Demographics of Hungary
Demographics of Hungary | |
---|---|
1715-2008 Historic estimates and censuses for the total population in the territory of present-day Hungary. | |
Population | 9 823 000 (2015 January) |
Growth rate | -4.1‰ (2015) |
Birth rate | 9.1 births/1,000 population (2012) |
Death rate | 13.0 deaths/1,000 population (2012) |
Life expectancy | 74.79 years (2012) |
• male | 71.04 years (2012) |
• female | 78.76 years (2012) |
Fertility rate | 1.44 children born/woman (2014) [1] |
Infant mortality rate | 4.9 / 1000 births (2012) |
Age structure | |
0–14 years | 14.8% |
15–64 years | 67.7% |
65 and over | 17.5% |
Sex ratio | |
At birth | 1.06 male(s)/female (2013 est.) |
Under 15 | 1.06 male(s)/female |
15–64 years | 0.96 male(s)/female |
65 and over | 0.59 male(s)/female |
Nationality | |
Nationality | noun: Hungarian(s) adjective: Hungarian |
Major ethnic | Hungarians |
Language | |
Spoken | Hungarian |
This article is about the demographic features of the population of Hungary, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
Population
Historical population | ||
---|---|---|
Year | Pop. | ±% |
1784[2] | 2,681,595 | — |
1870 | 5,011,310 | +86.9% |
1880 | 5,329,191 | +6.3% |
1890 | 6,009,351 | +12.8% |
1900 | 6,854,415 | +14.1% |
1910 | 7,612,114 | +11.1% |
1920 | 7,986,875 | +4.9% |
1930 | 8,685,109 | +8.7% |
1941 | 9,316,074 | +7.3% |
1949 | 9,204,799 | −1.2% |
1960 | 9,961,044 | +8.2% |
1970 | 10,300,996 | +3.4% |
1980 | 10,709,463 | +4.0% |
1990 | 10,374,823 | −3.1% |
2001 | 10,198,315 | −1.7% |
2011 | 9,937,628 | −2.6% |
2014 | 9,877,365 | −0.6% |
Note: Present territory of Hungary |
The population composition at the foundation of Hungary (895) depends on the size of the arriving Hungarian population and the size of the Slavic (and remains of Avar-Slavic) population at the time. One source mentions 200 000 Slavs and 400 000 Hungarians,[3] while other sources often don't give estimates for both, making comparison more difficult. The size of the Hungarian population around 895 is often estimated between 120 000 and 600 000,[4] with a number of estimates in the 400-600 000 range.[3][5][6] Other sources only mention a fighting force of 25 000 Magyar warriors used in the attack,[7][8] while declining to estimate the total population including women and children and warriors not participating in the invasion. In the historical demographics the largest earlier shock was the Mongol Invasion of Hungary, several plagues also took a toll on the country's population.
According to the demographers, about 80 percent of the population was made up of Hungarians before the Battle of Mohács, however the Hungarian ethnic group became a minority in its own country after the Rákóczi's War for Independence. Major territorial changes made Hungary ethnically homogeneous after World War I. Nowadays, more than nine-tenths of the population is ethnically Hungarian and speaks Hungarian as the mother tongue.[9]
900–1910
Time | Population
(estimations) |
Percentage rate of Hungarians without Kingdom of Croatia
(estimations) |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|
c. 900 AD | 66%[3][6] | Size of the country is about 330 thousand square km,[11] a density of 3-4.5 persons per square km,[11] according to others a density of 0.56-1.06 per square km[10] | |
1000 | 1,000,000-1,500,000[12] | ||
1060 | 500,000-550,000[10] | a density of 1.51-1.67 per square km[10] | |
1100 | 2,000,000[11] | ||
1181 | 2,600,000[11] | ||
1200 | 1,000,000-1,100,000[10] | a density of 3.03-3.33 per square km, (330 thousand square km)[10] | |
1222 | 2,000,000[13] | 70–80%[9][14] | The time of the Golden Bull. The last estimate before the Tatar invasion. |
1242 | Population decreased after the Mongol invasion of Hungary (estimations about population loss are between 20% and 50%).[15] | ||
1300 | |||
1348 | Before the plague (at the time of the Angevin kings.) | ||
1370 | c. 2,000,000 | 60–70%[14] | |
1400 | |||
1490 | Before the Ottoman conquest (about 3.2 million Hungarians). | ||
1600 | Populations of Royal Hungary, Transylvania and Ottoman Hungary together. | ||
1699 | At the time of Treaty of Karlowitz (not more than 2 million Hungarians). | ||
1711 | At the end of Kuruc War, starting date of the organized resettlement. | ||
1720 | |||
1785-87 | 8,000,000 | 5% urban citizens[48] | |
1790 | End of the organized resettlement, approximately 800 new German villages were established between 1711 and 1780.[53] | ||
1828 | 11,495,536 | ||
1830 |
|
||
1837 |
|
||
1846 | 12,033,399 | Two years before Hungarian Revolution of 1848. | |
1850 | 11,600,000 |
|
|
1857 | 13,830,870 | 44.5%[10] | |
1869 | 13,508,000 | 45.2%[58] | |
1880 | 13,749,603 | 46% | |
1900 | 16,838,255 | 51.4%[59] | |
1910 | 18,264,533 | 5% Jews (counted according to their mother tongue). |
Note: The data refer to the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, not of present-day Hungary.
Since 1900
The following demographic statistics are from the CIA Factbook as of September 2009, unless otherwise indicated.
