture tours,^[1] received numerous awards,^[2] and produced international publications in English, Spanish, Portuguese, Serbian, Macedonian, Slovenian, Korean, Chinese. His main research is in the history of media art, immersion (virtual reality), and emotions, as well as the history, idea and culture of telepresence and artificial life.

Immersion research

Grau's book Virtual Art, which received more than 70 reviews,^[3] offered for the first time a historic comparison in image-viewer theory of immersion as well as a systematic analysis of the triad of artist, work and viewer on conditions of digital art. The research is linked to the novel model of an evolutionary history of illusionistic which results on the one hand from a relative dependence on new sensual potentials of suggestion and on the other hand from the variable strength of alienation of the viewer (media competence)(Grau 2000).

Using an interdisciplinary approach Grau also analysed methods which elicit or heighten the impression of immersion in digital image spaces for the viewer. He found that this is primarily induced by interaction; reaction of the images in real-time to the viewer’s movements (Grau 1999–2007), the utilisation of evolutionary image processes — for example, genetic algorithms — (Grau 1997 and 2001), haptic feedback, the natural design of the interface (Grau 2002), the impression of telematic presence (Grau 2000), and particularly the dimensions and design of the image display, which must fill the viewer’s field of vision completely and extend up to 360° both horizontally and vertically (Grau 2001 and 2003). These studies sought to transcend customary single media approaches in research on perceptual illusions and to introduce concepts such as polysensuality, suggestive potential, image space, disposition of the individual observer, and evolution of the visual media as well as to expand the theoretical work on distance by Ernst Cassirer and Erwin Panofsky, amongst others. In addition Grau undertook studies of innovative linkages of architecture and immersive moving images (Grau 2003,etc.), as well as of immersion in the history of film (Grau 2006 and 2007). The majority of these publications resulted from two research projects of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG — German Research Foundation): Art History and Media Theories of Virtual Reality, 1998–2002, and Immersive Art, 2002–2005.

Emotion research

Several research projects conducted at the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities and the German Academyof Sciences Leopoldina and two summer academies supported by the Volkswagen Foundation gave rise to an interdisciplinary study on the history of managing feelings through images and sound (Grau 2005). Building on the work of Antonio Damasio, Joseph LeDoux, and Wolf Singer, and using the examples of Matthias Grünewald’s Isenheimer Altarpiece, Leni Riefenstahl’s film Triumph of the Will, and the computer game “America’s Army”, it was demonstrated how emotional experiences with images can forge a sense of community; in this way a contribution was made to research on a problematic key concept of image science.

Media Art Histories and Image Science

Since 2002 Grau has initiated interdisciplinary meetings and world conferences of scholars working on media art and its history (cf. Grau 2007); the first conference on the history of media art was held in Banff, Canada, in 2005. Further conferences were organised in Berlin (2007), Melbourne (2009), Liverpool (2011), Riga (2013) the series continues with a conference in Montreal in 2015. His volume "Imagery in the 21st Century", MIT-Press 2011 expanded the context of Image Science.

Tools for image science

Grau conceived new scientific tools for image science and directed the project "Immersive Art" of the German Research Foundation (DFG) developing the first international Archive for Digital Art (ADA, since 1999), which is being continued at the Danube University Krems as an open source project. ADA is the first online archive that, since 2000, has regularly streamed video documentations. Since 2005 Grau also manages the database of the Graphic Art Collection of Göttweig Abbey, the largest private graphic collection in Austria, which contains over 30,000 works, from Albrecht Dürer to Gustav Klimt, and is accessible online since 2007.

Grau has conceived new scientific tools for the humanities/digital humanities, he managed the project "Immersive Art" of The German Research Foundation (DFG) whose team started developing in 1998 the first international archive for digital art^[4] written on an open source platform at the Danube-University Krems and has since been followed up by a number of spin-off projects. Since 2000 the DVA was the first online archive to regularly stream video documentations. Since 2005 Grau is head of the database of Goettweigs Graphic Collection, Austria's largest private graphic collection that contains 30,000 works, ranging from Albrecht Dürer to Gustav Klimt.

Teaching

Grau developed new international curricula for image sciences: MediaArtHistories MA, academic expert programmes in Digital Collection Management and Exhibit Design, Visual Competencies and the masters course in Image Science.^[5] Moreover, with the Danube Telelectures a new interactive format of lectures and debates came into being that is streamed worldwide.

After his studies in Hamburg, Siena and Berlin and his doctoral work, Grau lectured at the Humboldt University Berlin, was a guest researcher in several research labs in Japan and USA and following his post doctoral lecture qualification (habilitation) in 2003, he worked as professor at different international universities. He has acted as adviser for international professional journals and different associations. Grau manages different conferences.^[6] Since 2002 Grau tried to bring together the research on media art and its history which is dispersed over many fields and therefore was founding director of Refresh! First International Conference on the History of Media Art, Science and Technology, Banff 2005 (2007 Berlin, 2009 Melbourne, 2011 Liverpool, 2013 Riga, 2015 Montreal)). O. Grau: MediaArtHistories, MIT-Press 2007 and the online text archive mediaarthistory.org result from the world conference series.

