Monsaraz

Monsaraz
Parish

A view from the hilltop of Monte Xarez, showing the Castle of Monsaraz

Coat of arms
Monsaraz
Coordinates: 38°26′38″N 7°22′52″W / 38.444°N 7.381°W / 38.444; -7.381Coordinates: 38°26′38″N 7°22′52″W / 38.444°N 7.381°W / 38.444; -7.381
Country Portugal
Region Alentejo
Subregion Alentejo Central
Intermunic. comm. Alentejo Central
District Évora
Municipality Reguengos de Monsaraz
Area
 • Total 88.29 km2 (34.09 sq mi)
Elevation 195 m (640 ft)
Population (2011)
 • Total 782
 • Density 8.9/km2 (23/sq mi)
Postal code 7200
Area code 266
Patron Santa Maria da Lagoa
Website http://www.monsaraz.pt/

Monsaraz is a civil parish (freguesia) of the municipality of the Reguengos de Monsaraz, on the right margin of the Guadiana River in Portuguese Alentejo region, near its border with Spain. The population in 2011 was 782,[1] in an area of 88.29 km².[2]

History

The Megalithic monuments of the Cromlech of Xerez
The Castle keep of Monsaraz, centre of tourism in the parish
The rooftop architecture of the medieval town on the hill

Due to its geographic position, the hilltop of Monsaraz always occupied an important place in the history of the municipality, having been occupied by different peoples since the pre-historical record.[3] It is one of the oldest Portuguese settlements of the southern Portugal, occupied since pre-history, whose examples of permanent habitation include hundreds of megalithic monuments. These include the neolithic remains of: Megalithic Monuments of Herdade de Xerez, Olival da Pega Dolmen (Anta), Bulhoa Menhir, Rocha dos Namorados Menhir and Outeiro Menhir. The hill, on which the main settlement is located, was a pre-historic fortification, or castro, that was the basis of pre-Roman occupation and funerary temples, carved from the local rock.

Monsaraz was reorganized during the Roman occupation, but later successively occupied by the Visigoths, Arabs, Mozarabs, Jews, and, after the Reconquista, Christians loyal to Afonso Henriques. In the 8th century, Monsaraz fell under the dominion of Arab forces who occupied the Iberian Peninsula, becoming known as Saris or Sharish, and following the control of the Taifa of Badajoz (one of the more prominent Arab centres at the time).[3] The name Monsaraz originates from the word Xarez or Xerez, the Iberian transliteration of the Arabic Saris or Sharish, for the Gum Rockrose (Cistus ladanifer L.), a plant that still today prospers in poor, dry, acidic slate-based soil that surrounds Monsaraz. The Iberian words Xarez/Xerez latter evolved to the Portuguese Xaraz and to the Spanish {Castilian) Jerez (the Spanish name for the sherry wine). The settlement that became Monsaraz, originated from the Monte Xaraz, a fortified hill surrounded by Gum Rockroses. It is natural position, the highest hill in the area and proximity to the deep Guadiana valley, made it a location of strategic importance.

In 1167, the Castle and medina was taken by Geraldo Sem Pavor, in an expedition that came from Évora (which had just been retaken, about the same time).[3] After, Afonso Henriques' defeat in Badajoz, Monsaraz was once again taken by Muslim forces.[3] In 1232, supported by the Knights Templar, King Sancho II definitively retook the citadel and town, placing it under the control of the Templars, and obligating them to establish a garrison that would protect the border.[3] The Christian repopulation of Monsaraz ended around the reign of Afonso III, when it was assigned an alcalde, the knight Martim Anes, and first letter of foral.

In 1263 it was already an important fortress, being the head of a municipality, with large privileges. The local economy was fundamentally based on agriculture and livestock, existing some small artesnal industries producing terra cotta earthenware and hammered copper.

After the Portuguese Interregnum (1383-1385), the town of Monsaraz was integrated into the dominions of the House of Braganza under Nuno Álvares Pereira.[3] By 1412, it is inherited by Fernando, his son, becoming one of the more precious profit centres in the Ducal estates.

In 1512, King Manuel of Portugal issued a foral (charter) to the Vila de Monsaraz, reformulating the public and jurisdictional administration of the municipality.[3]

The demographic crises created by the plague forced the Duke of Bragança, in 1527 to carry out small land reforms in order to promote the settlement Monsaraz. The small plots were established in the area surrounding this village.

Following the Portuguese Restoration War, in 1640, the castle received new tactical defenses, that included a new walled bastion, that allowed the city-fort to be integrated into the system of defences that connected Elvas, Juromenha, Olivença and Mourão.[3]

The condition of the walled medieval city, the growth of the farm estates of Reguengos, the richness of the artesnal production and vineyards, and more importantly, the loyalty towards the Miguelist forces during the Liberal Wars were all factors that contributed to the shifting of the municipal seat from Monsaraz to Vila Nova de Reguengos in 1838,[3] a fact that became permanent after 1851.[3]

Geography

The parish of Monsaraz is located in the northeast corner of the municipality of Reguengos de Monsaraz fronting the Guadiana River and Alqueva Dam to the east, Corval to the west and Campinho to the south in the municipality of Reguengos de Monsaraz. Across the reservoir to the east is the parish of Mourão (in the municipality of Mourão) and to the north the parish of Capelins (in the municipality of Alandroal).

Architecture

The Megalithic Monuments of Herdade de Xerez, showing the age of the region
The white-washed Mannerist fountain of the Telheiro
The pillory of Monsaraz across from the square from the Parochial church of Nossa Senhora da Lagoa

Prehistoric

Civic

Military

Religious

References

  1. ↑ Instituto Nacional de Estatística
  2. ↑ Direção-Geral do Território
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Junta Freguesia, ed. (2009). "Historial" (in Portuguese). Junta Freguesia de Monsaraz. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
  4. ↑ Branco, Manuel; Nunes, Castro (1994), SIPA, ed., Atalaia de São Gens/Torre de São Gens do Xarez (PT040711030003) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, retrieved 7 April 2012
  5. ↑ Branco, Manuel; Nunes, Castro; Figueiredo, Paula (2001), SIPA, ed., Capela de São Bento/Ermida de São Bento (PT040711030018) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, retrieved 7 April 2012
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