Age structure:
0–14 years: 15% (male 763,553/female 720,112)
15–64 years: 69.3% (male 3,384,961/female 3,475,135)
65 years and over: 15.8% (male 566,067/female 995,768) (2009 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth:
1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.06 male(s)/female
15–64 years:
0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.57 male(s)/female
total population:
0.91 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
Vital statistics
Unless otherwise indicated, vital statistics are from the Hungarian Statistical Office.[61]
Births and deaths
Average population (x 1000) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Fertility rates | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1918 | 128 000 | 207 000 | -79 000 | 15.3 | 25.7 | -10.4 | ||
1919 | 7 860 | 217 000 | 157 000 | 60 000 | 27.6 | 20.0 | 7.6 | |
1920 | 7 940 | 249 000 | 170 000 | 79 000 | 31.4 | 21.4 | 10.0 | |
1921 | 8 020 | 255 000 | 170 000 | 85 000 | 31.8 | 21.2 | 10.6 | 3.80 |
1922 | 8 080 | 249 000 | 173 000 | 76 000 | 30.8 | 21.4 | 9.4 | |
1923 | 8 170 | 239 000 | 159 000 | 80 000 | 29.2 | 19.5 | 9.7 | |
1924 | 8 220 | 221 000 | 168 000 | 53 000 | 26.9 | 20.4 | 6.5 | |
1925 | 8 300 | 235 000 | 142 000 | 93 000 | 28.3 | 17.1 | 11.2 | |
1926 | 8 370 | 229 000 | 140 000 | 89 000 | 27.4 | 16.7 | 10.7 | |
1927 | 8 490 | 219 000 | 151 000 | 68 000 | 25.8 | 17.8 | 8.0 | |
1928 | 8 510 | 225 000 | 146 000 | 79 000 | 26.4 | 17.2 | 9.2 | 3.57 |
1929 | 8 580 | 215 000 | 153 000 | 62 000 | 25.1 | 17.8 | 7.3 | 3.45 |
1930 | 8 660 | 220 000 | 134 000 | 86 000 | 25.4 | 15.5 | 9.9 | 3.55 |
1931 | 8 730 | 207 000 | 145 000 | 62 000 | 23.7 | 16.6 | 7.1 | 3.23 |
1932 | 8 783 | 206 000 | 157 000 | 49 000 | 23.4 | 17.9 | 5.5 | 3.21 |
1933 | 8 845 | 194 000 | 130 000 | 64 000 | 21.9 | 14.7 | 7.3 | 2.86 |
1934 | 8 915 | 194 279 | 129 049 | 65 230 | 21.8 | 14.5 | 7.3 | 2.88 |
1935 | 8 980 | 189 479 | 136 923 | 52 556 | 21.1 | 15.2 | 5.9 | 2.68 |
1936 | 9 040 | 183 369 | 128 333 | 55 036 | 20.3 | 14.2 | 6.1 | 2.59 |
1937 | 9 100 | 182 449 | 128 049 | 54 400 | 20.0 | 14.1 | 6.0 | 2.54 |
1938 | 9 159 | 182 206 | 130 628 | 51 578 | 19.9 | 14.3 | 5.6 | 2.54 |
1939 | 9 217 | 178 633 | 124 591 | 54 042 | 19.4 | 13.5 | 5.9 | 2.46 |
1940 | 9 280 | 185 562 | 132 735 | 52 827 | 20.0 | 14.3 | 5.7 | 2.48 |
1941 | 9 340 | 177 047 | 123 349 | 53 698 | 19.0 | 13.2 | 5.7 | 2.43 |
1942 | 9 392 | 187 187 | 136 844 | 50 343 | 19.9 | 14.6 | 5.4 | 2.58 |
1943 | 9 440 | 173 295 | 127 158 | 46 137 | 18.4 | 13.5 | 4.9 | 2.39 |
1944 | 9 250 | 190 000 | 144 048 | 45 952 | 20.5 | 15.6 | 5.0 | |
1945 | 9 055 | 169 091 | 211 323 | -42 232 | 18.7 | 23.3 | -4.7 | |
1946 | 9 042 | 169 120 | 135 486 | 33 634 | 18.7 | 15.0 | 3.7 | 2.38 |
1947 | 9 093 | 187 316 | 117 537 | 69 779 | 20.6 | 12.9 | 7.7 | 2.63 |
1948 | 9 158 | 191 907 | 105 780 | 86 127 | 21.0 | 11.6 | 9.4 | 2.63 |
1949 | 9 249 | 190 398 | 105 718 | 84 680 | 20.6 | 11.4 | 9.2 | 2.54 |
1950 | 9 338 | 195 567 | 106 902 | 88 665 | 20.9 | 11.4 | 9.5 | 2.60 |
1951 | 9 423 | 190 645 | 109 998 | 80 647 | 20.2 | 11.7 | 8.6 | 2.53 |
1952 | 9 504 | 185 820 | 107 443 | 78 377 | 19.6 | 11.3 | 8.2 | 2.47 |
1953 | 9 595 | 206 926 | 112 039 | 94 887 | 21.6 | 11.7 | 9.9 | 2.76 |
1954 | 9 706 | 223 347 | 106 670 | 116 677 | 23.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 | 2.97 |
1955 | 9 825 | 210 430 | 97 848 | 112 582 | 21.4 | 10.0 | 11.5 | 2.80 |
1956 | 9 911 | 192 810 | 104 236 | 88 574 | 19.5 | 10.5 | 8.9 | 2.59 |
1957 | 9 840 | 167 202 | 103 645 | 63 557 | 17.0 | 10.5 | 6.5 | 2.30 |
1958 | 9 882 | 158 428 | 97 866 | 60 562 | 16.0 | 9.9 | 6.1 | 2.18 |
1959 | 9 937 | 151 194 | 103 880 | 47 314 | 15.2 | 10.5 | 4.8 | 2.09 |
1960 | 9 984 | 146 461 | 101 525 | 44 936 | 14.7 | 10.2 | 4.5 | 2.02 |
1961 | 10 029 | 140 365 | 96 410 | 43 955 | 14.0 | 9.6 | 4.4 | 1.94 |
1962 | 10 072 | 130 053 | 108 273 | 21 780 | 12.9 | 10.7 | 2.2 | 1.79 |
1963 | 10 104 | 132 335 | 99 871 | 32 464 | 13.1 | 9.9 | 3.2 | 1.82 |
1964 | 10 135 | 132 141 | 100 830 | 31 311 | 13.0 | 9.9 | 3.1 | 1.80 |
1965 | 10 160 | 133 009 | 108 119 | 24 890 | 13.1 | 10.6 | 2.4 | 1.81 |
1966 | 10 197 | 138 489 | 101 943 | 36 546 | 13.6 | 10.0 | 3.6 | 1.88 |