Awards and distinctions

Awards among other things: 2001 voted into Young Academy of the Berlin-Brandenburgischen Scientific Academy and the Leopoldina; 2002 InterNations/Goethe Institute; 2003 Book of the Month, Scientific American; 2003 Research Scholarship from the German-Italian Center Villa Vigoni; 2004 Media Award of the Humboldt University Society. 2014 he received an honorary doctorate and in 2015 he was elected into the Academia Europaea.

writings (monographs)

• Die Sehnsucht, im Bild zu sein. Zur Kunstgeschichte der virtuellen Realität. Dissertation. Humboldt-Universität, Berlin 1999.
• Virtual Art. From Illusion to Immersion. MIT-Press, Cambridge 2003 (Chinesisch 2006, Serbisch 2008, Portugiesisch 2009).
• Bildwerdung. Habilitationsschrift. Kunstuniversität, Linz 2004.
• Эмоции и иммерсия: ключевые элементы визуальных исследований / Пер. с нем. А. М. Гайсина, EDIOS Publishing House, St. Petersburg 2013.

writings (selected editions)

• Imagery of the 21st Century, Cambridge: MIT-Press 2011.
• MediaArtHistories, Cambridge: MIT Press 2007 (Übersetzungen in Brasilien und Mazedonien).
• Mediale Emotionen. Zur Lenkung von Gefühlen durch Bild und Sound, (gemeinsam mit Andreas Keil): Frankfurt/Main: Fischer 2005.

Published databases

• Archive of Digital Art www.digitalartarchive.at, since 2000
• Media Art Histories www.MediaArtHistories.org, since 2005
• Graphische Sammlung Göttweig online www.gssg.at, since 2007

