Upper Peninsula of Michigan

Upper Peninsula
Michigan
The Lake of the Clouds in the Porcupine Mountains of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan
Nickname: The U.P., The 906
Country	United States
State	Michigan
Highest point
- location	Mount Arvon
- elevation	1,979 ft (603 m)
Area	16,377 sq mi (42,416 km2)
Population	311,361 (2010)
Density	19/sq mi (7/km2)
Area code	906
The Upper Peninsula is bordered by the Lower Peninsula, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Ontario

The Upper Peninsula is the northern of the two major peninsulas that make up the U.S. state of Michigan. It may also be referred to as the UP or Upper Michigan. The peninsula is bounded on the north by Lake Superior, on the east by the St. Marys River, on the southeast by Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, and on the southwest by Wisconsin.

The Upper Peninsula contains 29% of the land area of Michigan but just 3% of its total population. Residents are frequently called Yoopers (derived from "U.P.-ers") and have a strong regional identity. Large numbers of French Canadian, Finnish, Swedish, Cornish, and Italian immigrants came to the Upper Peninsula, especially the Keweenaw Peninsula, to work in the area's mines and lumber industry. The peninsula includes the only counties in the United States where a plurality of residents claim Finnish ancestry.^[1]

Ordered by size, the peninsula's largest cities are Marquette, Sault Ste. Marie, Escanaba, Menominee, Houghton, and Iron Mountain. The land and climate are not very suitable for agriculture because of the long harsh winters. The economy has been based on logging, mining, and tourism. Most mines have closed since the "golden age" from 1890 to 1920. The land is heavily forested and logging remains a major industry.

History

The first known inhabitants of the Upper Peninsula were tribes speaking Algonquian languages. They arrived roughly around A.D. 800 and subsisted chiefly from fishing. Early tribes included the Menominee, Nocquet, and the Mishinimaki. Étienne Brûlé of France was probably the first European to visit the peninsula, crossing the St. Marys River around 1620 in search of a route to the Far East.^[2] French colonists laid claim to the land in the 17th century, establishing missions and fur trading posts such as Sault Ste. Marie and St. Ignace. Following the end of the French and Indian War (part of the Seven Years' War) in 1763, the territory was ceded to Great Britain. Sault Ste Marie, Michigan is the oldest European settlement in Michigan and the site of Native American settlements for centuries.

American Indian tribes formerly allied with the French were dissatisfied with the British occupation, which brought new territorial policies. Whereas the French cultivated alliances among the Indians, the British postwar approach was to treat the tribes as conquered peoples. In 1763, tribes united in Pontiac's Rebellion to try to drive the British from the area. American Indians captured Fort Michilimackinac, near present-day Mackinaw City, Michigan, then the principal fort of the British in the Michilimackinac region, as well as others and killed hundreds of British. In 1764, they began negotiations with the British which resulted in temporary peace and changes in objectionable British policies.

Although the Upper Peninsula nominally became United States territory with the 1783 Treaty of Paris, the British did not give up control until 1797 under terms of the Jay Treaty. As an American territory, the Upper Peninsula was still dominated by the fur trade. John Jacob Astor founded the American Fur Company on Mackinac Island in 1808; however, the industry began to decline in the 1830s as beaver and other game were overhunted.^[3]

When the Michigan Territory was first established in 1805, it included only the Lower Peninsula and the eastern portion of the Upper Peninsula. In 1819, the territory was expanded to include the remainder of the Upper Peninsula, all of Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota (previously included in the Indiana and Illinois Territories). When Michigan was preparing for statehood in the 1830s, the boundaries proposed corresponded to the original territorial boundaries, with some proposals even leaving the Upper Peninsula out entirely. Meanwhile, the territory was involved in a border dispute with the state of Ohio in a conflict known as the Toledo War.

The people of Michigan approved a constitution in May 1835 and elected state officials in late autumn 1835. Although the state government was not yet recognized by the United States Congress, the territorial government effectively ceased to exist. A constitutional convention of the state legislature refused a compromise to accept the full Upper Peninsula in exchange for ceding the Toledo Strip to Ohio. A second convention, hastily convened by Governor Stevens Thomson Mason, consisting primarily of Mason supporters, agreed in December 1836 to accept the U.P. in exchange for the Toledo Strip.

In January 1837, the U.S. Congress admitted Michigan as a state of the Union. At the time, Michigan was considered the losing party in the compromise. The land in the Upper Peninsula was described in a federal report as a "sterile region on the shores of Lake Superior destined by soil and climate to remain forever a wilderness."^[2]

This belief changed when rich mineral deposits (primarily copper and iron) were discovered in the 1840s. The Upper Peninsula's mines produced more mineral wealth than the California Gold Rush, especially after shipping was improved by the opening of the Soo Locks in 1855 and docks in Marquette in 1859. The Upper Peninsula supplied 90% of America's copper by the 1860s. It was the largest supplier of iron ore by the 1890s, and production continued to a peak in the 1920s, but sharply declined shortly afterward. The last copper mine closed in 1995, although the majority of mines had closed decades before. Some iron mining continues near Marquette.^[2] A copper sulfate mine opened in 2014.