1967 | 10 223 | 148 886 | 109 530 | 39 356 | 14.6 | 10.7 | 3.8 | 2.01 |
1968 | 10 275 | 154 419 | 115 354 | 39 065 | 15.0 | 11.2 | 3.8 | 2.06 |
1969 | 10 316 | 154 318 | 116 659 | 37 659 | 15.0 | 11.3 | 3.7 | 2.03 |
1970 | 10 338 | 151 819 | 120 197 | 31 622 | 14.7 | 11.6 | 3.1 | 1.97 |
1971 | 10 368 | 150 640 | 123 009 | 27 631 | 14.5 | 11.9 | 2.7 | 1.92 |
1972 | 10 398 | 153 625 | 118 991 | 34 634 | 14.8 | 11.4 | 3.3 | 1.94 |
1973 | 10 432 | 156 224 | 123 366 | 32 858 | 15.0 | 11.8 | 3.1 | 1.95 |
1974 | 10 479 | 186 288 | 125 816 | 60 472 | 17.8 | 12.0 | 5.8 | 2.30 |
1975 | 10 532 | 194 240 | 131 102 | 63 138 | 18.4 | 12.4 | 6.0 | 2.38 |
1976 | 10 589 | 185 405 | 132 240 | 53 165 | 17.5 | 12.5 | 5.0 | 2.26 |
1977 | 10 637 | 177 574 | 132 031 | 45 543 | 16.7 | 12.4 | 4.3 | 2.17 |
1978 | 10 673 | 168 160 | 140 121 | 28 039 | 15.8 | 13.1 | 2.6 | 2.08 |
1979 | 10 698 | 160 364 | 136 829 | 23 535 | 15.0 | 12.8 | 2.2 | 2.02 |
1980 | 10 707 | 148 673 | 145 355 | 3 318 | 13.9 | 13.6 | 0.3 | 1.92 |
1981 | 10 700 | 142 890 | 144 757 | -1 867 | 13.3 | 13.5 | -0.2 | 1.88 |
1982 | 10 683 | 133 559 | 144 318 | -10 759 | 12.5 | 13.5 | -1.0 | 1.78 |
1983 | 10 656 | 127 258 | 148 643 | -21 385 | 11.9 | 13.9 | -2.0 | 1.73 |
1984 | 10 619 | 125 359 | 146 709 | -21 350 | 11.8 | 13.8 | -2.0 | 1.73 |
1985 | 10 579 | 130 200 | 147 614 | -17 414 | 12.3 | 14.0 | -1.6 | 1.83 |
1986 | 10 534 | 128 204 | 147 089 | -18 885 | 12.2 | 14.0 | -1.8 | 1.83 |
1987 | 10 486 | 125 840 | 142 601 | -16 761 | 12.0 | 13.6 | -1.6 | 1.79 |
1988 | 10 443 | 124 296 | 140 042 | -15 746 | 11.9 | 13.4 | -1.5 | 1.78 |
1989 | 10 398 | 123 304 | 144 695 | -21 391 | 11.9 | 13.9 | -2.1 | 1.78 |
1990 | 10 374 | 125 679 | 145 660 | -19 981 | 12.1 | 14.0 | -1.9 | 1.84 |
1991 | 10 373 | 127 207 | 144 813 | -17 606 | 12.3 | 14.0 | -1.7 | 1.85 |
1992 | 10 369 | 121 724 | 148 781 | -27 057 | 11.7 | 14.3 | -2.6 | 1.76 |
1993 | 10 357 | 117 033 | 150 244 | -33 211 | 11.3 | 14.5 | -3.2 | 1.68 |
1994 | 10 343 | 115 598 | 146 889 | -31 291 | 11.2 | 14.2 | -3.0 | 1.64 |
1995 | 10 329 | 112 054 | 145 431 | -33 377 | 10.8 | 14.1 | -3.2 | 1.57 |
1996 | 10 311 | 105 272 | 143 130 | -37 858 | 10.2 | 13.9 | -3.7 | 1.45 |
1997 | 10 290 | 100 350 | 139 434 | -39 084 | 9.8 | 13.6 | -3.8 | 1.37 |
1998 | 10 267 | 97 301 | 140 870 | -43 569 | 9.5 | 13.7 | -4.2 | 1.33 |
1999 | 10 238 | 94 645 | 143 210 | -48 565 | 9.2 | 14.0 | -4.7 | 1.29 |
2000 | 10 211 | 97 597 | 135 601 | -38 004 | 9.6 | 13.3 | -3.7 | 1.31 |
2001 | 10 198 | 97 047 | 132 183 | -35 136 | 9.5 | 13.0 | -3.4 | 1.31 |
2002 | 10 165 | 96 804 | 132 833 | -36 029 | 9.5 | 13.1 | -3.5 | 1.31 |
2003 | 10 129 | 94 647 | 135 823 | -41 176 | 9.3 | 13.4 | -4.1 | 1.28 |
2004 | 10 108 | 95 137 | 132 492 | -37 355 | 9.4 | 13.1 | -3.7 | 1.28 |
2005 | 10 088 | 97 496 | 135 732 | -38 236 | 9.7 | 13.5 | -3.8 | 1.32 |
2006 | 10 072 | 99 871 | 131 603 | -31 732 | 9.9 | 13.1 | -3.2 | 1.35 |
2007 | 10 056 | 97 613 | 132 938 | -35 325 | 9.7 | 13.2 | -3.5 | 1.32 |
2008 | 10 038 | 99 149 | 130 027 | -30 878 | 9.9 | 13.0 | -3.1 | 1.35 |
2009 | 10 022 | 96 450 | 130 350 | -33 972 | 9.6 | 13.0 | -3.4 | 1.33 |
2010 | 10 000 | 90 335 | 130 456 | -40 121 | 9.0 | 13.0 | -4.0 | 1.26 |
2011 | 9 985 | 88 049 | 128 795 | -40 746 | 8.8 | 12.9 | -4.1 | 1.24 |
2012 | 9 932 | 90 269 | 129 440 | -39 171 | 9.1 | 13.0 | -3.9 | 1.34 |
2013 | 9 909 | 88 689 | 126 778 | -38 089 | 9.0 | 12.8 | -3.9 | 1.34 |
2014 | 9 877 | 91 510 | 126 308 | -34 798 | 9.3 | 12.8 | -3.5 | 1.41 |
2015 | 9 823 | 91 690 | 131 697 | -40,007 | 9.3 | 13.3 | -4.1 | 1.44 |
2016 JS | 68 802 | 92 437 | -23 635 |
- JS = 1.1.2016 - 30.9.2016
Current population natural growth[65]
- Number of births from January–September 2015 = 68,928
- Number of births from January–September 2016 = 68,594
- Number of deaths from January–September 2015 = 100,088
- Number of deaths from January–September 2016 = 91,308
- Natural growth from January–September 2015 = -31,160
- Natural growth from January–September 2016 = -22,714
Infant mortality rate
The infant mortality rate (IMR) decreased considerably after WW II. In 1949, the IMR was 91.0. The rate decreased to 47.6 in 1960, 35.9 in 1970, 23.2 in 1980, 14.8 in 1990, 9.2 in 2000 and reached an all-time low in 2009: 5.1 per 1000 live born children.
