Brane

For other uses, see Brane (disambiguation).

In string theory and related theories such as supergravity theories, a brane is a physical object that generalizes the notion of a point particle to higher dimensions. For example, a point particle can be viewed as a brane of dimension zero, while a string can be viewed as a brane of dimension one. It is also possible to consider higher-dimensional branes. In dimension p, these are called p-branes. The word "brane" comes from the word "membrane" which refers to a two-dimensional brane.[1]

Branes are dynamical objects which can propagate through spacetime according to the rules of quantum mechanics. They have mass and can have other attributes such as charge. A p-brane sweeps out a (p+1)-dimensional volume in spacetime called its worldvolume. Physicists often study fields analogous to the electromagnetic field, which live on the worldvolume of a brane.[2]

In string theory, D-branes are an important class of branes that arise when one considers open strings. As an open string propagates through spacetime, its endpoints are required to lie on a D-brane. The letter "D" in D-brane refers to a certain mathematical condition on the system known as the Dirichlet boundary condition. The study of D-branes in string theory has led to important results such as the AdS/CFT correspondence, which has shed light on many problems in quantum field theory.

Branes are also frequently studied from a purely mathematical point of view since they are related to subjects such as homological mirror symmetry and noncommutative geometry. Mathematically, branes may be represented as objects of certain categories, such as the derived category of coherent sheaves on a Calabi–Yau manifold, or the Fukaya category.

D-branes

A pair of surfaces joined by wavy line segments.
Open strings attached to a pair of D-branes
Main article: D-brane

In string theory, a string may be open (forming a segment with two endpoints) or closed (forming a closed loop). D-branes are an important class of branes that arise when one considers open strings. As an open string propagates through spacetime, its endpoints are required to lie on a D-brane. The letter "D" in D-brane refers to a condition that it satisfies, the Dirichlet boundary condition.[3]

One crucial point about D-branes is that the dynamics on the D-brane worldvolume is described by a gauge theory, a kind of highly symmetric physical theory which is also used to describe the behavior of elementary particles in the standard model of particle physics. This connection has led to many important insights into gauge theory. For example, it led to the discovery of the AdS/CFT correspondence, a theoretical tool that physicists use to translate difficult problems in gauge theory into more mathematically tractable problems in string theory.[4]

Mathematical viewpoint

Mathematically, branes can be described using the notion of a category.[5] This is a mathematical structure consisting of objects, and for any pair of objects, a set of morphisms between them. In most examples, the objects are mathematical structures (such as sets, vector spaces, or topological spaces) and the morphisms are functions between these structures.[6] One can also consider categories where the objects are D-branes and the morphisms between two branes and are states of open strings stretched between and .[7]

Visualization of a complex mathematical surface with many convolutions and self intersections.
A cross section of a Calabi–Yau manifold

In one version of string theory known as the topological B-model, the D-branes are complex submanifolds of certain six-dimensional shapes called Calabi–Yau manifolds, together with additional data that arise physically from having charges at the endpoints of strings.[8] Intuitively, one can think of a submanifold as a surface embedded inside of a Calabi–Yau manifold, although submanifolds can also exist in dimensions different from two.[9] In mathematical language, the category having these branes as its objects is known as the derived category of coherent sheaves on the Calabi–Yau.[10] In another version of string theory called the topological A-model, the D-branes can again be viewed as submanifolds of a Calabi–Yau manifold. Roughly speaking, they are what mathematicians call special Lagrangian submanifolds.[11] This means among other things that they have half the dimension of the space in which they sit, and they are length-, area-, or volume-minimizing.[12] The category having these branes as its objects is called the Fukaya category.[13]

The derived category of coherent sheaves is constructed using tools from complex geometry, a branch of mathematics that describes geometric curves in algebraic terms and solves geometric problems using algebraic equations.[14] On the other hand, the Fukaya category is constructed using symplectic geometry, a branch of mathematics that arose from studies of classical physics. Symplectic geometry studies spaces equipped with a symplectic form, a mathematical tool that can be used to compute area in two-dimensional examples.[15]

The homological mirror symmetry conjecture of Maxim Kontsevich states that the derived category of coherent sheaves on one Calabi–Yau manifold is equivalent in a certain sense to the Fukaya category of a completely different Calabi–Yau manifold.[16] This equivalence provides an unexpected bridge between two branches of geometry, namely complex and symplectic geometry.[17]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Moore 2005, p. 214
  2. ↑ Moore 2005, p. 214
  3. ↑ Moore 2005, p. 215
  4. ↑ Moore 2005, p. 215
  5. ↑ Aspinwall et al. 2009
  6. ↑ A basic reference on category theory is Mac Lane 1998.
  7. ↑ Zaslow 2008, p. 536
  8. ↑ Zaslow 2008, p. 536
  9. ↑ Yau and Nadis 2010, p. 165
  10. ↑ Aspinwal et al. 2009, p. 575
  11. ↑ Aspinwal et al. 2009, p. 575
  12. ↑ Yau and Nadis 2010, p. 175
  13. ↑ Aspinwal et al. 2009, p. 575
  14. ↑ Yau and Nadis 2010, pp. 180–1
  15. ↑ Zaslow 2008, p. 531
  16. ↑ Aspinwall et al. 2009, p. 616
  17. ↑ Yau and Nadis 2010, p. 181

References

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