Thousands of Americans and immigrants moved to the area during the mining boom, prompting the federal government to create Fort Wilkins near Copper Harbor to maintain order. The first wave were the Cornish from England, with centuries of mining experience; followed by Irish, Germans, and French Canadians. During the 1890s, Finnish immigrants began settling there in large numbers, forming the population plurality in the northwestern half of the peninsula. In the early 20th century, 75% of the population was foreign-born.^[3]

From 1861 to 1865, 90,000 Michigan men fought in the American Civil War, including 1,209 from the Upper Peninsula. Houghton County contributed 460 soldiers, while Marquette County, Michigan sent 265.^[4]

Geography

The Upper Peninsula contains 16,377 square miles (42,420 km²),^[5] about 29 percent of the land area of the state (exclusive of territorial waters, which constitute about 40% of Michigan's total jurisdictional area). The maximum east–west distance in the Upper Peninsula is about 320 miles (510 km), and the maximum north–south distance is about 125 miles (201 km). It is bounded on the north by Lake Superior, on the east by St. Mary's River, on the south by Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, and on the west by Wisconsin and (counting the water border on Lake Superior) by Minnesota. It has about 1,700 miles (2,700 km) of continuous shoreline with the Great Lakes. There are about 4,300 inland lakes, the largest of which is Lake Gogebic, and 12,000 miles (19,000 km) of streams.^[6]

The peninsula is divided between the flat, swampy areas in the east, part of the Great Lakes Plain, and the steeper, more rugged western half, called the Superior Upland, part of the Canadian Shield.^[7] The rock in the western portion is the result of volcanic eruptions and is estimated to be at least 3.5 billion years old (much older than the eastern portion) and contains the region's ore resources. Banded-iron formations were deposited 2 billion years ago; this is the Marquette Range Supergroup. A considerable amount of bedrock is visible. Mount Arvon, the highest point in Michigan, is found in the region, as well as the Porcupine and Huron mountains. All of the higher areas are the remnants of ancient peaks, worn down over millions of years by erosion and glaciers.^[8]

The Keweenaw Peninsula is the northernmost part of the peninsula. It projects into Lake Superior and was the site of the first copper boom in the United States, part of a larger region of the peninsula called the Copper Country.^[9] Copper Island is its northernmost section.

About one third of the peninsula is government-owned recreational forest land today, including the Ottawa National Forest and Hiawatha National Forest. Although heavily logged in the 19th century, the majority of the land was forested with mature trees by the 1970s.^[2]

Wildlife

The Upper Peninsula contains a large variety of wildlife. Some of the mammals found in the U.P. include shrews, moles, mice, white tailed deer, moose, black bears, cougar, gray and red foxes, wolves, river otters, martens, fishers, muskrats, bobcats, coyotes, snowshoe hares, cotton-tail rabbits, porcupines, chipmunks, squirrels, raccoons, opossum and bats. There is a large variety of birds, including hawks, osprey, owls, gulls, hummingbirds, chickadees, robins, woodpeckers, warblers, and bald eagles. In terms of reptiles and amphibians, the U.P. has common garter snakes, red bellied snakes, pine snakes, northern water snakes, brown snakes, eastern garter snakes, eastern fox snakes, eastern ribbon back snakes, green snakes, northern ringneck snakes, Eastern Milk Snakes (Mackinac and Marquette counties) and Eastern Hognose snakes (Menominee County only), plus snapping turtles, wood turtles, and painted turtles (the state reptile), green frogs, bullfrogs, northern leopard frogs, and salamanders. Lakes and rivers contain many fish like walleye, muskie, northern pike, trout, salmon, bullhead catfish, and bass. Invasive species like the alewife and sea lamprey can be found in the Great Lakes. The U.P. also contains many shellfish, such as clams, aquatic snails, and crayfish. The American Bird Conservancy and the National Audubon Society have designated several locations as internationally Important Bird Areas.