Total fertility rates
|
|
Life expectancy at birth
male:
1990: 65.1 years
2001: 68.2 years
2011: 70.9 years
female:
1990: 73.7 years
2001: 76.5 years
2011: 78.2 years[69]
Ethnic groups and language
Hungary before the treaty of Trianon (4 June 1920)
Hungary lost 64% of its total population in consequence of the Treaty of Trianon, decreasing from 20.9 million to 7.6 million,[70] and 31% (3.3 out of 10.7 million) of its ethnic Hungarians,[59] Hungary lost five of its ten most populous cities.
According to the census of 1910, the largest ethnic group in the Kingdom of Hungary were Hungarians, who were 54.5% of the population of Kingdom of Hungary, excluding Croatia-Slavonia. Although the territories of the former Kingdom of Hungary that were assigned by the treaty to neighbouring states in total had a majority of non-Hungarian population, they also included areas of Hungarian majority and significant Hungarian minorities, numbering 3,318,000 in total.
The number of Hungarians in the different areas based on census data of 1910. The present day location of each area is given in parenthesis.
- In Upper Hungary (Slovakia): 885,000 - 30%
- In Transylvania (Romania): 1,658,045 - 31.6%
- In (Serbia): 425,672 - 28.1%
- In Transcarpathia (Ukraine): 183,000 - 30%
- In Croatia: 121,000 - 3.5%
- In Prekmurje (Slovenia): 14,065 - 15%
- In Burgenland (Austria): 26,200 - 9%
Non-Hungarian population in the Kingdom of Hungary, based on 1910 census data
Slovaks, Romanians, Ruthenians, Serbs, Croats and Germans, who represented the majority of the populations of the above-mentioned territories:
- In Upper Hungary (Slovakia, Czechoslovakia): 1,687,977 Slovaks and 1,233,454 others (mostly Hungarians - 886,044, Germans, Ruthenians and Roma). However, according to the Czechoslovak census in 1921, there were 2,025,003 (67,5%) Slovaks, 650,597 (21,7%) Hungarians, 145,844 (4,9%) Germans, 88,970 (3,0%) Ruthenians and 90,456 (3,0%) others including Jews.[74]
- In Carpathian Ruthenia (Czechoslovakia): 330,010 Ruthenians and 275,932 others (mostly Hungarians, Germans, Romanians, and Slovaks)
- In Transylvania (Romania): 2,831,222 Romanians (53.8%) and 2,431,273 others (mostly Hungarians - 1,662,948 (31.6%) and Germans - 563,087 (10.7%). The 1919 and 1920 Transylvanian censuses indicate a greater percentage of Romanians (57.1%/57.3%) and a smaller Hungarian minority (26.5%/25.5%)[75]
- In Vojvodina and Croatia-Slavonia (Yugoslavia): 2,756,000 Croats and Serbs and 1,366,000 others (mostly Hungarians and Germans)
- In Prekmurje (Slovenia): 74,199 Slovenes (80%), 14,065 Hungarians (15,2%), 2,540 Germans (2,7%)
- In Burgenland (Austria): 217,072 Germans and 69,858 others (mainly Croatian and Hungarian)
Post-Trianon Hungary
Ethnic group |
estimation 1495 | 1715 | 1785 | census 1880 | census 1900 | census 1910 | census 1920 | census 1930 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Hungarians | 990,000 | 95.6% | 1,176,000 | 79.1% | 2,103,000 | 79.0% | 4,402,364 | 82.4% | 5,890,999 | 85.9% | 6,730,299 | 88.4% | 7,155,973 | 89.6% | 8,000,335 | 92.1% |
Germans | 17,000 | 1.6% | 136,600 | 9.2% | 291,900 | 11.0% | 606,363 | 11.3% | 604,751 | 8.8% | 553,179 | 7.3% | 550,062 | 6.9% | 477,153 | 5.5% |
Slovaks | n.d | n.d. | 37,700 | 2.5% | 130,400 | 4.9% | 199,788 | 3.7% | 192,227 | 2.8% | 165,317 | 2.2% | 141,877 | 1.8% | 104,786 | 1.2% |
Croats | 1,200 | 0.1% | 58,900 | 4.0% | 71,700 | 2.7% | 59,251 | 1.1% | 68,161 | 1.0% | 62,018 | 0.8% | 58,931 | 0.7% | 47,337 | 0.5% |
Others | 23,800 | 2.4% | 70,800 | 4.8% | 66,214 | 2.4% | 75,598 | 1.5% | 98,277 | 1.5% | 101,301 | 1.3% | 80,026 | 1.0% | 55,503 | 0.6% |
Total | 1,032,000 | 1,480,000 | 2,663,214 | 5,343,364 | 6,854,415 | 7,612,114 | 7,986,875 | 8,685,109 |
According to the 1920 census 10.4% of the population spoke one of the minority languages as mother language:
- 551,212 German (6.9%)
- 141,882 Slovak (1.8%)
- 23,760 Romanian (0.3%)
- 36,858 Croatian (0.5%)
- 23,228 Bunjevac and Šokci (0.3%)
- 17,131 Serb (0.2%)
- 7,000 Slovenes (0,08%)
The number of bilingual people was much higher, for example 1,398,729 people spoke German (17%), 399,176 people spoke Slovak (5%), 179,928 people spoke Croatian (2.2%) and 88,828 people spoke Romanian (1.1%). Hungarian was spoken by 96% of the total population and was the mother language of 89%. The percentage and the absolute number of all non-Hungarian nationalities decreased in the next decades, although the total population of the country increased. After World War II, about 200,000 Germans were deported to Germany according to the decree of the Potsdam Conference. Under the forced exchange of population between Czechoslovakia and Hungary, approximately 73,000 Slovaks left Hungary. After these population movements Hungary became an ethnically almost homogeneous country except the rapidly growing number of Romani people in the second half of the 20th century.
