Missile defense systems by country

This article is about efforts by various countries to develop nationwide missile defense systems. For other uses, see Missile defense and Anti-ballistic missile.

Missile defense systems are a type of missile defense intended to shield a country against incoming missiles, such as intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBMs) or other ballistic missiles. The United States, Russia, France, India, and Israel have all developed missile defense systems.[1]

Definitions

The role of defense against nuclear missiles has been a heated military and political topic for several decades. However, missile defense is no longer limited to interception of strategic nuclear weapons. The gradual development and proliferation of missile technology has blurred the line between the technologies for the interception of tactical missiles (usually short to intermediate range with non-nuclear payloads) and the interception of strategic missiles (usually long ranged with nuclear payloads). High-performance tactical ballistic missiles carrying non-nuclear payloads now have the ability to affect strategic balance in conflict zones. Likewise, high-performance tactical missile defense systems can now influence force deployment strategies.

China

China tested the FJ ABM in the Cold War but they were ultimately cancelled. The PLA has currently developed the KT series of anti ballistic missiles and also have adopted limited anti ballistic capabilities on the HQ-9, KS series, and HQ-16.

China successfully tested its exoatmospheric interception capabilities in a test in 2010 and also in a test in 2013, being the second of two countries able to do so.

Four versions of the S-300 are in service, the PMU, PMU1 and PMU2 and the navalised S-300FM Rif. Based on the S-300PMU1, the Rif equips the PLAN’s two Type 51C Luzhou air-defence destroyers enabling them to contribute to the protection of a coastal site against SRBM attack.[3]

The S-300PMU2 has the best chance of intercepting an SRBM missile as it employs the 48N6E2 missile which has a warhead optimised for destroying ballistic missiles, and better kinematics compared to earlier 48N6 missiles.[3]

HQ-9 may have some ABM capability.[Note 1][3]

However, it might be noted that on 11 January 2007 the Chinese successfully performed an anti-satellite missile test[4] using a KT-1[Note 2] missile with a Kinetic Kill Vehicle mounted.[3]

New missiles, the HQ-19, HQ-26, and HQ-29, are being built.[5]

France, UK, and Italy

HMS Diamond (D34) a Royal Navy Type 45 destroyer equipped with the Sylver A-50 VLS and Aster 15 and 30 missiles. Diamond fired her missiles for the first time during May 2012 successfully intercepting a Mirach drone.[6]

Italy and France have developed a missile family called Aster (Aster 15 and Aster 30). Aster 30 is capable of ballistic missile defense. On 18 October 2010, France announced a successful tactical ABM test of the Aster 30 missile and on 1 December 2011 a successful interception of a Black Sparrow ballistic target missile, which demonstrated the feasibility of destroying medium-range ballistic missiles. Royal Navy Type 45 destroyers and French Navy and Italian Navy Horizon -class frigates are armed with PAAMS, using Aster 15 and 30 missiles.

Also, France is developing another version, Aster 30 block II which can destroy ballistic missiles with a maximum range of 3000 km. It will have a Kill Vehicle warhead.

Superficie-Aria Media Portata Terrestre (Italian for Ground-based Surface-to-Air Medium Range, SAMP/T) is a development of Aster using batteries of Aster 30 missiles.

Aster 15 and 30 missiles differ only in the size of their booster - total weights being 310 kg and 450 kg respectively. Aster 30 requires the longer tubes of the SYLVER A50 launcher, but its range is extended from 30 kilometres (19 mi) to 120 kilometres (75 mi). Aster 30 is also capable of ballistic missile defense. The first stage booster of the missile is entirely designed and manufactured by Avio of Italy.

