Prime Minister of Lower Saxony

Prime Minister of Lower Saxony Ministerpräsident des Landes Niedersachsen
Coat of arms of Lower Saxony
Incumbent Stephan Weil since 19 February 2013
Residence	Hanover
Appointer	Legislative Assembly of Lower Saxony
Term length	Pending resignation or the election of a successor
Inaugural holder	Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf
Formation	1 November 1946
Salary	regulated by legislation (€13521, as of 2011)[1]
Website	http://www.state-chancellery.niedersachsen.de

The Prime Minister of Lower Saxony^[2][3] (German: Ministerpräsident des Landes Niedersachsen), also referred to as Premier or Minister President, is the head of government of the German state of Lower Saxony. The position was created in 1946, when the states of Brunswick, Oldenburg, Schaumburg-Lippe and the State of Hanover were merged to form the state of Lower Saxony. The current Prime Minister is Stephan Weil, heading a coalition government between the Social Democrats and the Greens. Weil succeeded David McAllister following the 2013 state election.

The office of the Prime Minister is known as the State Chancellery (German: Staatskanzlei), and is located in the capital of Hanover, along with the rest of the cabinet departments.

The state of Lower Saxony sees itself in the tradition notably of the Kingdom of Hanover, having adopted many of its symbols. For the predecessor office in the Kingdom of Hanover, see Privy Council of Hanover. The head of the Privy Council held the title Prime Minister.

Title

The German title Ministerpräsident may be translated literally as Minister-President, although the state government uses the title Prime Minister in English.^[2][3][4] Further, some third parties refer to the position in this fashion.^[5][6][7]

An alternate English translation is Premier, the title given to heads of state governments in other federal systems such as Australia, Canada and South Africa.^{[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]}

Origin of the Office

After the Second World War, the states of Brunswick, Oldenburg, Schaumburg-Lippe and the State of Hanover were administered as part of the zone allocated to the British military administration. With the passage of time, the British government began to back the advocates of a merger of the states. Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf, who went on to become Lower Saxony's first Prime Minister, was a fervent advocate of the merger towards the British military authorities. On 23 October 1946, the British administration announced that they would support a merger of the states, as proposed by Kopf.^[25]

Consequently, the four states were merged to form the state of Lower Saxony via Ordinance No. 55 of 1 November 1946. Article 3 of the Ordinance created the position of Prime Minister:

"Subject to the provisions of any legislation which may be enacted pursuant to this Ordinance, the executive authority of Lower Saxony shall be exercised by a Cabinet, the Head of which shall be known as 'Ministerpräsident'"

Article 4 of Ordinance No. 55 stipulated the appointment of the Prime Minister by the military government, until the holding of free Legislative Assembly elections in 1947. The British military administration then appointed Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf, the erstwhile Prime Minister of the former State of Hanover, to serve as the first Prime Minister of Lower Saxony.

Constitutional Practice

Election and Removal

Gerhard Schröder (here with US President George W. Bush) was Prime Minister of Lower Saxony (1990-1998) before becoming Chancellor

The Prime Minister is elected by the Legislative Assembly, by a majority of its members in a secret ballot.^[26] However, he does not have to be a Member of the Legislative Assembly.^[27] The only restriction is that the Prime Minister may not be a Member of the Bundestag. Before assuming his duties, the Prime Minister-elect takes the following oath before the Members of the Legislative Assembly:

"I swear that I will devote my strength to the people and the state, preserve and defend the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany and the constitution of Lower Saxony as well as the laws, perform my duties conscientiously and exercise justice towards all people." (The oath may be taken with or without the affirmation "So help me God")

Upon election, the Prime Minister then appoints his Cabinet which requires subsequent confirmation by the Legislative Assembly.^[28] In practical terms, the confirmation of the cabinet is an essential requirement for the Prime Minister to govern, as until then the cabinet departments would be run by the (possibly defeated) predecessors.^[29] The Prime Minister can be removed by the Legislative Assembly, through a constructive vote of no confidence - namely the election of a successor.^[30] To this day, no vote of no-confidence has succeeded in the Lower Saxony Legislative Assembly, with the last attempt being made in November 1988.^[31]

The State Chancellery in Hanover is the official residence of the Prime Minister of Lower Saxony

Powers and Status

According to the Lower Saxony Constitution, the Prime Minister is the effective leader of the State Government, being responsible for the determination and formulation of policy guidelines.^[32] In this context, he chairs the cabinet meetings and may cast a tie-breaking vote in case of a stalemate between the ministers. Additionally, the Prime Minister also represents the State of Lower Saxony externally and exercises the right of clemency in individual criminal cases.^[33] In titular terms, the Prime Minister is also regarded as head of the state of Lower Saxony, thereby taking precedence over officials like the Speaker of the Lower Saxony Legislative Assembly.^[34]

The Prime Minister, like the other members of the State Government, is not a civil servant—his salary is regulated by law. Like his ministers, the Prime Minister is subject to the Lower Saxony Ministers Act, which regulates matters of salary, confidentiality and ethics.^[35] Furthermore, the Prime Minister signs treaties made by the State of Lower Saxony and has to be consulted by other cabinet members prior to the start of any negotiations.^[36] The Prime Minister is also authorized to appoint one of his cabinet members as his deputy in case of absence or illness. The only currently known instance of a Deputy Prime Minister taking over the duties of Prime Minister was in July 2010, when Jörg Bode (FDP) served as Acting Prime Minister in the interval between Christian Wulff's election as President of Germany and David McAllister's confirmation as Prime Minister on 1 July 2010.^[37] Meetings of the Cabinet traditionally take place in the guesthouse of the Lower Saxony Government, located close to the Hanover Zoological Gardens.^[38]

Ernst Albrecht, (second from left) seen here during a 1978 visit by King Hussein of Jordan to the Volkswagen plant in Wolfsburg, was Lower Saxony's sixth Prime Minister.