From 1938 to 1945
Hungary expanded its borders into Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia at the outset of the war. These annexations were affirmed under the Munich Agreement (1938), two Vienna Awards (1938 and 1940), and aggression against Yugoslavia and Carpathian Ruthenia (1941). The population of Northern Transylvania, according to the Hungarian census from 1941 counted 53.5% Hungarians and 39.1% Romanians.[77] The territory of Bacska had 789,705 inhabitants, and 45,4% or 47,2% declared themselves to be Hungarian native speakers or ethnic Hungarians.[77] The percentage of Hungarian speakers was 84% in southern Czechoslovakia and 15% in the Sub-Carpathian Rus.[76]
Ethnic group |
census 1941 | |
---|---|---|
Number | % | |
Hungarians | 11,881,455 | 80.9% |
Romanians | 1,051,026 | 7.2% |
Ruthenians | 547,770 | 3.7% |
Germans | 533,045 | 3.6% |
Serbs | 213,585 | 1.5% |
Slovaks | 175,550 | 1.2% |
Jewish[Note 1] | 139,041 | 0.9% |
Roma | 76,209 | 0.5% |
Croats | 12,346 | 0.1% |
Slovenes | 9,400 | 0.1% |
Others | 29,210 | 0.2% |
Total | 14,679,573 |
After WW II: 1949–1990
In communist Czechoslovakia and communist Romania it was quite common to tolerate, or even support patriotism, the idea of the nation-state, so that these recently created or enlarged, multi-ethnic countries would successfully prevent ethnic tensions, something that Moscow definitely did not want. On the contrary - although for the same reasons - in Hungary it was strictly banned to support any person or movement that praised or even just publicly longed back to times when all Hungarians lived in one state. As an outcome of the above, everybody who lived in Hungary was considered to be Hungarian, and all the others (including 3 million ethnic Hungarians outside the border) as foreign citizens, without any mentionable ties with the motherland, even if they lived just on the other side of the border in an ethnically dominant (80% or more) area.
Ethnic group |
census 1949 | census 1960 | census 1970 | census 1980 | census 1990 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Hungarians | 9,076,041 | 98.6% | 9,786,038 | 98.2% | 10,166,237 | 98.5% | 10,638,974 | 99.3% | 10,142,072 | 97.8% |
Roma | 21,387 | 0.2% | 25,633 | 0.3% | 34,957 | 0.3% | 6,404 | 0.1% | 142,683 | 1.4% |
Germans | 22,455 | 0.2% | 50,765 | 0.5% | 35,594 | 0.4% | 11,310 | 0.1% | 30,824 | 0.3% |
Slovaks | 25,988 | 0.3% | 30,630 | 0.3% | 21,176 | 0.2% | 9,101 | 0.1% | 10,459 | 0.1% |
Croats | 20,423 | 0.2% | 33,014 | 0.3% | 17,609 | 0.2% | 13,895 | 0.1% | 13,570 | 0.1% |
Romanians | 14,713 | 0.2% | 15,787 | 0.2% | 12,624 | 0.1% | 8,874 | 0.1% | 10,740 | 0.1% |
Serbs | 5,158 | 0.1% | 4,583 | 0.1% | 12,235 | 0.1% | 2,805 | 0.0% | 2,905 | 0.0% |
Slovenes | 4,473 | 0.1% | - | 4,205 | 0.0% | 1,731 | 0.0% | 1,930 | 0.0% | |
Others | 14,161 | 0.1% | 14,534 | 0.1% | 17,462 | 0.2% | 16,369 | 0.2% | 19,640 | 0.2% |
Total | 9,204,799 | 9,961,044 | 10,322,099 | 10,709,463 | 10,374,823 | |||||
For historical reasons, significant Hungarian minority populations can be found in the surrounding countries, notably in Ukraine (in Transcarpathia), Slovakia, Romania (in Transylvania), and Serbia (in Vojvodina). Austria (in Burgenland), Croatia, and Slovenia (Prekmurje) are also host to a number of ethnic Hungarians.
2001–2011
Ethnic group |
census 2001 | census 2011 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | |
Hungarians | 9,416,045 | 97.3% | 8,314,029 | 98.0% |
Roma | 189,984 | 2.0% | 308,957 | 3.6% |
Germans | 62,105 | 0.6% | 131,951 | 1.6% |
Slovaks | 17,693 | 0.2% | 29,647 | 0.3% |
Romanians | 7,995 | 0.1% | 26,345 | 0.3% |
Croats | 15,597 | 0.2% | 23,561 | 0.3% |
Serbs | 3,816 | 0.0% | 7,210 | 0.1% |
Slovenes | 3,025 | 0.0% | 2,385 | 0.0% |
Others | 57,059 | 0.6% | 73,399 | 0.9% |
Not stated | 570,537 | 5.6% | 1,455,883 | 14.7% |
Total | 10,198,315 | 9,937,628 | ||
- Note: In 2001 570,537, in 2011 1,455,883 people did not give answer for ethnicity. Percentages calculated excluding these people. Moreover, people were able to give more than one answer on the question asking for the minorities (for example, people were allowed to write Hungarian as their nationality and German as a nationality being influenced by), hence the sum of the above exceeds the number of population.
- Methodology had changed in 2001 and 2011 also, so ethnicity results of the censuses are not comparable very well.
Historical ethnic groups of Hungary
When the Hungarians invaded the Carpathian Basin, it was inhabited by Slavic and Avar peoples. Written sources from the 9th century also suggest that some groups of Onogurs and Bulgars occupied the valley of the river Mureş at the time of the Magyars’ invasion. There is a dispute as to whether Romanian population existed in Transylvania during that time.
The Roma minority
The Romani people arrived in Hungary in the fifteenth century from Turkey.[81] Nowadays, the real number of Roma in Hungary is a disputed question. In the 2001 census only 190 046 (2%) called themselves Roma, but experts and Roma organisations estimate that there are between 450,000 and 1,000,000 Roma living in Hungary.[82][83][84][85][86] Since then, the size of the Roma population has increased rapidly. Today every fifth or sixth newborn child belongs to the Roma minority.[87] Based on current demographic trends, a 2006 estimate by Central European Management Intelligence claims that the proportion of the Roma population will double by 2050, putting the percentage of its Roma community at around 14-15% of the country's population.[87]
There are problems related to the Roma minority in Hungary, and the very subject is a heated and disputed topic.