India

India's air defence network has two principal components - the ‘Air Defence Ground Environment System’ (ADGES) and the ‘Base Air Defence Zones’ (BADZ). The ADGES network provides for wide area radar coverage and permits the detection and interception of most aerial incursions into Indian airspace. The BADZ system is far more concentrated with radars, interceptors, SAMs and AAA units working in conjunction to provide an intense and highly effective defensive barrier to attacks on vital targets.[7]

Ballistic missile defence

Launching of Advanced Air Defense (AAD) missile

The Ballistic Missile Defence Program is an initiative to develop and deploy a multi-layered ballistic missile defense system to protect India from ballistic missile attacks.[8][9]

Introduced in light of the ballistic missile threat from Pakistan,[10] it is a double-tiered system consisting of two interceptor missiles, namely the Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) missile for high-altitude interception, and the Advanced Air Defence (AAD) Missile for lower altitude interception. The two-tiered shield should be able to intercept any incoming missile launched 5,000 kilometers away.[11]

PAD was tested in November 2006, followed by AAD in December 2007. With the test of the PAD missile, India became the fourth country to have successfully developed an Anti-ballistic missile system, after United States, Russia and Israel.[12] On 6 March 2009, India again successfully tested its missile defense shield, during which an incoming "enemy" missile was intercepted at an altitude of 75 km.[13]

On 6 May 2012, it was announced that Phase-I is complete and can be deployed to protect two Indian cities at a short notice.[14][15] New Delhi, the national capital, and Mumbai, have been selected for the ballistic missile defence shield.[16] After successful implementation in Delhi and Mumbai, the system will be used to cover other major cities in the country.[17] This shield can destroy incoming ballistic missiles launched from as far as 2,500 km away. When the Phase II is completed and PDV is developed, the two anti-ballistic missiles can intercept targets up to 5,000 km both at exo and endo-atmospheric (inside the atmosphere) regions. The missiles will work in tandem to ensure a hit probability of 99.8 per cent.[18][19]

Apart from DRDO's endeavour to develop a potent missile defense, India is reportedly examining the Israeli Arrow, the Almaz design bureau's S-300 PMU-1/-2 and S-400 and the Antey design bureau's Antey 2500/S-300VM.[7] India has procured a squadron of S-300V systems which are in use as an 'anti-tactical ballistic missile screen'.[20][21]

Cruise missile defense

Defending against an attack by a cruise missile on the other hand is similar to tackling low-flying manned aircraft and hence most methods of aircraft defence can be used for a cruise missile defence system.[2]

In order to ward off the threats of nuke-tipped cruise missile attack India has a new missile defence programme which will be focused solely on intercepting cruise missiles. The technological breakthrough has been created with an Advanced Air Defence missile (AAD).[22] DRDO Chief, Dr V K Saraswat stated in an Interview "Our studies have indicated that this [AAD] will be able to handle a cruise missile intercept,"[22]

Furthermore, India is acquiring airborne radars like AWACS to ensure detection of cruise missiles in order to stay on top of the threat.[22]

Barak-8 is a long-range anti-air and anti-missile naval defence system being developed jointly by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) and the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) of India. The Indian Army is considering induction of a variant of Barak 8 missile to meet its requirement for a medium-range surface-to-air air defence missile. The naval version of this missile will have the capability to intercept incoming enemy cruise missiles and combat jets targeting its warships at sea.[23] India has a joint venture for this missile with Israel.[24]

On 17 November 2010, in an interview Rafael's Vice President Mr. Lova Drori confirmed that the David's Sling system has been offered to the Indian Armed Forces.[25]

Israel

An Arrow anti-ballistic missile interceptor.

Israel has a national missile defense against short- to long-range missiles using their Arrow missile system. The Arrow or Hetz (Hebrew: חֵץ‎, pronounced [ˈχet͡s]) is a family of anti-ballistic missiles designed to fulfill an Israeli requirement for a theater missile defense system. Jointly funded and produced by Israel and the United States,[Note 3] development of the system began in 1986 and has continued since, drawing some contested criticism. Undertaken by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) and Boeing, it is overseen by the Israeli Ministry of Defense's "Homa" (Hebrew: חומה‎‎, pronounced [χoma], "rampart") administration and the U.S. Missile Defense Agency.

The Arrow system consists of the joint production hypersonic Arrow anti-missile interceptor, the Elta EL/M-2080 "Green Pine" early-warning AESA radar, the Tadiran Telecom "Golden Citron" ("Citron Tree") C3I center, and the Israel Aerospace Industries "Brown Hazelnut" ("Hazelnut Tree") launch control center. The system is transportable, as it can be moved to other prepared sites.