The Role of the State Chancellery

The Prime Minister of Lower Saxony, like his fellow Prime Minister in their respective states, has the staff of the State Chancellery at his disposal. The State Chancellery assists the Prime Minister in the preparation of draft legislation, the management of day-to-day government business and the coordination of media policy for the entire state.^[39] Additionally, it is responsible for relations to the other states in Germany and the European Union.

The State Chancellery, by convention, is headed by a state secretary appointed by the Prime Minister. The current incumbent is Jörg Mielke. Under the McAllister administration, the State Chancellery was divided into four overall departments (Department 1: Policy Guidelines, Department 2: Legal/Administration/Media, Department 3: Europe/International Cooperation, Department 4: Lower Saxony Representation to the Federal Government). While each of these departments is headed by a separate section head, the Press and Information Office is under the direct purview of the Prime Minister.^[40]

Christian Wulff was Prime Minister of Lower Saxony (2003-2010) before being elected President of Germany

Role in German Politics

As the leader of one of Germany's territorially largest and most populous states, the Prime Minister of Lower Saxony has traditionally been a major player in federal politics: The state's first Prime Minister, Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf often used the Bundesrat as a forum to oppose the policies of the Adenauer government. Alfred Kubel, one of Kopf's successors, played a major role in negotiating a compromise between all German states on the creation of a national fiscal transfer mechanism (Länderfinanzausgleich). Prime Minister Ernst Albrecht, contrary to prevailing majority opinion in his own party, advocated and voted for the ratification of the treaties around which Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik was centred.^[41]

Ernst Albrecht was a candidate for the CDU nomination for President in 1979 and Chancellor in 1980, Gerhard Schröder became Chancellor of Germany in 1998, his successor Sigmar Gabriel is the current SPD chairman and Christian Wulff was elected President of Germany in 2010. Examples of Lower Saxony's influence on policy debates in federal politics include Ernst Albrecht's advocacy of financial transfers from other states and Gerhard Schröder's usage of Lower Saxony's Bundesrat votes in matters of fiscal and tax policy.^[42]

List of Prime Ministers of Lower Saxony

Political Party:   SPD   DP   CDU

Portrait		Name (Born–Died)	Term of Office			Political Party
			Took Office	Left Office	Days
		Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf (1st term) (1893–1961)	9 December 1946	26 May 1955	3090	Social Democratic Party of Germany
		Heinrich Hellwege (1908–1991)	26 May 1955	12 May 1959	1447	German Party
		Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf (2nd term) (1893–1961)	12 May 1959	21 December 1961	954	Social Democratic Party of Germany
		Georg Diederichs (1900–1983)	29 December 1961	8 July 1970	3113	Social Democratic Party of Germany
		Alfred Kubel (1909–1999)	8 July 1970	6 February 1976	2039	Social Democratic Party of Germany
		Ernst Albrecht (1930–2014)	6 February 1976	21 June 1990	5249	Christian Democratic Union
		Gerhard Schröder (born 1944)	21 June 1990	28 October 1998	3051	Social Democratic Party of Germany
		Gerhard Glogowski (born 1943)	28 October 1998	15 October 1999	352	Social Democratic Party of Germany
		Sigmar Gabriel (born 1959)	15 October 1999	4 March 2003	1236	Social Democratic Party of Germany
		Christian Wulff (born 1959)	4 March 2003	30 June 2010	2675	Christian Democratic Union
		David McAllister (born 1971)	1 July 2010	19 February 2013	964	Christian Democratic Union
		Stephan Weil (born 1958)	19 February 2013	Incumbent	1396	Social Democratic Party of Germany

References

External links

• State Chancellery

Ministers-President of Lower Saxony
Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf Heinrich Hellwege Georg Diederichs Alfred Kubel Ernst Albrecht Gerhard Schröder Gerhard Glogowski Sigmar Gabriel Christian Wulff David McAllister Stephan Weil

Cabinets of Lower Saxony
Kopf I (1946–1947) Kopf II (1947–1948) Kopf III (1948–1951) Kopf IV (1951–1955) Hellwege I (1955–1957) Hellwege II (1957–1959) Kopf V (1959–1961) Diederichs I (1961–1963) Diederichs II (1963–1965) Diederichs III (1965–1967) Diederichs IV (1967–1970) Kubel I (1970–1974) Kubel II (1974–1976) Albrecht I (1976–1977) Albrecht II (1977–1978) Albrecht III (1978–1982) Albrecht IV (1982–1986) Albrecht V (1986–1990) Schröder I (1990–1994) Schröder II (1994–1998) Schröder III (1998) Glogowski (1998–1999) Gabriel (1999–2003) Wulff I (2003–2008) Wulff II (2008–2010) McAllister (2010–2013) Weil (since 2013)

Heads of government of the States of Germany
States	Baden-Württemberg (Minister-President) Bavaria (Minister-President) Berlin (Governing Mayor) Brandenburg (Minister-President) Bremen (Mayor) Hamburg (First Mayor) Hesse (Minister-President) Lower Saxony (Minister-President) Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Minister-President) North Rhine-Westphalia (Minister-President) Rhineland-Palatinate (Minister-President) Saarland (Minister-President) Saxony (Minister-President) Saxony-Anhalt (Minister-President) Schleswig-Holstein (Minister-President) Thuringia (Minister-President)