Objective problems:
- Education/bad chances for work: slightly more than 80% of Roma children complete primary education, but only one third continue studies into the intermediate (secondary) level. This is far lower than the more than 90% proportion of children of non-Roma families who continue studies at an intermediate level. Less than 1% of Roma hold higher educational certificates.[88]
- Poverty: most of the Roma people live in significantly worse conditions than others.[89]
- Bad health conditions: life expectancy is about 10 years less compared to non-Romas
- Lack of debate regarding the subject: academic researchers and members of the mainstream press disregard any critics and study the subject in the canonical viewpoint. Critics don't have the funds necessary to perform alternative studies.
Kabars
Three Kabar tribes joined to the Hungarians and participated in the Hungarian conquest of Hungary.[49] They settled mostly in Bihar county.
Böszörménys
The Muslim Böszörménys migrated to the Carpathian Basin in the course of the 10th-12th centuries and they were composed of various ethnic groups. Most of them must have arrived from Volga Bulgaria and Khwarezm.
Pechenegs
Communities of Pechenegs (Besenyő in Hungarian) lived in the Kingdom of Hungary from the 11-12th centuries. They were most numerous in the county of Tolna.
Oghuz Turks (Ouzes)
Smaller groups of Oghuz Turk settlers ('Úzok' or 'Fekete Kunok/Black Cumans' in Hungarian) came to the Carphatian Basin from the middle of the 11th century.[90] They were settled mostly in Barcaság. The city of Ózd got its name after them.
Jassics
The Jassic (Jász in Hungarian) people were a nomadic tribe which settled -with the Cumans- in the Kingdom of Hungary during the 13th century. Their name is almost certainly related to that of the Iazyges. Béla IV, king of Hungary granted them asylum and they became a privileged community with the right of self-government. During the centuries they were fully assimilated to the Hungarian population, their language disappeared, but they preserved their Jassic identity and their regional autonomy until 1876. Over a dozen settlements in Central Hungary (e.g. Jászberény, Jászárokszállás, Jászfényszaru) still bear their name.[91]
Cumans
During the Russian campaign, the Mongols drove some 200,000 Cumans, a nomadic tribe who had opposed them, west of the Carpathian Mountains. There, the Cumans appealed to King Béla IV of Hungary for protection.[92] In the Kingdom of Hungary, Cumans created two regions named Cumania (Kunság in Hungarian): Greater Cumania (Nagykunság) and Little Cumania (Kiskunság), both located the Great Hungarian Plain. Here, the Cumans maintained their autonomy, language and some ethnic customs well into the modern era. According to Pálóczi's estimation originally 70-80,000 Cumans settled in Hungary.[13]
Romanians
The oldest extant documents from Transylvania make reference to Vlachs too. Regardless of the subject of Romanian presence/non-presence in Transylvania prior to the Hungarian conquest, the first written sources about Romanian settlements derive from the 13th century, record was written about Olahteluk village in Bihar County from 1283.[93][94] The 'land of Romanians', Terram Blacorum (1222,1280)[94][95][96][97] showed up in Fogaras and this area was mentioned under different name (Olachi) in 1285.[94] The first appearance of a supposed Romanian name 'Ola' in Hungary derives from a charter (1258).[94]
They were significant population in Transylvania, Banat, Maramureș and Partium. There are different estimations in connection with number of Romanians in Kingdom of Hungary. According to researches based on place-names, 511 villages of Transylvania and Banat appear in documents at the end of the 13th century, however only 3 of them bore Romanian names.[98] Around 1400 AD, Transylvania and Banat consisted of 1757 villages, though only 76 (4.3%) of them were Romanian.[98] The number of Romanians started to increase significantly from the Early modern period.[98] In 1600 the Romanian inhabitants were primarily peasants, comprising more than 60 percent of the population.[99] By 1700, the Romanian ethnic group consisted of 40 percent of the Transylvanian population and their number raised even more in the 18th century.[98] Jean W.Sedlar estimates that Vlachs (Romanians) constituted about two-thirds of Transylvania's population in 1241 on the eve of the Mongol invasion,[100] however according to other researches Hungarian ethnic group was in decent majority in Transylvania before Battle of Mohács and only lost its relative majority by the 17th century.[101]
Slovaks
The Slovak people lived mainly in Upper Hungary, northern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary. Due to post-Ottoman resettlements, the regions of Vojvodina, Banat and Békés county received bigger Slovak communities in the 18th century. After WWII a major population exchange with Czechoslovakia was carried out: about 73,000 Slovaks were transferred to Slovakia, replaced by an incomparable number of Hungarians.[102]
Serbs
From the 14th century, escaping from the Ottoman threat, a large number of Serbs migrated to the Hungarian Kingdom. After the Battle of Mohács, most of the territory of Hungary got into Ottoman rule. In that time, especially in the 17th century, many Serb, and other Southern Slavic immigrants settled in Hungary. Most of the Ottoman soldiers in the territory of present-day Hungary were South Slavs (the Janissary). After the Turkish withdrawal, Kingdom of Hungary came under Habsburg rule, a new wave of Serb refugees migrated to the area around 1690, as a consequence of the Habsburg-Ottoman war. In the first half of the 18th century, Serbs and South Slavs were ethnic majority in several cities in Hungary.
Germans
Three waves of German migration can be distinguished in Hungary before the 20th century. The first two waves of settlers arrived to the Hungarian Kingdom in the Middle Ages (11th and 13th centuries) in Upper Hungary and in Southern Transylvania (Transylvanian Saxons).
The third, largest wave of German-speaking immigrants into Hungary occurred after the withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire from Hungarian territory, after the Treaty of Karlowitz. Between 1711 and 1780, German-speaking settlers immigrated to the regions of Southern Hungary, mostly region of Bánát, Bács-Bodrog, Baranya and Tolna counties (as well as into present-day Romania and Yugoslavia), which had been depopulated by the Ottoman wars. At the end of the 18th century, the Kingdom of Hungary contained over one million German-speaking residents (collectively known as Danube Swabians).[103] In 2011, 131,951 people declared to be German in Hungary (1,6%).[104]
Rusyns
Rusyns had lived mostly in Carpathian Ruthenia, Northeast Hungary, however significant Rusyn population appeared in Vojvodina from the 18th century.