Selected publications

• Druckgrafik bis Medienkunst: Neue Analyseinstrumente für die historisch vergleichende Bildforschung. in: Rundbrief Fotografie, Vol. 21 (2014), No. 1/2 [N.F. 81/82], S. 108-116.
• Our Digital Culture Threatened by Loss, in: The World Financial Review, 2014, pp. 40–42.
• New Perspectives for the (Digital) Humanities, in: The Challenge of the Object, Congress Proceedings of the 33rd Congress of the International Committee of the History of Art. T. 1-3. Ed. by G. Ulrich Großmann/Petra Krutisch, Nuremberg 2013, S. 990-994.
• Image Science & MediaArtHistories. New Infrastructures for 21st Century. in: Gunther Friesinger, Johannes Grenzfurthner, Thomas Ballhaus (Eds.): Mind and Matter. Comparative Approaches towards Complexity, Bielefeld: transcript 2011, S. 29-37.
• Media Art’s Challenge for our Societies. in: 2010 International Humanities Conference, Boundary Crossing Humanities and Symbiotic Society, Yonsei University, Seoul 2010, S. 163-193.
• Imagery in the 21st Century. MIT-Press, Cambridge 2011. With contributions by James Elkins, Eduardo Kac, Peter Weibel, Lev Manovich, Olaf Breitbach, Martin Kemp, Sean Cubitt, Christa Sommerer, Marie Luise Angerer, Wendy Chun a.o.
• Renewing knowledge structures for Media Art. in: EVA London 2010. Electronic Visualisation and the Arts, BCS London, Alan SEAL, Jonathan BOWEN and Kia NG (Eds.), S. 286-295.
• Истории на медиумската уметност (Media Art Histories, Macedonian Translation), Генекс, Кочани, 2009
• Lembrem a Fantasmagoria! Política da Ilusão do Século XVIII e sua vida após a morte Multimídia, In: Diana Domingues: Arte, Ciência e Tecnologia (Media Art Histories, Portuguese Translation), São Paulo, Editora Unesp: 2009
• Living Habitats: Immersive Strategies. in: Christa Sommerer, Laurent Mignonneau (Hg.): Interactive Art Research, Springer, Vienna/New York 2009, S. 170-175.
• Media Art Needs Histories and Archives. in: Zhuangshi, Beijing 2008, No. 7, S. 50-61.
• Virtuelna umetnost, (Virtual Art: From Illusion to Immersion, Serbian Translation), Beograd: Clio, 2008
• Media art needs Histories and Archives (Korean Translation), In: The 5th Seoul international Media Art Biennale, conference proceedings, Seoul: 2008
• Intermedijske etap navidezne resni`cnosti v 20. stoletju: Umetnost kot navdih evolucije medijev (Intermedia Stages of Virtual Reality in the Twentieth Century: Art as Inspiration of Evolving Media, Slovenian Translation), In: Mojca Zlokarnik: Likovne Besede, Ljubljana, Janus: 2008
• The Recombinant Reality – Immersion and Interactive Image Spaces. in: Synthetic Times, Cambridge, M.A.: MIT Press 2008, S. 72-93 (German/Chinese).
• “Vorsicht! Es scheint, das er direkt auf die Dunkelheit zustürzt, in der Sie sitzen.” Immersions- und Emotionsforschung, Kernelemente der Bildwissenschaft. in: Klaus Herding/Antje Krause-Wahl (Eds.): Wie sich Gefühle Ausdruck verschaffen, Taunusstein: Verlag Dr. H. H. Driesen GmbH 2007, S. 263-288.
• Media Art Histories, MIT Press/Leonardo Books, 2007.
• Phantasmagorischer Bildzauber des 18. Jahrhunderts und sein Nachleben in der Medienkunst. in: Brigitte Felderer (Ed.): Rare Künste: Zur Kultur und Mediengeschichte der Zauberkunst, Vienna 2006, S. 461-480.
• Virtual Art: From Illusion to Immersion, (Chinese Translation), Tsinghua University Press 2006
• Kunst als Inspiration medialer Evolution: Überwindungsvisionen der Kinoleinwand vom Stereopticon zur Telepräsenz. in: Thomas Hensel, Klaus Krüger, Tanja Michalsky (Eds.): Das bewegte Bild. Film und Kunst, Munich 2006, S. 419-448.
• MedienKunstGeschichte: Für eine transdisziplinäre Bildwissenschaft in: Matthias Bruhn and Karsten Borgmann (Eds.): Sichtbarkeit der Geschichte. Beiträge zu einer Historiografie der Bilder / ed. for H-Arthist and H-Soz-u-Kult. Berlin: Clio-online and Humboldt University of Berlin 2005.
• Mediale Emotionen. Zur Lenkung von Gefühlen durch Bild und Sound Fischer, Frankfurt/Main 2005.
• Arte Virtual. Da Ilusào à imersào (Virtual Art, Portuguese Translation), São Paulo, Editora Unesp: 2005
• Der Digitale Bau: Aktuelle Tendenzen der Raumvisualisierung und ihre Vorläufer in: Thesis, Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, 2004, Vol. 3, S. 112-121.
• For an Expanded Concept of Documentation: The Database of Virtual Art, ICHIM, École du Louvre, Cultural institutions and digital technology, acte publié avec le soutien de la Mission de la Recherche et de la Technologie du Ministère della Culture et de la Communication, Paris 2003, Proceedings, CD-Rom, pp. 2-15.
• Virtual Art: From Illusion to Immersion, MIT Press/Leonardo Books, 2003.
• The Database of Virtual Art: For an expanded concept of documentation, in: ICHIM, Ecole du Louvre, Ministere de la Culture et de la Communication, Proceedings, Paris 2003, S. 2-15.
• Bilder von Kunst und Wissenschaft: Auf dem Weg zur Bildwissenschaft, in: Gegenworte: Zeitschrift für den Disput über Wissen, edited by BBAW, Berlin 2002, pp. 25-30.
• Kunst als Inspiration medialer Evolution. Intermediale Etappen des Virtuellen im 20. Jahrhundert, in: Christoph Tholen (Ed.): Intervalle 5, Schriftenreihe des Wissenschaftlichen Zentrums der Universität Kassel: Kassel University Press 2002, pp. 57-76.
• New Images from Life, in: Art Inquiry: Recherches sur les Arts, Ryszard Kluszinsky (Ed.), annual publication by Lodz Scientific Society, 2001, pp. 7-26.
• Zwischen Bildsuggestion und Distanzgewinn, in: Klaus Sachs-Hombach (Ed.): Vom Realismus der Bilder: Interdisziplinäre Forschungen zur Semantik bildlicher Darstellungsformen, Magdeburg 2001, pp. 213-227.
• Telepräsenz: Zu Genealogie und Epistemologie von Interaktion und Simulation, in: Peter Gendolla u.a. (Hg.): Formen interaktiver Medienkunst. Geschichte, Tendenzen, Utopien, Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp 2001, S. 39-63.
• The History of Telepresence: Automata, Illusion, and The Rejection of the Body in: Ken Goldberg (Ed.): The Robot in the Garden: Telerobotics and Telepistemology on the Internet, Cambridge/Mass.: MIT-Press 2000, pp. 226-246.
• Into the Belly of the Image: Historical Aspects of Virtual Reality, in: Leonardo: Journal of the International Society for the Arts, Sciences and Technology, Vol. 32, Issue 5, 1999, pp. 365-372.
• Hingabe an das Nichts: Der Cyberspace zwischen Utopie, Ökonomie und Kunst, in: Medien.Kunst.Passagen, No. 4, 1994, pp. 17–30.

Boardmember of scientific journals and institutions

• RUNDBRIEF FOTOGRAFIE, Deutschland
• International Journal of Art and Technology, United Kingdom
• EKFRASE: Nordisk Tidsskrift for Visuell Kultur, Norway
• International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, United Kingdom
• IMAGES, Journal for Visual Studies in Southeast Europe
• IJArt Journal, United Kingdom
• JUNCTURES The Journal for Thematic Dialogue, New Zealand
• Jordan Journal of the Arts
• SECOND NATURE: International Journal of Creative Media, Australia
• Interdisciplinary Research Center Humanities/Art/Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland

References

External links

• Profile, Danube University Krems, Austria
• Oliver Grau in the German National Library catalogue