Meshan

Meshan
Province of the Sassanian Empire
← 224–637 →
Map of Meshan and its surrounding provinces
Capital		Karkh Meshan (224–410) Vahman-Ardashir (410–637)
Historical era		Late Antiquity
•	Sasanian conquest	224
•	Rashidun conquest	637
Today part of		Iraq  Kuwait

Part of a series on the
History of Iraq
Ancient Mesopotamia
Sumer Assyria Akkadian Empire Babylonia Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Median Kingdom
Classical antiquity
Achaemenid Assyria Seleucid Babylonia Parthian Babylonia Roman Mesopotamia Sasanian Asorestan
Middle Ages
Islamic conquest Rashidun Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Hamdanids Buyid amirate of Iraq Marwanids Uqaylids Al-Mazeedi Ayyubids Seljuk Empire Zengids Ilkhanate Jalairid Sultanate Kara Koyunlu Aq Qoyunlu
Early modern period
Safavids Ottoman Iraq Mamluk dynasty
Modern Iraq
Mandatory Iraq Kingdom of Iraq Republic (1958–68) Ba'athist rule (1968–2003) Occupation (2003–11) Recent history
Iraq portal

Meshan (Middle Persian: 𐭬𐭩𐭱𐭠𐭭) was a province of the Sasanian Empire. It consisted of the Parthian vassal kingdoms of Mesene and Characene and reached north along the Shatt al-Arab river and then the lower Tigris to Madhar and possibly further. Its inhabitants included Babylonians, Arabs, Iranians, and even some Indians and Malays (the Malays may have been slaves brought from the Indian sub-continent). The province was very fertile, the best place for barley according to Strabo, and contained many date palms. It was also an important trading province along the Persian Gulf.^[1]

History

In, the first ruler of the Sasanian dynasty, Ardashir I (r. 224–242) after having conquered his native province, Pars, invaded Meshan, killing its ruler, Bandu. Ardashir had a city named Karkh Meshan rebuilt, and had it renamed as Astarabad-Ardashir. According to a fraction of a Manichean source, a brother of the Sasanian king Shapur I (r. 240-270), Mihrshah, ruled as the vassal-king of Meshan - however, some scholars doubt this source. Ardashir also built (or rebuilt) a town named Vahman-Ardashir, also known as Forat Meshan. A son of Shapur I, Shapur Mishanshah, is confirmed to have ruled Meshan from an unknown date until his death in 260, and was probably succeeded by his wife Denag.

According to the inscription of king Narseh (r. 293-302), known as the Paikuli inscription, Meshan was ruled by an Iranian aristocrat named Adurfarrobay, who would later rebel against Narseh and support a claimant to the Sasanian throne, Bahram III.

During the 5th century, Vahman-Ardashir had seemingly succeeded Karkh Meshan as the capital of Meshan, due to its mention as the chief city of Meshan by Syriac sources.

Population

Like most of the other western Sasanian provinces such as Asoristan, Meshan was a province with various ethnic groups; The Assyrians, the Mesenian Arabs, and the nomadic Arabs, formed the Semitic population of the province along with Nabataean and Palmyrene merchants. Iranians had also begun to settle in the province, along with the Zutt, who had been deported from India. Other Indian groups such as the Malays may also have been deported to Meshan, either as captives or recruited sailors.

References

Sources

• Morony, M. (1988). "BAHMAN-ARDAŠĪR". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 5. p. 494. 
• Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1993). "The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 5". The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. V. Brill. pp. 1–578. ISBN 90-04-09791-0. 
• Bosworth, C. E. (1986). "ʿARAB i. Arabs and Iran in the pre-Islamic period". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2. pp. 201–203. 
• Hansman, John (1991). "CHARACENE and CHARAX". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. V, Fasc. 4. pp. 363–365. 
• Fisher, William Bayne; Yarshater, Ehsan (1983). The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24693-4. 

Provinces of the Sasanian Empire
Abarshahr Albania Arbayistan Armenia Asoristan Adurbadagan Balasagan Dihistan Egypt* Eran-Khwarrah-Yazdegerd* Garamig Garamig ud Nodardashiragan Gorgan Harev Iberia India Khuzestan Kirman Kushanshahr Khwarazm Lazica Machelonia Meshan Marv Mazun Media Makuran Nodardashiragan Paradan Padishkhwargar Pars Sakastan Sogdia Spahan Turgistan
* indicates short living provinces