There is significant controversy over the presence of Eastern Cougars in the U.P.^[10] Historically, the last of the species, or subspecies, was extirpated near Newberry in 1906, although there have been sightings of the creatures over the years since.^[11][12] These reports increased in number over the first decade of the 21st century. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DNRE) formed a four-person team to investigate sightings in the state. The biologists with the DNRE currently do not believe that there is a breeding population anywhere in the state, rather that the sighted animals are visitors to the state.^[13] As late as January 2007, the DNRE's official position was that no cougars lived in Michigan.^[14] Several residents in the state disagree with both current and previous positions on the part of the DNRE.^[14][15] Researchers at Central Michigan University and the Michigan Wildlife Conservancy in 2006 published the findings of a study using DNA analysis of fecal samples taken in the Upper and Lower peninsulas that showed the presence of cougars at the time.^[16] These results were disputed in a second journal article in 2007 by other researchers from Eastern Michigan University and the U.S. Forest Service.^[17] A citizen's group, the Michigan Citizens for Cougar Recognition (MCCR), independently tracked sightings and in 2009 listed Delta County as the location with the greatest number of reports in the state.^[18] The DNRE verified five sets of tracks and two trail camera photos in Delta, Chippewa, Marquette, and Menominee counties since 2008.^[19] DNRE officials acknowledge that there are cougars in the UP, but not elsewhere in the state. Critics of the DNRE's position on the species, including the founder of the MCCR, say that the department is attempting to "avoid paying for a cougar management program".^[15]

There are also many invasive species that are primarily brought in the ballast water of foreign ships, usually from the ocean bordering Northeastern Asia. This water is dumped directly into the Great Lakes, depositing a variety of fresh and salt water fish and invertebrates, most notably the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. There are also many plant species that have been transported to the Great Lakes, including Purple Loosestrife Lythrum salicaria^[20] and Phragmites australis, both of which are considered to be a threat to native hydrophyte wetland plants.^[21][22]

The Emerald ash borer was first reported in the U.P. at Brimley State Park,^[23] and is considered to be a serious ecological threat to the habitat and economy.

Climate

The Upper Peninsula has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification system). The Great Lakes have a great effect on most of the peninsula. Winters tend to be long, cold, and snowy for most of the peninsula, and because of its northern latitude, the daylight hours are short—around 8 hours between sunrise and sunset in the winter. Lake Superior has the greatest effect on the area, especially the northern and western parts. Lake-effect snow causes many areas to get in excess of 100–250 inches (250–640 cm) of snow per year—especially in the Keweenaw Peninsula and Gogebic County, and to a lesser extent Baraga, Marquette and Alger counties, making the western U.P. a prominent part of the midwestern snow belt.

Records of 390 inches (990 cm) of snow or more have been set in many communities in this area.^[24] The Keweenaw Peninsula averages more snowfall than any other location east of the Mississippi River.^[25] Because of the howling storms across Lake Superior, which cause dramatic amounts of precipitation, it has been said that the lake-effect snow makes the Keweenaw Peninsula the snowiest place east of the Rockies. Herman averages 236 inches (600 cm) of snow every year.^[26] Lake-effect snow can cause blinding whiteouts in just minutes, and some storms can last for days. Hancock is found frequently on lists of the snowiest cities in America.^[27]

The banana belt along the Wisconsin border has a more continental climate since most of its weather does not arrive from the lakes. Summers tend to be warmer and winter nights much colder. Coastal communities have temperatures tempered by the Great Lakes. In summer, it might be 10 °F (5.6 °C) cooler at lakeside than it is inland, and the opposite effect is seen in winter. The area of the Upper Peninsula north of Green Bay though Menominee and Escanaba (and extending west to Iron River) does not have the extreme weather and precipitation found to the north.^[2] The coldest temperature officially recorded in the Upper Peninsula was −48 °F (−44 °C) in Humboldt in January 1915.^[28]

Time zones

Like the entire Lower Peninsula of Michigan, most of the Upper Peninsula observes Eastern Time. However, the four counties bordering Wisconsin are in the Central Time zone.

In 1967, when the Uniform Time Act came into effect, the Upper Peninsula went under year-round CST, with no daylight saving time.^[29] In 1973, the majority of the peninsula switched to Eastern Time;^[30] only the four western border counties of Gogebic, Iron, Dickinson, and Menominee continue to observe Central Time. Daylight savings time is observed peninsula wide.

Government

There are 15 counties in the Upper Peninsula (see map).

State prisons are located in Baraga, Marquette, Munising, Newberry, Marenisco and Kincheloe.

Politics

Historically, the Upper Peninsula has tended to vote for the United States' Democratic Party due to its legacy of mining and historically high union membership. However, as Democrats have shifted toward social liberalism and as union strength in the peninsula has declined, the region has become steadily less receptive to the Democratic party, and has alternately swung toward either party in recent years. Split-ticket voting has become a common practice in the peninsula. In 2012, for example, Democratic U.S. Senator Debbie Stabenow carried every county in the peninsula in her 2006 and 2012 reelection campaigns, but Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney carried all but two counties in the 2012 presidential election. Donald Trump swept all counties across the Upper Peninsula except Marquette County.