Croats
Croatia was in personal union with Hungary from 1102. Croat communities were spread mostly in the western and southern part of the country and along the Danube, including Budapest.
Poles
The Poles lived at the northern borders of Kingdom of Hungary from the arrival of the Hungarians.
Slovenes
The Slovenes (Vendek in Hungarian) lived in the western part of the Carpathian basin before the Hungarian conquest. In the 11th and 12th century, the current linguistic and ethnic border between the Hungarian and Slovene people was established. Nowadays, they live in Vendvidék (Slovenska krajina in Slovenians) between the Mura and the Rába rivers. In 2001, there were around 5,000 Slovenes in Hungary.
Jews
The first historical document about Jews of Hungary is the letter written about 960 to King Joseph of the Khazars by Hasdai ibn Shaprut, the Jewish statesman of Córdoba, in which he says Jews living in "the country of Hungarin". There are Jewish inscriptions on tombs and monuments in Pannonia (Roman Hungary) dated to the second or third century CE.[105]
Armenians
The first Armenians came to Hungary from the Balkans in the 10 - 11th century.
Greeks
Greeks migrated to Kingdom of Hungary from the 15th and 16th centuries. Mass migrations did not occur until the 17th century,[106] the largest waves being in 1718 and 1760–1770;[107] they were primarily connected to the economic conditions of the period.[106] It is estimated that 10,000 Greeks emigrated to Hungary in the second half of the 18th century.[107] A number of Greeks Communists escaped to Hungary after the Greek Civil War, notably in the 'Greek' village of Beloiannisz.
Bulgarians
The town of Szentendre and the surrounding villages were inhabited by Bulgarians since the Middle Ages. However, present day Bulgarians are largely descended from gardeners who migrated to Austria-Hungary from the 18th century.
Foreign population
Religion
Denominations | Population | % of total |
---|---|---|
Catholicism | 3,871,922 | 38.9 |
Roman Catholics | 3,691,389 | 37.1 |
Greek Catholics | 179,176 | 1.8 |
Protestantism | 1,368,547 | 13.8 |
Calvinists | 1,153,454 | 11.6 |
Lutherans | 215,093 | |
Orthodox Christianity | 13,710 | 0.1 |
Judaism | 10,968 | 0.1 |
Other religions | 167,231 | 1.7 |
Total religions | 5,432,375 | 54.7 |
No religion | 1,806,409 | 18.2 |
Did not wish to answer | 2,698,844 | 27.1 |
total | 9,937,628 | 100.00 |
The majority of Hungarians became Christian in the 11th century. Hungary remained predominantly Catholic until the 16th century, when the Reformation took place and, as a result, first Lutheranism, then soon afterwards Calvinism, became the religion of almost the entire population. In the second half of the 16th century, however, Jesuits led a successful campaign of counterreformation among the Hungarians, although Protestantism survived as the faith of a significant minority. Orthodox Christianity in Hungary has been the religion mainly of some national minorities in the country, notably Romanians, Rusyns, Ukrainians, and Serbs.
Faith Church, one of Europe's largest Pentecostal churches, is also located in Hungary. Hungary has historically been home to a significant Jewish community.
According to 2011 census data, Christianity is the largest religion in Hungary, with around 5.2 million adherents (52.9%),[109] while the largest denomination in Hungary is Catholicism (38.9% — Roman Catholicism 37.1%; Greek Catholicism 1.8%).[110] There is a significant Calvinist minority (11.6% of the population) and smaller Lutheran (2.2%), Orthodox (0.1%) and Jewish (0.1%) minorities. However, these census figures are representative of religious affiliation rather than practice; fewer than 12% of Hungarians attend religious services at least once a week and fewer than 50% at least once a year, while 30% of Hungarians do not believe in God.[111] The census showed a large drop of religious adherents, from 74.6% to 54.7% in ten years' time, replacing them by people either who do not wish answer or people who are not following a religion.
Largest cities
Name | Population (1949) | Population (1990) | Population (2011) | Agglomeration | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Budapest | 1,590,316 | 2,016,681 | 1,733,685 | 2,503,105 (2009) | Capital city |
Debrecen | 115,399 | 212,235 | 208,016 | 237,888 (2005) | Regional centre, county seat, urban county |
Szeged | 104,867 | 169,930 | 170,285 | 201,307 (2005) | Regional centre, county seat, urban county |
Miskolc | 109,841 | 196,442 | 168,275 | 216,470 (2005) | Regional centre, county seat, urban county |
Pécs | 89,470 | 170,039 | 157,721 | 179,215 (2005) | Regional centre, county seat, urban county |
Győr | 69,583 | 129,331 | 131,267 | 182,776 (2005) | Regional centre, county seat, urban county |
Nyíregyháza | 56,334 | 114,152 | 117,852 | - | County seat, urban county |
Kecskemét | 61,730 | 102,516 | 113,275 | - | County seat, urban county |
Székesfehérvár | 42,260 | 108,958 | 101,943 | - | Regional centre, county seat, urban county |
See also
- Hungarian diaspora
- Demographics of the Kingdom of Hungary
- History of Hungary
- Demographic history of Syrmia
- Magyarization
Notes
- ↑ Except in the year 1941, Jewish people were not recognized as a minority, but only as a religion — assuredly, many Jews considered themselves as belonging to one of the recognized minorities.
References
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- 1 2 Rhoads Murphey, Ottoman warfare, 1500-1700, Rutgers University Press, 1999, p. 174
- 1 2 Klára Papp – János Barta Jr., Minorities research 6., Kisebbségkutatás (Minorities Studies and Reviews)
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- ↑ Imre Wellmann, A magyar mezőgazdaság a XVIII. században, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1979, p. 13
- ↑ Rudolf Andorka, Determinants of fertility in advanced societies, Taylor & Francis, 1978, p. 93
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- 1 2 Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, Tibor Frank, A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994 pp. 11-143.