Following the construction and testing of the Arrow 1 technology demonstrator, production and deployment began with the Arrow 2 version of the missile. The Arrow is considered one of the most advanced missile defense programs currently in existence.[26][27]

“ The design of Arrow 3 promises to be an extremely capable system, more advanced than what we have ever attempted in the U.S. with our programs. [...] This has to do with the seekers that have greater flexibility and other aspects, such as propulsion systems – it will be an extremely capable system.[28] ”

It is the first operational missile defense system specifically designed and built to intercept and destroy ballistic missiles.[29][30] Initial operating capability of Arrow 3 is expected in 2014.[31] The first Arrow battery was declared fully operational in October 2000. Although several of its components have been exported, the Israeli Air Defense Command within the Israeli Air Force (IAF) of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) is currently the sole user of the complete Arrow system.

Apart from Arrow missile, Israel has Iron dome which is designed to intercept and destroy short-range rockets and artillery shells fired from distances of 4 to 70 kilometers away[32] and David's Sling that is designed to intercept medium- to long-range rockets and cruise missiles, such as those possessed by Hezbollah, fired at ranges from 40 km to 300 km.[25]

Russia

S-300PMU-2 vehicles. From left to right: 64N6E2 detection radar, 54K6E2 command post and 5P85 TEL.
S-400 vehicles. From left to right: 6P80 TEL, 65N6 detection radar.

The Russian A-135 anti-ballistic missile system is currently operational only around the city of Moscow, the national capital, and is being augmented to protect major cities in Russia. The A-135 anti-ballistic missile system is a Russian military complex deployed around Moscow to counter enemy missiles targeting the city or its surrounding areas. It became operational during 1995. It is a successor to the previous A-35, and compliant with the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty from which the US unilaterally withdrew in 2002.[3]

The A-135 system attained "alert" (operational) status on 17 February 1995. It is currently operational although its 53T6 (NATO:SH-11) component is deactivated (as of February 2007). A newer missile is expected to replace it. There is an operational test version of the system at the test site in Sary Shagan, Kazakhstan.

The S-300PMU1 and PMU2 can intercept SRBMs, and the S-300V and S-400 Triumf systems are capable of intercepting a multiple IRBM attack by all DF-21 model IRBMs.[3] These air-defense systems have been purchased by Turkey, India, China, Saudi Arabia, and South Korea. Other countries which have also expressed interest include Iran and Belarus.

The enhanced S-300VM/VMK is capable of intercepting ballistic missiles with a range of 2,500 km re-entry speeds of 4.5 km/s, whereas the S-400 is claimed to be capable of intercepting ballistic missiles with a range of 3,500 km which equates to re-entry speeds of 4.8 to 5 km/s. A system designed to intercept warheads at 5 km/s has the ability to act as a point system against simple ICBM warheads which have a typical re-entry speed of 7 km/s.[3] Apart from the main Moscow deployment, Russia has striven actively for intrinsic ABM capabilities of its late model SAM systems. Russian ground based theatre defence against ballistic and cruise missiles are centered on the in-service

United States

A Payload Launch Vehicle (PLV) carrying a prototype exo-atmospheric kill vehicle is launched from Meck Island at the Kwajalein Missile Range on 3 December 2001, for an intercept of a ballistic missile target over the central Pacific Ocean.

The U.S. Sentinel program was a planned national missile defense during the 1970s, but was never deployed. Elements of Sentinel were actually deployed briefly as the Safeguard Program, although it wasn't national in scope. United States has had in development a nationwide antimissile program since the 1990s. After the renaming in 2002, the term now refers to the entire program, not just the ground-based interceptors and associated facilities.

Other elements yet to be integrated into NMD (National Missile Defense) may include anti-ballistic missiles, or sea-based, space-based, laser, and high-altitude missile systems. The NMD program is limited in scope and designed to counter a relatively small ICBM attack from a less sophisticated adversary. Unlike the earlier Strategic Defense Initiative program, it is not designed to be a robust shield against a large attack from a technically sophisticated adversary.[33]

As of 2012, this system is operational with limited capability. In early April 2013, the Pentagon deployed 14 missile interceptors to Guam in response to the North Korean threats to deliver nuclear weapons to the United States.[34][35]