The breakdown of the 2012 presidential election by county was as follows:

^[31][32]

Election results of the 2012 presidential election by county in the Upper Peninsula

County	Registered voters	Votes cast	Romney/Ryan	Obama/Biden	Result
Alger	4,671	4,618	2,330	2,212	REP
Baraga	3,540	3,490	1,866	1,574	REP
Chippewa	15,790	15,564	8,278	7,100	REP
Delta	18,968	18,050	9,534	8,330	REP
Dickinson	12,950	12,810	7,688	4,952	REP
Gogebic	7,689	7,576	3,444	4,058	DEM
Houghton	15,477	15,282	8,196	6,801	REP
Iron	6,065	5,988	3,224	2,687	REP
Keweenaw	1,411	1,392	774	582	REP
Luce	3,401	2,596	1,580	991	REP
Mackinac	6,170	6,099	3,397	2,652	REP
Marquette	32,551	32,194	13,606	18,115	DEM
Menominee	11,043	10,923	5,564	5,242	REP
Ontonagon	3,599	3,539	1,906	1,586	REP
Schoolcraft	4,104	4,048	2,142	1,865	REP
Total	147,429	144,168	73,529	70,639	REP

All counties in the U.P. are part of Michigan's 1st congressional district. Dan Benishek, a Republican, has been the U.S. Representative for this district since January 2011.^[33]

In Michigan's 2010 gubernatorial election Republican Rick Snyder carried every U.P. county but one, Gogebic, on his way to victory over his Democratic opponent, Virg Bernero.^[34]

Proposed statehood

Superior is the name of a longstanding 51st state proposal for the secession of the Upper Peninsula from the rest of Michigan, potentially with various portions of northern Wisconsin. Named after Lake Superior, the idea has gained serious attention at times. Because stronger connections to the rest of the state exist since completion of the Mackinac Bridge, the proposal's future is vague.^[35] Several prominent legislators, including local politician Dominic Jacobetti, attempted to gain passage of the bill in the 1970s, missing by a single vote.^[36]

Demographics

The Upper Peninsula remains a predominantly rural region. As of the 2010 census, the region had a population of 311,361—scarcely more than 3% of Michigan's total population.^[37]

According to the 2010 census, 103,211 people live in the 12 towns of at least 4,000 people, covering 96.5 square miles (250 km²). A total of 116,548 people live in the 18 towns and villages of at least 2,000 people, which cover 108.5 square miles (320.4 km²)—less than 1% of the peninsula's land area.

The Upper Peninsula has experienced population decline, although this has not been the case for every county. In some areas of the Upper Peninsula the population has declined more than in others, with the six westernmost counties having witnessed the largest decrease, from a 1920 population of 153,674 to a 2010 population of 82,668. Some ghost towns exist in the region.^[38]

The population of the Upper Peninsula grew throughout the 19th century and then leveled off and experienced decline during the 20th century.^[39][40] A "↑" indicates an increase in population from the previous census, and a "↓" indicates a decrease in population from the previous census.