- ↑ Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 14, Americana Corp., 1966, p. 509
- ↑ Jonathan Dewald, Europe 1450 to 1789: encyclopedia of the early modern world, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 230
- ↑ Arthur J. Sabin, Red Scare in Court: New York Versus the International Workers Order, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999, p. 4
- ↑ Thomas Spira, German-Hungarian relations and the Swabian problem: from Károlyi to Gömbös, 1919-1936, East European quarterly, 1977, p. 2
- ↑ Krej?í, O.; Styan, M.C.; vied, Ú. (2005). Geopolitics of the Central European Region: The View from Prague and Bratislava. VEDA, Publishing House of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. p. 284. ISBN 9788022408523. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
- 1 2 Robert Bideleux, Ian Jeffries, History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change, Taylor & Francis, 2007, page 259, ISBN 978-0-415-36627-4
- 1 2 Paul Lendvai, The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p.286
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- 1 2 3 Richard C. Frucht, Eastern Europe: an introduction to the people, lands, and culture / edited by Richard Frucht, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 356
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- ↑ "Vital Events". STADAT. Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
- ↑ Magyarország a XX. században / Születési mozgalom és termékenység. Mek.niif.hu. Retrieved on 2010-10-19.
- ↑ Budapesti Közgazdaságtudományi és Államigazgatási Egyetem. (PDF). Retrieved on 2010-10-19.
- ↑ "STADAT – 1.1. Population, vital statistics (1949– )". portal.ksh.hu. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
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- ↑ "Teleki Pál – egy ellentmondásos életút" (in Hungarian). National Geographic Hungary. 2004-02-18. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
- ↑ "A kartográfia története" (in Hungarian). Babits Publishing Company. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
- ↑ Spatiul istoric si ethnic romanesc, Editura Militara, Bucuresti, 1992
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- ↑ Árpád Varga. "Hungarians in Transylvania between 1870 and 1995".
- 1 2 A népesség változó etnikai arculata Magyarország mai területén (map+data+essay) (Kocsis Károly, Bottlik Zsolt, Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Földrajztudományi Kutatóintézet, Budapest, 2009, ISBN 978-963-9545-19-9)
- 1 2 Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 116-153
- ↑ Joseph Rothschil. East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars
- ↑ "Hungarian census 2001 - Population by ethnic minorities and main age groups, 1941, 1980–2001". nepszamlalas2001.hu. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
- ↑ "Hungarian census 2011 - final data and methodology" (PDF). ksh.hu. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
- ↑ Huping Ling, Emerging voices: experiences of underrepresented Asian Americans, Rutgers University Press, 2008, p. 111
- ↑ Stratégiai Audit 2005 - DEMOS Magyarország. Demos.hu (2009-11-06). Retrieved on 2010-10-19.
- ↑ Hungary acknowledges the need for progress regarding its population of 500,000 to 1 million Roma, or Gypsies
- ↑ "Hungary would put the number of Roma in the country at 800,000–1,000,000, or up to 10% of the total population of Hungary. European Rights Roma Center". errc.org. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
- ↑ The New York City Times: Roma make up an estimated 8 to 10 percent of Hungary’s population
- ↑ The christian science monitor: "[...] the Roma, who account for between 8 and 10 percent of Hungary's 10 million people."
- 1 2 "Index - Gazdaság - Romák a szegénység csapdájában | "Ma minden ötödik-hatodik születendő gyermek cigány."". index.hu. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
- ↑ [http://mek.oszk.hu/02000/02034/html/#2] "Az érettségit megszerzők aránya azonban 0,5%-ról csupán 1,5%-ra nőtt, felsőfokú végzettséget pedig elenyésző számban szereztek.", "A felsőoktatásban tanulók aránya az 1993-as kutatás adatai szerint mindössze 0,22 ezrelék.""]. mek.oszk.hu.
- ↑ "Index - Romák a szegénység csapdájában". mek.oszk.hu. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
- ↑ Alfried Wieczorek, Hans-Martin Hinz, Europe's centre around AD 1000, Volume 1, Theiss, 2000, p.135
- ↑ "National and historical symbols of Hungary". nemzetijelkepek.hu. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
- ↑ Mongol Invasions: Battle of Liegnitz, HistoryNet
- ↑ György Fejér, Codex diplomaticus Hungariae ecclesiasticus ac civilis, Volume 7, typis typogr. Regiae Vniversitatis Vngaricae, 1831
- 1 2 3 4 Tamás Kis, Magyar nyelvjárások, Volumes 18-21, Nyelvtudományi Intézet, Kossuth Lajos Tudományegyetem (University of Kossuth Lajos). Magyar Nyelvtudományi Tanszék, 1972, p. 83
- ↑ Dennis P. Hupchick, Conflict and chaos in Eastern Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, 1995 p. 58
- ↑ István Vásáry, Cumans and Tatars: Oriental military in the pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 28
- ↑ Heinz Stoob, Die Mittelalterliche Städtebildung im südöstlichen Europa, Böhlau, 1977, p. 204
- 1 2 3 4 Louis L. Lote (editor), ONE LAND — TWO NATIONS TRANSYLVANIA AND THE THEORY OF DACO-ROMAN-RUMANIAN CONTINUITY, COMMITTEE OF TRANSYLVANIA INC. (This is a special issue of the CARPATHIAN OBSERVER Volume 8, Number 1. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number; 80-81573), 1980, p. 10
- ↑ White, G.W. (2000). Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 129. ISBN 9780847698097. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
- ↑ Sedlar, Jean W.: East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500; University of Washington Press, 1994; ISBN 0-295-97290-4, page 8
- ↑ Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 102 (Table 19)
- ↑ Janusz Bugajski, Ethnic politics in Eastern Europe: a guide to nationality policies, organizations, and parties M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p. 402
- ↑ Sue Clarkson. "History of German Settlements in Southern Hungary". Feefhs.org. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
- ↑ "18. Demographic data" – Hungarian Central Statistical Office Archived May 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Patai, Raphael (1996). The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology (2015 ed.). Wayne State University Press. p. 21.
- 1 2 "Oi ellinikes paroikies tis Kentrikis Evropis". Greek Migration to Europe (15th-19th c.). Retrieved 2007-02-18.
- 1 2 "Oi ellinikes paroikies stin Ungaria". Greek Migration to Europe (15th-19th c.). Retrieved 2007-02-18.
- ↑ "Demographic data – Hungarian Central Statistical Office". Nepszamlalas.hu/KSH. Retrieved 2013-07-18.
- ↑ "2011 Hungary Census Report" (PDF). ksh.hu. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
- ↑ "Population by religions, 2001 census (English)". nepszamlalas.hu. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
- ↑ "World Walues Survey". worldvaluessurvey.org. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
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