Moodle

Moodle

Screenshot of a Student's My home page from the Mount Orange demo site moodle.org/demo
Original author(s)	Martin Dougiamas
Developer(s)	Martin Dougiamas Moodle HQ Moodle Community
Stable release	3.1.3 / November 14, 2016 (2016-11-14)[1]
Repository	github.com/moodle/moodle
Written in	PHP
Operating system	Cross-platform
Type	Course management system
License	GPLv3+[2]
Website	moodle.org

Moodle is a free and open-source software learning management system written in PHP and distributed under the GNU General Public License.^[3][4] Developed on pedagogical principles,^[5][6] Moodle is used for blended learning, distance education, flipped classroom and other e-learning projects in schools, universities, workplaces and other sectors.^[7][8]

With customizable management features, it is used to create private websites with online courses for educators and trainers to achieve learning goals.^[9][10] Moodle (acronym for modular object-oriented dynamic learning environment) allows for extending and tailoring learning environments using community sourced plugins.^[11]

Overview

Moodle was originally developed by Martin Dougiamas to help educators create online courses with a focus on interaction and collaborative construction of content, and it is in continual evolution. The first version of Moodle was released on 20 August 2002. Nowadays the Moodle Project is led and coordinated by Moodle HQ, an Australian company of 30 developers which is financially supported by a network of eighty four Moodle Partner service companies worldwide. Moodle's development has also been assisted by the work of open-source programmers.^[12]

Moodle as a learning platform can enhance existing learning environments.^[13] As an E-learning tool, Moodle has a wide range of standard and innovative features^[14] such as calendar and Gradebook.^[15] Moodle is a leading virtual learning environment^[16][17][18] and can be used in many types of environments such as education, training and development^[19] and in business settings.^[20]

Plugins

Plugins are a flexible tool set, allowing Moodle users to extend the features of the site. There are hundreds of plugins for Moodle, extending the features of Moodle's core functionality.^[21] Each plugin is maintained in the Moodle plugins directory. As of April 2015, there are over 1,000 plugins available for Moodle with over 7 million downloads.

Themes

Graphical themes for Moodle can be installed to change the look and functionality of a Moodle site or of an individual course.

Translations

Moodle has been translated in over 100 languages, available for any site administrator to install.^[22] People in various countries maintain and contribute to the various language packs.^[23]

Mobile

Many Moodle themes, based on responsive web design, allow Moodle to be used on mobile devices. Also, a Moodle mobile app is available in Google Play, App Store (iOS), and the Windows Phone Store.

E-learning standards support

Moodle has adopted the following e-learning standards:

• Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM) is a collection of elearning standards and specifications that define communications between client side content and a server side learning management system, as well as how externally authored content should be packaged in order to integrate with the LMS effectively. There are two versions: SCORM 1.2 and SCORM 2004. Moodle is SCORM 1.2 compliant, and passes all the tests in the ADL Conformance test suite 1.2.7 for SCORM 1.2. SCORM 2004 is not supported in Moodle, however Rustici Software have a Moodle plugin which can turn any Moodle site into a fully compliant SCORM 2004 LMS.^[24]
• The AICC HACP standard for CMI was developed by the Aviation Industry Computer-Based Training Committee (AICC) and is used to call externally authored content and assessment packages. AICC content packages are supported in Moodle 2.1 and later versions.
• IMS Content Packages can also be imported into Moodle. In addition, Moodle Book activities can be exported as IMS Content Packages.
• Learning Tools Interoperability (LTI) is a standard way of integrating rich learning applications (often remotely hosted and provided through third-party services) with educational platforms. Moodle uses the External Tool activity to act as an 'LTI consumer' as standard, and will act as an 'LTI provider' using a plugin.

Deployment

Users can download and install Moodle on a Web server, such as Apache HTTP Server, and a number of database management systems, such as PostgreSQL, are supported. Pre-built combinations of Moodle with a Web server and database are available for Microsoft Windows and Macintosh. Other automated installation approaches exist, such as installing a Debian package, deploying a ready-to-use TurnKey Moodle appliance, using the Bitnami installer, or using a "one-click install" service such as Installatron.

Certified Moodle Partners provide other Moodle services, including hosting, training, customization and content development.^[25] This network of providers support development of the Moodle project through royalties.^[26]

Interoperability

Moodle runs without modification on Unix, Linux, FreeBSD, Windows, OS X, NetWare and any other systems that support PHP and a database, including webhost providers.

Moodle also has import features for use with other specific systems, such as importing quizzes or entire courses from Blackboard or WebCT. As of February 2010, Moodle will not import Blackboard courses, apparently due to changes in php code-releases.^[27]

In March 2012 Blackboard acquired two companies based on Moodle's software including Baltimore-based Moodlerooms Inc. and NetSpot of Adelaide, Australia.^[28] In August 2015, Blackboard acquired Colombia-based Nivel7, possibly the largest Moodle services provider in Latin America.^[29] The Red Hat site, Opensource.com, reports that Moodle will always be an open source project, with clear delineation between Blackboard and Moodle.^[30]

For many schools, colleges and universities, SIMS integration is key to ensure a seamless data flow from the Management Information System through to the Learning Platform and back again. Many Learning Platforms do not enable write-back functionality, however this is often a key requirement from schools needing to write data onto their MIS and back again.

Background

Origins

Martin Dougiamas, who has graduate degrees in computer science and education, wrote the first version of Moodle. Dougiamas started a Ph.D. to examine "the use of open source software to support a social constructionist epistemology of teaching and learning within Internet-based communities of reflective inquiry." Although how exactly social constructionism makes Moodle different from other eLearning platforms is difficult to show, it has been cited as an important factor by Moodle adopters.^[31][32] Other Moodle adopters, such as the Open University in the UK, have pointed out that Learning Management Systems can equally be seen as "relatively pedagogy-neutral".^[33]

Pedagogical approach

The stated philosophy of Moodle includes a constructivist and social constructionist approach to education, emphasizing that learners (and not just teachers) can contribute to the educational experience.^[34] Using these pedagogical principles, Moodle provides an environment for learning communities.^[35]

Origin of name

The acronym Moodle stands for modular object-oriented dynamic learning environment. (In the early years the "m" stood for "Martin's", named after Martin Dougiamas, the original developer). As well as being an acronym, the name was chosen because of the dictionary definition of Moodle^[36] and to correspond to an available domain name.^[37]

Development

Moodle has continued to evolve since 1999 (since 2001 with the current architecture). It has been translated into over 100 different languages and is accessible in many countries worldwide.^[38] Institutions can add as many Moodle servers as needed without having to pay license fees. The Open University of the UK currently uses a Moodle installation for their 200,000 users^[39] while the UK government uses a Moodle installation for their Civil Service Learning platform serving half a million employees.^[40]

Releases

Moodle conferences

A MoodleMoot is a conference for Moodle community members, held to learn about Moodle, share experiences of the learning platform, discuss research in related educational technologies and contribute ideas to future Moodle development. Held around the world, MoodleMoots are organised by universities or other large organisations using Moodle, Moodle Partners, Moodle associations or Moodle HQ.

Adoption

In the higher education market in the United States as of fall 2013, Moodle is the second largest provider with 23% market share, following Blackboard (41%), with Desire2Learn (11%) and Instructure as number three and four providers.^[42]

See also

• Educational technology
• Student Information System
• List of applications with iCalendar support
• Online learning community
• List of free and open-source software packages

References

External links

• Official website