Population by census year of the Upper Peninsula by county

County	1830	1840	1850	1860	1870	1880	1890	1900	1910	1920	1930	1940	1950	1960	1970	1980	1990	2000	2010
Alger	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	01238 !1,238↑	05868 !5,868↑	07675 !7,675↑	09983 !9,983↑	09327 !9,327↓	10167 !10,167↑	10007 !10,007↓	09250 !9,250↓	08568 !8,568↓	09225 !9,225↑	08972 !8,972↓	09862 !9,862↑	09601 !9,601↓
Baraga	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	01804 !1,804↑	03036 !3,036↑	04320 !4,320↑	06125 !6,125↑	07662 !7,662↑	09168 !9,168↑	09356 !9,356↑	08037 !8,037↓	07151 !7,151↓	07789 !7,789↑	08494 !8,484↑	07954 !7,954↓	08735 !8,735↑	08864 !8,860↑
Chippewa	00626 !626↑	00534 !534↓	00898 !898↑	01603 !1,603↑	01689 !1,689↑	05248 !5,248↑	12018 !12,018↑	21338 !21,338↑	24472 !24,472↑	24818 !24,818↑	25047 !25,047↑	27807 !27,807↑	29206 !29,206↑	32655 !32,655↑	32412 !32,412↓	29029 !29,029↓	34604 !34,604↑	38413 !38,543↑	38520 !38,520↓
Delta	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	01172 !1,172↑	02542 !2,542↑	06812 !6,812↑	15330 !15,330↑	23881 !23,881↑	30108 !30,108↑	30909 !30,909↑	32280 !32,280↑	34037 !34,037↑	32913 !32,913↓	34298 !34,298↑	35924 !35,924↑	38947 !38,947↑	37780 !37,780↓	38510 !38,520↑	37069 !37,069↓
Dickinson	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	17890 !17,890↑	20524 !20,524↑	19456 !19,456↓	29941 !29,941↑	28731 !28,731↓	24844 !24,844↓	23917 !23,917↓	23753 !23,753↓	25341 !25,341↑	26831 !26,831↑	27427 !27,427↑	26168 !26,168↓
Gogebic	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	13166 !13,166↑	16738 !16,738↑	23333 !23,333↑	33225 !33,225↑	31577 !31,577↓	31797 !31,797↑	27053 !27,053↓	24730 !24,370↓	20676 !20,676↓	19686 !19,686↓	18052 !18,052↓	17370 !17,370↓	16427 !16,427↓
Houghton	00000 !—	00000 !—	00708 !708↑	09234 !9,234↑	13879 !13,879↑	22473 !22,473↑	35389 !35,389↑	66063 !66,063↑	88098 !88,098↑	71930 !71,930↓	52851 !52,851↓	47631 !47,631↓	39771 !39,771↓	34654 !34,654↓	34652 !34,652↓	37872 !37,872↓	35446 !35,446↓	36016 !36,016↑	36268 !36,628↑
Iron	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	04432 !4,432↑	08990 !8,990↑	15164 !15,164↑	22107 !22,107↑	20805 !20,805↓	20243 !20,243↓	17692 !17,692↓	17184 !17,184↓	13813 !13,813↓	13635 !13,635↓	13175 !13,175↓	13138 !13,138↓	11817 !11,817↓
Keweenaw	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	04205 !4,205↑	04270 !4,270↑	02894 !2,894↓	03217 !3,217↑	07156 !7,156↑	06322 !6,322↓	05076 !5,076↓	04004 !4,004↓	02918 !2,918↓	02417 !2,417↓	02264 !2,264↓	01963 !1,963↓	01701 !1,701↓	02301 !2,301↑	02156 !2,156↓
Luce	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	02455 !2,455↑	02983 !2,983↑	04004 !4,004↑	06149 !6,149↑	06528 !6,528↑	07423 !7,423↑	08147 !8,147↑	07827 !7,827↓	06789 !6,789↓	06659 !6,659↓	05763 !5,763↓	07024 !7,024↑	06631 !6,631↓
Mackinac	00877 !877↑	00923 !923↑	03598 !3,598↑	01938 !1,938↓	01716 !1,716↓	02902 !2,902↑	07830 !7,830↑	07703 !7,703↓	09249 !9,249↑	08026 !8,026↓	08783 !8,783↑	09438 !9,438↑	09287 !9,287↓	10853 !10,853↑	09660 !9,660↓	10178 !10,178↑	10674 !10,674↑	11943 !11,943↑	11113 !11,113↓
Marquette	00000 !—	00000 !—	00136 !136↑	02821 !2,821↑	15033 !15,033↑	25394 !25,394↑	39521 !39,521↑	41239 !41,239↑	46739 !46,739↑	45786 !45,786↓	44076 !44,076↓	47144 !47,144↑	47654 !47,654↑	56154 !56,154↑	64686 !64,686↑	74101 !74,101↑	70887 !70,887↓	64634 !64,634↓	67077 !67,077↑
Menominee	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	00000 !—	01791 !1,791↑	11987 !11,987↑	33639 !33,639↑	27046 !27,046↓	25648 !25,648↓	23778 !23,778↓	23652 !23,652↓	24883 !24,883↑	25299 !25,299↑	24685 !24,685↓	24587 !24,587↓	26201 !26,201↑	24920 !24,920↓	25109 !25,109↑	24029 !24,029↓
Ontonagon	00000 !—	00000 !—	00389 !389↑	04568 !4,568↑	02845 !2,845↓	02565 !2,565↓	03756 !3,756↑	06197 !6,197↑	08650 !8,650↑	12428 !12,428↑	11114 !11,114↓	11359 !11,359↑	10282 !10,282↓	10584 !10,584↑	10548 !10,548↓	09861 !9,861↓	08854 !8,854↓	07818 !7,818↓	06780 !6,780↓
Schoolcraft	00000 !—	00000 !—	00016 !16↑	00078 !78↑	00000 !—	01575 !1,575↑	05818 !5,818↑	07889 !7,889↑	08681 !8,681↑	09977 !9,977↑	08451 !8,451↓	09524 !9,524↑	09148 !9,148↓	08953 !8,953↓	08226 !8,226↓	08575 !8,575↑	08302 !8,302↓	08903 !8,903↑	08485 !8,485↓
Total	1,503↑	1,457↓	5,745↑	21,414↑	43,700↑	85,030↑	180,522↑	261,362↑	325,626↑	332,556↑	318,676↓	323,544↑	302,258↓	304,952↑	304,347↓	319,757↑	313,915↓	317,213↑	311,361↓

Economy

Industries

The Upper Peninsula is rich in mineral deposits including iron, copper, nickel and silver. Small amounts of gold have also been discovered and mined. In the 19th century, mining dominated the economy, and the U.P. became home to many isolated company towns. For many years, mines in the Keweenaw Peninsula were the world's largest producers of copper (see Copper mining in Michigan). The mines began declining as early as 1913, with most closing temporarily during the Great Depression. Mines reopened during World War II, but almost all quickly closed after the war ended. The last copper mine in the Copper Country was the White Pine mine, which closed in 1995.