Other developments

Japan

In 2016, the Japan Air Self Defense Force (JASDF), and also the Japan Ground Self Defense Force (JGSDF), initiated their 52nd year[36] of annual live-fire missile launches at McGregor Range, New Mexico in Fort Bliss.[37] The 2014 annual service practice of the PAC-3 Patriot missile demonstrated a 100 percent kill rate before a group which included the commanding generals of White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), and of the 32nd Army Air & Missile Defense Command (AAMDC). Every JASDF Patriot team participated in the annual exercise, which takes several months.[38]

Since 1998, when North Korea launched a Taepodong-1 missile over northern Japan, the Japanese have been jointly developing a new Surface-to-air interceptor known as the Patriot Advanced Capability 3 (PAC-3) with the US. So far tests have been successful, and there are planned 11 locations that the PAC-3 will be installed. A military spokesman[39] said that tests had been done on two sites, one of them a business park in central Tokyo, and Ichigaya – a site not far from the Imperial Palace. Along with the PAC-3, Japan has installed a US-developed ship-based anti-ballistic missile system, which was tested successfully on 18 December 2007. The missile was launched from a Japanese warship, in partnership with the US Missile Defense Agency and destroyed a mock target launched from the coast.

Japan is in consultations with the United States to possibly deploy the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) system and a ground-based version of the Standard Missile-3 interceptors mounted on Aegis destroyers. Japan's intention is to create a four-stage anti-missile shield.[40]

Taiwan

Taiwan is also engaging in the development of anti-ballistic missile system, based on indigenously developed Tien Kung-II (Sky Bow) SAM system and Patriot-III missiles.[41]

Taiwan is building up a "missile defense shield" in response to Chinese missiles pointed in its direction. The latest addition will be six Patriot III batteries and a long-range early warning radar system. Taiwan needs Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) system from the U.S. to defend herself as well.[42][43]

South Korea

Like the UAE (see below), South Korea has agreed to deploy THAAD systems.[44] The agreement was announced in July 2016. [45]

Because a kinetic-kill defense such as THAAD destroys high-value incoming missiles by colliding with them, the missile system is defensive, and not for offense. The agreement came after a North Korean intermediate-range ballistic missile launch in June 2016; China has rebuked the actions of the involved parties,[46] as destabilizing.

United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates (UAE) has graduated its first two Terminal High Altitude Air Defense (THAAD) unit classes at Fort Bliss in 2015, and in 2016.[47] Its first live-fire exercises with Patriot missiles took place in 2014. The UAE is “the first GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) partner to possess an upper tier ballistic missile defense capability, and the first non-U.S. unit in the world to possess the premiere medium-range ballistic missile killer on the planet – the THAAD weapon system,” stated the US Army general who addressed this graduating class.[48]

Criticism

While speaking at a seminar in Vienna in 2012, Zhu Chenghu, of China's National Defense University, opined missile defense to be destabilizing; Zhu was not alone: Joseph Circincione, of the Ploughshares Fund and attending the same seminar, stated that any US military planner in Zhu's position would have had to say the same thing, in order to project credible military deterrence.[49] Bruno Gruselle, in 2010, noted that French policy makers considered the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty and the doctrine of Mutual assured destruction to be the cornerstones of strategic stability.[50] Some French analysts, notably Camille Grand,[51] view missile defense as jeopardizing both the doctrine and the Treaty, as well as risking a new arms race,[50] which is reflected in the development of advanced missile defense counter measures and decoys as well as a higher number of and more maneuverable independently targetable reentry vehicles [52] - as well as the intercept systems designed to defeat them.

Additionally experts question the accuracy and reliability of these systems.[53] Beyond the technical difficulties, which have been described as more challenging than hitting one bullet with another all performance data is derived from experiments and scripted tests. Their effectivity in an actual all-out war situation is uncertain.[2] However, non-nuclear ballistic and conventional missiles have been used in recent limited regional conflicts to strategic effect. Several Houthi-fired ballistic missiles in Yemen have been intercepted by Saudi Patriot batteries, and Russian cruise missiles have been notably used in the current Syrian conflict.

