Naia (skeleton)

Naia (designated as HN5/48) is a 12,000- to 13,000-year-old human skeleton of a teenage female that was found in the Yucatán, Mexico. The bones were part of a 2007 discovery of a cache of animal bones in an underwater chamber called Hoyo Negro (Spanish for "Black Hole") in the Sistema Sac Actun.[1] Her name is derived from a type of water nymph in Greek mythology - the Naiads. The remains have been described as the "oldest, most complete and genetically intact human skeleton in the New World".[2]

Genetic testing

The original report stated that "HN5/48 is among the small group of Paleoamerican skeletons, a group that is morphologically distinct from Native Americans." Genetic testing indicated a genetic link between Paleoamericans and modern indigenous peoples of the Americas[3] as testing found MtDNA haplotype D1, a "founding lineage" that may have developed in Beringia.[3]

The report concluded that "HN5/48 shows that the distinctive craniofacial morphology and generalized dentition of Paleoamericans can co-occur with a Beringian derived mtDNA haplogroup. This 13- to 12-ka Paleoamerican skeleton thus suggests that Paleoamericans represent an early population expansion out of Beringia, not an earlier migration from elsewhere in Eurasia. This is consistent with hypotheses that both Paleoamericans and Native Americans derive from a single source population, whether or not all share a lineal relationship... the differences in craniofacial form between Native Americans and their Paleoamerican predecessors are best explained as evolutionary changes that postdate the divergence of Beringians from their Siberian ancestors."[3]

A report published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology in January 2015 looked again at craniofacial variation focusing on differences between early and late Native Americans and explanations for these based on either skull morphology or molecular genetics. Arguments based on molecular genetics have in the main, according to the authors, accepted a single migration from Asia with a probable pause in Berengia, plus later bi-directional gene flow. Studies focusing on craniofacial morphology have argued that Paleoamerican remains have "been described as much closer to African and Australo-Melanesians populations than to the modern series of Native Americans", suggesting two entries into the Americas, an early one occurring before a distinctive East Asian morphology developed (referred to in the paper as the "Two Components Model". A third model, the "Recurrent Gene Flow" [RGF] model, attempts to reconcile the two, arguing that circumarctic gene flow after the initial migration could account for morphological changes. Noting that the original report on the Hoyo Negro skeleton supported the RGF model, the authors disagreed with the conclusion suggesting that the skull shape did not match those of modern Native Americans, arguing that the "skull falls into a subregion of the morphospace occupied by both Paleoamericans and some modern Native Americans."[4][5]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hodges, Glen (2014-05-14). "Most Complete Ice Age Skeleton Helps Solve Mystery of First Americans". National Geographic.
  2. ↑ Kumar, Mohi (2014-05-15). "DNA From 12,000-Year-Old Skeleton Helps Answer the Question: Who Were the First Americans?". Smithsonian.com.
  3. 1 2 3 James C. Chatters, Douglas J. Kennett, Yemane Asmerom, Brian M. Kemp, Victor Polyak, Alberto Nava Blank, Patricia A. Beddows, Eduard Reinhardt, Joaquin Arroyo-Cabrales, Deborah A. Bolnick, Ripan S. Malhi, Brendan J. Culleton, Pilar Luna Erreguerena, Dominique Rissolo, Shanti Morell-Hart, Thomas W. Stafford Jr. (2014-05-16). "Late Pleistocene Human Skeleton and mtDNA Link Paleoamericans and Modern Native Americans" (PDF). Science. 344: 750–754. doi:10.1126/science.1252619.
  4. ↑ de Azvedo, Soledad; Bortolini, Maria C.; Bonatto, Sandro L.; Hunemeier, Tabita; Santos, Fabrıcio R. S; Gonzalez-Jose, Rolando (January 2015). "Ancient Remains and the First Peopling of the Americas: Reassessing the Hoyo Negro Skull". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 148: 514–521.
  5. ↑ de Azevedo, Soledad; Quinto-Sánchez, Mirsha; Paschetta, Carolina; González-José, Rolando (November 2015). "The first human settlement of the New World: A closer look at craniofacial variation and evolution of early and late Holocene Native American groups". Quaternary International. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.012.
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