From approximately 1870 to 1915, about thirty-two quarries mined Jacobsville Sandstone in the Upper Peninsula, particularly near Marquette and the town of Jacobsville. The sandstone was used in many buildings, both locally and around the United States.^[41]

Ever since logging of white pine began in the 1880s, timber has been an important industry.^[42] However, the stands of hemlock and hardwood went under-exploited until the mid-twentieth century as selection cutting was practiced in the western reaches of the forest. Because of the highly seasonal climate and the short growing season, agriculture is limited in the Upper Peninsula, though potatoes, strawberries and a few other small fruits are grown.

Tourism has become the main industry in recent decades. In 2005, ShermanTravel, LLC listed the Upper Peninsula as No. 10 in its assessment of all travel destinations worldwide.^[43] The article was republished in April 2006 by MSN.com.^[44] The peninsula has extensive coastline on the Great Lakes, large tracts of state and national forests, cedar swamps, more than 150 waterfalls, and low population densities. Because of the camping, boating, fishing, snowmobiling, hunting, and hiking opportunities, many Lower Peninsula and Wisconsin families spend their vacations in the U.P. Tourists also go there from Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee and other metropolitan areas.

Notable attractions

Casinos

American Indian casinos contribute to the tourist attractions and are popular in the U.P. Originally the casinos were simple, one-room affairs. Some of the casinos are now quite elaborate and are being developed as part of resort and conference facilities, including features such as golf courses, pool and spa, dining, and rooms to accommodate guests.

• Bay Mills Resort & Casino – Brimley
• Island Resort & Casino – Bark River
• Kewadin Casinos – Christmas; Hessel; Manistique; St. Ignace; Sault Ste. Marie
• Kings Club Casino – Brimley
• Lac Vieux Desert Casino – Watersmeet
• Ojibwa Casinos – Baraga; Marquette

Transportation

The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower by the Straits of Mackinac, five miles (8 km) across at the narrowest, and is connected to it by the Mackinac Bridge at St. Ignace, one of the longest suspension bridges in the world. Until the bridge was completed in 1957, travel between the two peninsulas was difficult and slow (and sometimes even impossible during winter months). In 1881, the Mackinac Transportation Company was established by three railroads, the Michigan Central Railroad, the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad, and the Detroit, Mackinac and Marquette Railroad, to operate a railroad car ferry across the Straits. Beginning in 1923, the State of Michigan operated automobile ferries between the two peninsulas. At the busiest times of year the wait was several hours long.^[47] In winter, travel was possible over the ice only after the straits had solidly frozen.

Highways

Interstate Highways

• I-75 crosses the eastern portion of the Upper Peninsula from the Straits of Mackinac on the south to Sault Ste. Marie and the border with Canada on the north. There it connects with the Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge across to Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.

U.S. Highways

• US 2 crosses into Michigan from Wisconsin at Ironwood and runs east to Crystal Falls, where it dips back into Wisconsin. The highway crosses back into Michigan for a second time at Iron Mountain and runs east to its terminus at St. Ignace.
• US 8 enters the state from Wisconsin at Dickinson County's Norway township, crossing the Menominee River and proceeding north into the city of Norway where it ends at US 2.
• US 41 enters at Menominee and goes north to Copper Harbor.
• US 45 crosses into Michigan south of Watersmeet and ends in Ontonagon.
• US 141 enters the state south of Quinnesec. US 141 runs concurrently with US 2 through the Iron Mountain area and crosses back into Wisconsin. US 141 separates from US 2 at Crystal Falls and runs north to US 41 at Covington in Baraga County.

State Trunkline Highways

Of the many "M-" prefixed trunklines crisscrossing the U.P., the four longest (in order of length) are,

• M-28 runs from Wakefield east across the U.P. to south of Sault Ste. Marie. At 290.373 miles (467.310 km) in length, it is the state's longest trunkline with an M- prefix.
• M-35 runs from Menominee north to Negaunee.
• M-26 runs from Rockland north to Copper Harbor.
• M-123 runs from St. Ignace north and then makes a southward U-turn before terminating at Newberry.