Gruselle noted most French security experts doubted the technological feasibility of intercontinental ballistic missile defense. Some thought it foolish to spend huge amounts of money on unproven technologies that lacked operational or political usefulness. Instead, the French defense policy community viewed missile defense merely as an American "economic weapon" used to defeat the Soviet Union and win the Cold War.[54]

The extant missile defenses are currently vulnerable to maneuverable hypersonic vehicles, which can maneuver at speeds high enough to defeat missile defenses. China is among the countries pursuing hypersonic vehicles as warhead delivery systems.[55]

Yousaf Butt, a critic of missile defense, states in The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists that "just as with nuclear weapons, the U.S. infatuation with missile defense will cause other nations to desire this expensive technology".[56]

Russia's top military officer has threatened to carry out a pre-emptive strike on U.S.-led NATO missile defense facilities in Eastern Europe if Washington goes ahead with its controversial plan to build a missile shield.[57] Russian Defense Minister Anatoly Serdyukov also warned that talks between Moscow and Washington on the topic are "close to a dead end."[57] U.S. State Department special envoy Ellen Tauscher responded that neither country can afford another arms race.[57]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ However, it is kinematically inferior to the imported Russian S-300PMU2 Favorit according to this source
  2. ↑ described by the director of United States Defense Intelligence Agency as a SC-19 missile
  3. ↑ Dr. Uzi Rubin: "The Arrow program used practically no U.S. technology, just U.S. money. It was almost entirely based on Israeli technology, though we bought some components in the U.S. because they were cheaper." (2003) —source

References

  1. ↑ "Demonstration of integrated missile air defense system by June next year: Dr VK Saraswat". domain-b.com. 2007-12-10. Retrieved 2010-11-21.
  2. 1 2 3 "India 7th nation with ICBM technology". Indian times. 23 April 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "China's Cruise and Ballistic Missile Defence". A Strategic Assessment of PLA Theatre Missile and ASAT Capabilities. Air Power Australia. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
  4. ↑ "World fury at satellite destruction". Theage.com.au. 2007-01-19. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
  5. ↑ http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/china/hq-19.htm
  6. ↑ "HMS Diamond fires Sea Viper missile for first time - Announcements - Inside Government". GOV.UK. 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
  7. 1 2 "Ballistic Missile Defence for India". Bharat Rakshak. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  8. ↑ Pollack, Andrew. "India expects to use missile interception system as a weapon, top scientist says". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
  9. ↑ "India developing new missiles Towards destroying hostile missiles". Hindu.com. 2006-12-03. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
  10. ↑ The New GuardianIndia unveils an all new anti-ballistic missile expected to be the fore-runner of a sophisticated air defence system to thwart, among other threats, a Pakistani nuclear weapons attack
  11. ↑ "India tests interceptor missile". Google.com. 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
  12. ↑ "Development of Ballistic Missile Defence System: Year End Review" (Press release). Ministry of Defence (India). 28 December 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
  13. ↑ Pollack, Andrew. "India successfully tests missile interceptor". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
  14. ↑ Rajat Pandit, TNN, 26 November 2007, 02:43AM IST (2007-11-26). "India on way to joining exclusive BMD club". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
  15. ↑ PTI (2012-05-06). "Missile defence shield ready: DRDO chief". Thehindu.com. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
  16. ↑ "Delhi, Mumbai selected for ballistic missile defence shield". The Times Of India. 24 June 2012.
  17. ↑ "Delhi, Mumbai to get missile defence shield - NDTV News". Ndtv.com. 2012-06-24. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
  18. ↑ "More Teeth to Defence System". IBNLive. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  19. ↑ PTI Jun 24, 2012, 04.30PM IST (2012-06-24). "Delhi, Mumbai to be first provided with missile defence shield". Economictimes.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
  20. ↑ "Strategic Air Defences in a Nuclear South-Asia". Bharat-Rakshak. 2 July 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  21. ↑ "India To Boost Airfield Defenses". DefenceNews. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  22. 1 2 3 "India discovers methods to face missile wars". IBNLive. 16 Dec 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  23. ↑ "February trial for naval air defence missile". Indo-Asian News service. 16 Nov 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  24. ↑ "Naval Barak-8 Missiles, Israel, India". Naval Technology. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  25. 1 2 "Rafael Confirms Offer of Iron Dome, David's Sling to Indian Armed Forces". India-defence.com. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
  26. ↑ "Missile defense systems: Arrow". Claremont Institute MissileThreat.com. Archived from the original on 14 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
  27. ↑ "The Arrow missile program". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2009-08-21.
  28. ↑ "Israel, U.S. to embark on collaborative 'upper-tier' missile intercept program to include Arrow 3 and land-based SM-3 missiles". Defense Update. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
  29. ↑ "Israel profile: missile overview: Arrow anti-ballistic missile defense system". Nuclear Threat Initiative. October 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
  30. ↑ "U.S.–Israel missile defense cooperation" (PDF). American Israel Public Affairs Committee. 2006-12-21. Retrieved 2011-08-04.
  31. ↑ Ben David, Alon (2012-01-26). "Boeing links up with IAI on Arrow-3". Aviation Week & Space Technology. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
  32. ↑ Sharp, Jeremy M. (16 September 2010). "U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel". Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
  33. ↑ http://www.zmne.hu/aarms/docs/Volume6/Issue4/pdf/05riem.pdf
  34. ↑ "The Ultimate North Korean Missile Threat To America: A Nuke Power Grid Attack". Forbes. 2012-04-18. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
  35. ↑ Stewart, Phil. "U.S. to send missile defenses to Guam over North Korea threat". Reuters. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
  36. ↑ Air defenders share knowledge of the Patriot system, missile training accessdate=2016-11-18
  37. ↑ Japanese conduct joint live-fire exercises at McGregor
  38. ↑ Fort Bliss Bugle (16 Oct 2014) p.12A JASDF 50th year of live-fire missile exercises
  39. ↑ "Japan plans Tokyo missile shield". BBC News. 15 January 2008.
  40. ↑ "Defense Ministry to study new missile defense systems". The Japan Times. 21 June 2014.
  41. ↑ "Taiwan missile defence shield ready next year: report". Asia ONE. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
  42. ↑ "Taiwan Builds Missile Defense Shield in Face of Chinese Missile Buildup". Defense Tech. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
  43. ↑ J. Michael Cole, The Plan Taiwan Needs to Defend against China: What Tsai Ing-wen should be reading this weekend., The National Interest, May 28, 2016
  44. ↑ South Korea, U.S. agree to deploy THAAD missile defense to counter North Korea threat (7 July 2016)
  45. ↑ S.Korea, U.S. Officially Start THAAD Talks (10 July 2016)
  46. ↑ S.Korea, U.S. to deploy THAAD missile defence, drawing China rebuke (7 July 2016)
  47. ↑ UAE graduates second class of THAAD air defenders
  48. ↑ UAE air defenders graduate THAAD course, make BMD history accessdate=2016-01-07
  49. ↑ "US Missile Defense Schemes Also Destabilizing Asia". 21 July 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
  50. 1 2 "... Missile defense would become a reality and that systems would eventually be deployed. Paris realized that it needed to adjust policy to these realities to avoid risking the credibility of the French nuclear deterrent. " Nonetheless, Gruselle concedes in the same work that "Paris realized that it needed to adjust policy to these realities to avoid risking the credibility of the French nuclear deterrent.", as well as the fact that "France recognized the necessity of missile defense to protect deployed French troops." That is to say, French policy makers realized that the increasing performance and reliability of missile defense systems could reduce its own nuclear deterrence, and was also necessary to maintain its foreign military deployment. Bruno Gruselle (Nov 2010) "Missile Defense in NATO: a French Perspective" Lisbon NATO Summit, Nov 2010
  51. ↑ Camille Grand, Director, FRS; Chair, EU Non-Proliferation Consortium
  52. ↑ Prepared Statement by Dr. Christopher Yeaw, Director, Center for Assurance, Deterrence, Escalation, and Nonproliferation Science & Education at the Louisiana Tech Research Institute, Before The U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Hearing on China’s Offensive Missile Forces Wednesday, April 1st, 2015
  53. ↑ See for example, the reporting from the Los Angeles Times 5 April 2015
  54. ↑ Bruno Gruselle (2010) "Missile Defense in NATO: A French Perspective"
  55. ↑ "Hypersonic arms race: China tests high-speed missile to beat U.S. defenses". 13 January 2014.
  56. ↑ 05/08/2010 - 07:49 "The myth of missile defense as a deterrent"
  57. 1 2 3 Craggs, Ryan (3 May 2012). "Russia Threatens Pre-Emptive Strike On NATO Missile Defense Shields". Huffington post. Retrieved 6 August 2012.

External links

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