Special road designations

• The U.S. Forest Service and Federal Highway Administration have designated certain roads within the several National Forests in the U.P. as Federal Forest Highways.^[48]
• State-maintained highways closest to the Upper Peninsula's Great Lakes shorelines are marked by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) with signs indicating that they are part of the Great Lakes Circle Tour, a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.^[49]
• MDOT has designated five UP highways as Pure Michigan Byways for their historic, recreational or scenic qualities.^[50][51] They are: US 2 in Iron County (Iron County Heritage Trail), US 41 from Houghton to Copper Harbor (Copper County Trail, also a National Scenic Byway), M-35 (UP Hidden Coast Recreational Heritage Trail), and M-123 (Tahquamenon Scenic Heritage Route') and M-134 (M-134 North Huron Byway)

Airports

There are 43 airports in the Upper Peninsula. Of these, six airports have commercial passenger service: Gogebic-Iron County Airport north of Ironwood, Houghton County Memorial Airport southwest of Calumet, Ford Airport west of Iron Mountain, Sawyer International Airport south of Marquette, Delta County Airport in Escanaba, and Chippewa County International Airport south of Sault Ste. Marie. There are 19 other public use airports with a hard surface runway. These are used for general aviation and charter. Notably, Mackinac Island, Beaver Island, and Drummond Island are all accessible by airports. There are five public access airports with turf runways and thirteen airports for the private use of their owners. There is only one control tower in the Upper Peninsula, at Sawyer.^[52]

Ferries and bridges

The Eastern Upper Peninsula Transportation Authority operates car ferries in its area. These include ferries for Sugar Island, Neebish Island, and Drummond Island. Three ferry companies run passenger ferries from St. Ignace to Mackinac Island.

The three major bridges in the Upper Peninsula are:

• Mackinac Bridge, connecting the Lower Peninsula of Michigan with the Upper;
• Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge, which connects the city of Sault Ste. Marie to its twin city of Sault Ste. Marie in Canada; and
• Portage Lift Bridge, which crosses Portage Lake. The Portage Lift Bridge is the world's heaviest and widest double-decked vertical lift bridge. Its center span "lifts" to provide 100 feet (30 m) of clearance for ships. Since rail traffic was discontinued in the Keweenaw, the lower deck is used to accommodate snowmobile traffic in the winter. As the only land-based link between the north and south sections of the Keweenaw Peninsula, the bridge is crucial to transportation.

Railways

• Lake Superior and Ishpeming Railroad: Transports iron ore over a 16-mile (26 km) line from the Empire-Tilden Mine (operated by Cliffs Natural Resources), south of Ishpeming, to Marquette's port on Lake Superior.
• Two railroads originally crossed the Upper Peninsula east to west: the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railway, informally known as the Soo Line, running west from Sault Ste. Marie roughly along the Lake Michigan shore, and the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railroad running west from St. Ignace roughly along the Lake Superior shore. In 1960, both railroads were merged into the Soo Line Railroad, the U.S. arm of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The Soo Line trackage in the Upper Peninsula was purchased by the Wisconsin Central Railroad in 1987. In 1997, the Wisconsin Central also purchased from the Union Pacific Railroad the former Chicago and North Western Railway line running into the Upper Peninsula from Wisconsin. The Wisconsin Central was in turn purchased by the Canadian National Railway in 2001. The Canadian National now operates much of the remaining railroad trackage in the Upper Peninsula.
• Escanaba and Lake Superior Railroad: Chartered in 1898, the E&LS is an industrial beltline railroad with 347 miles (558 km) of trackage connecting Escanaba, Ontonagon, Republic, and Green Bay, Wisconsin, with a common junction at Channing, and a spur to Nestoria from Sidnaw.

Bus systems

Despite its rural character, there are public buses in several counties of the Upper Peninsula.^[53]

Education

The Upper Peninsula of Michigan has three state universities (Lake Superior State University in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan Technological University in Houghton, and Northern Michigan University in Marquette), one private university (Finlandia University located in Hancock, Michigan, on the Keweenaw Peninsula), and five community colleges (Bay Mills Community College in Brimley, Bay de Noc Community College in Escanaba and Iron Mountain, Gogebic Community College in Ironwood, and Keweenaw Bay Ojibwa Community College in Baraga).

Culture

Early settlers included multiple waves of people from Nordic countries, and people of Finnish ancestry make up 16% of the peninsula's population; the UP is home to the highest concentration of Finns outside Europe and the only counties of the United States where a plurality of residents claim Finnish ancestry. The Finnish sauna and the concept of sisu have been adopted widely by residents of the Upper Peninsula. The television program Finland Calling was for a long period the only Finnish-language television broadcast in the United States; it aired on Marquette station WLUC-TV from March 25, 1962, until March 29, 2015.^[54] Finlandia University, America's only college with Finnish roots, is located in Hancock.^[55] Street signs in Hancock appear in English and Finnish to celebrate this heritage.

Other sizable ethnic communities in the Upper Peninsula include French-Canadian, German, Cornish, Italian, and Ojibwe ancestry.

Upper Peninsula natives speak a dialect influenced by Scandinavian and French-Canadian speech. A popular bumper sticker, a parody of the "Say YES to Michigan" slogan promoted by state tourism officials, shows an outline of the Upper Peninsula and the slogan, "Say ya to da U.P., eh!" The dialect and culture are captured in many songs by Da Yoopers, a comedy music and skit troupe from Ishpeming, Michigan.

Throughout the Upper Peninsula there are newspapers, such as The Daily News of Iron Mountain, The Menominee County Journal of Stephenson, The Daily Mining Gazette of Houghton, The Daily Press of Escanaba, and the Sault Ste. Marie Evening News that serve the rest of the U.P. The Mining Journal, based in Marquette, is the only daily newspaper that publishes a Sunday edition, which is distributed across the entire U.P. (the other six days are distributed in its local area only).

The Keweenaw Peninsula is home to several ski areas. Mont Ripley, just outside Houghton, is popular among students of Michigan Technological University (the university actually owns the mountain). Further up the peninsula in the small town of Lac La Belle is Mt. Bohemia. A skiing purist's resort, Bohemia is a self-proclaimed "experts only" mountain, and it does not groom its heavily gladed slopes.^[56] Other ski areas are Pine Mountain located in Iron Mountain, Norway Mountain in the town of the same name, and the Porcupine Mountains located in Ontonagon.

Regional identity

Today, the Upper Peninsula is home to 299,184 people—only about 3% of the state's population— living in almost one-third of the state's land area. Residents are known as Yoopers (from "U.P.ers"), and many consider themselves Yoopers before they consider themselves Michiganders. (People living in the Lower Peninsula are commonly called "trolls" by Upper Peninsula residents, as they live "Under the Bridge".) This regionalism is not only a result of the physical separation of the two peninsulas, but also the history of the state.

Residents of the western Upper Peninsula take on some of the cultural identities of both Wisconsin and Michigan. In terms of sports fandom, residents may support Detroit professional teams or those of Wisconsin—particularly the Green Bay Packers. This is a result of both proximity and the broadcast and print media of the area. The four counties that border Wisconsin are also in the Central Time Zone, unlike the rest of Michigan, which is on Eastern time.

Cuisine

The Upper Peninsula has a distinctive local cuisine. The pasty (pronounced "pass-tee"), a kind of meat turnover originally brought to the region by Cornish miners, is popular among locals and tourists alike. Pasty varieties include chicken, venison, pork, hamburger, and pizza. Many restaurants serve potato sausage and cudighi, a spicy Italian meat.

Finnish immigrants contributed nisu, a cardamom-flavored sweet bread; pannukakku, a variant on the pancake with a custard flavor; viili (sometimes spelled "fellia"), a stretchy, fermented Finnish milk; and korppu, hard slices of toasted cinnamon bread, traditionally dipped in coffee. Some Finnish foods such as juustoa (squeaky cheese, essentially a cheese curd, like Leipäjuusto) and sauna makkara (a ring-bologna sausage) have become so ubiquitous in Upper Peninsula cuisine that they are now commonly found in most grocery stores and supermarkets.

Maple syrup is a highly prized local delicacy.^[57] Fresh Great Lakes fish, such as the lake trout, whitefish, and (in the spring) smelt are widely eaten. There is minimal concern about contamination of fish from Lake Superior waters.^[58] Smoked fish is also popular. Thimbleberry jam and chokecherry jelly is a treat.^[59]

Notable people

See also

• List of counties in Michigan
• Heikki Lunta, mythological character
• Stormy Kromer cap

References

Further reading

• Burt, Williams A.; Hubbard, Bela (1846). Reports on the Mineral Region of Lake Superior. Buffalo: L. Danforth. ISBN 0-665-51009-8.  113 pages.
• Harrison, Jim (November 30, 2013). "Imprint: My Upper Peninsula". The New York Times. Retrieved November 30, 2013. 
• Lankton, Larry (2010). Hollowed Ground: Copper Mining and Community Building on Lake Superior, 1840s–1990s. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.  376 pages.
• Magnaghi, Russell M.; Marsden, Michael T., eds. (1997). A Sense of Place: Michigan’s Upper Peninsula: Essays in Honor of William and Margery Vandament. Northern Michigan University Press. ISBN 0-918616-20-4.  270 pages.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Upper Peninsula.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Upper Peninsula.

• Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University, Bibliography on Michigan, arranged by counties and regions
• Great Lakes Coast Watch
• Michigan Department of Natural Resources website, harbors, hunting, resources and more
• Map of Upper Peninsula Counties and Minor Civil Divisions
• Michigan Historic Markers
• Michigan's Official Economic Development and Travel Site, including interactive map, information on attractions, museums, etc.
• Upper Peninsula of Michigan Nature Tourism | The Great Waters of Michigan
• Upper Peninsula of Michigan Travel
• Western Upper Peninsula of Michigan
• Finland Calling the WLUC TV-6 weekly Sunday morning show that has aired since 1962, hosted by Carl Pellonpaa.
• The Upper Peninsula in the Civil War

		Canada Lake Superior	Ontario
	Minnesota		Lake Huron
		Upper Peninsula
	Wisconsin	Lake Michigan	Michigan Lower Peninsula

Coordinates: 46°14′00″N 86°21′00″W / 46.23333°N 86.35000°W / 46.23333; -86.35000