Martha Sharp

Martha Sharp
Born Martha Ingham Dickie
April 25, 1905
Providence, Rhode Island [1][2]
Died 1999
Providence, Rhode Island [3]
Nationality American
Alma mater Pembroke College in Brown University (B.A,, Philosophy)
Northwestern University (Social Work)
Radcliffe College (M.A., Literature) [4]
Occupation social worker, humanitarian
Known for rescue of children in World War II Europe
Spouse(s) Waitstill Sharp (1927-1954)
David H. Cogan (1957-)
Children Hastings Sharp (b. 1932)
Martha Content Sharp Joukowsky (b. 1937)
Parent(s) James Edward Ingham
Elizabeth Alice Whelan [2]

Martha Ingham Dickie Sharp-Cogan (1905–1999) was an American Unitarian who was involved in humanitarian and social justice work with her first husband, a Unitarian minister, Waitstill Sharp, and others of her denomination, and so helped hundreds of Jews to escape Nazi persecution, through relocation and other efforts. On September 2005, Martha and Waitstill Sharp were named by the Yad Vashem organization as "Righteous Among the Nations". The subsequent ceremony involved the presentation of a medal and certificate of honor to the Sharps' daughter, Martha Sharp Joukowsky, amidst a large audience that included Holocaust survivor and Sharp associate Mrs. Eva Esther Feigl.

Early life and education

Martha Ingham Dickie was born on April 25, 1905. Her parents had an unhappy marriage, her mother could not care for her, and so Martha was adopted and raised by relatives.

She graduated from Pembroke College. In 1926, she continued her studies at Northwestern University Recreation Training School in the field of social work, studies and work which were centered at the Hull House in Chicago. Her devotion to service and helping others is often cited as the reason she entered the field.

Early career, graduate education, family

When her training at Northwestern was complete, she accepted the position of Director of Girls’ Work at Hull House, where she acted as social worker to over 500 girls. She married Waitstill Hastings Sharp in 1927, and took temporary leave from her work. When, in 1928, Waitstill enrolled in a master’s program at Harvard Divinity School, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Martha began and subsequently completed an M.A. in literature at Radcliffe College in the same community.[2] Her first child, Hastings, was born in 1932.

Martha followed Waitstill to Meadville, Pennsylvania, when he was assigned to a small church after his ordination as a Unitarian minister in 1933. There, she served as a second minister, organizing youth work, educational activities, women's meetings, and church suppers. As her husband was found, by congregants, to be difficult to talk to, church members would go to Martha "who was always happy to lend an ear".[1]

In 1937 the couple moved to Wellesley, Massachusetts, after Waitstill accepted a position at Wellesley Hills Unitarian Church.[2][4] Their second child, Martha, was born in that year.

Service career

Prague, 1939

As the events of early-World War II unfolded in Europe, the Sharps began an "International Relations Club". In November 1938, following the Munich Pact which ceded the Sudetenland to Germany, the Sharps led a further discussion titled "The Rape of Czechoslovakia".

In the same period, Robert Dexter, head of the Department of Social Relations for the Executive Committee of the American Unitarian Association (AUA), traveled to Europe with Quaker representative Richard Wood to make contacts in Geneva, London, and Paris, and thus to create a network of relief workers and sympathetic politicians across Europe. They sent back a report in November 1938, stating that over 20,000 people would need immediate emigration assistance. Under Dexter's leadership, a temporary committee was formed to help endangered refugees, and in May 1940 the organization was officially founded as the Unitarian Service Committee.

Martha and Waitstill Sharp were recruited to work in Czechoslovakia, where a large community of Unitarians were present under the leadership of Norbert Capek. Later Martha and Waitstill recalled grave misgivings about leaving their children of seven and two, but they were convinced they would be well taken care of living with family friends inside the parsonage. Their church would be headed by Everett Baker in their absence, and they headed for London on 4 February 1939. On 14 March 1939, the Nazis were quickly advancing on Prague, but the Sharps decided to remain and continue their program, which was the most significant private American effort on behalf of endangered refugees in Czechoslovakia. In Prague, the Sharps worked closely with members of the American Friends Service Committee to advance refugees' visa applications to Great Britain and elsewhere. Along with Waitstill, Martha administered a relief program after seeking advice from Alice Masaryk and other prominent Czechs.[4] On one occasion, Martha Sharp escorted 35 refugees, ranging from politicians to children whose parents had committed suicide, to Great Britain. On a different occasion, she arranged for children to leave—in accordance with local narrowing-law—by the "Care of Children from Germany", a British organization. In the summer, the Gestapo closed their offices, but Martha continued until August, and stopped only after learning that she faced arrest.

Lisbon, 1940

In May 1940, the president of the A.U.A., Frederick Eliot, and the USC's director, Robert Dexter asked Martha and Waitstill to go to France as their "ambassadors extraordinary," to which the Sharps agreed again. The plan for a Paris office was canceled because France surrendered to the Nazis that spring. Instead, the Sharps set up an office in Lisbon in neutral Portugal.

From their base in Lisbon, Martha and Waitstill were able to help a number of Jewish children and several prominent Jewish intellectuals to escape Vichy France, including the German-Jewish novelist Lion Feuchtwanger. Working with Donald Lowrie of the World YMCA, Martha also provided assistance to the families of Czech soldiers who were stranded in France and were hoping to use a sea route for escape. At the end of her 1940 posting in Europe, Martha escorted 27 children and 10 adults to America.[4]

Post-Lisbon and World War II

In 1943, Martha founded "Children to Palestine," with support from the Jewish women's organization Hadassah. In this new role, Martha raised money for orphaned Jewish youth in Europe to start new lives in Palestine. In 1944, Martha returned to Lisbon, assuming the position of Associate European Director of the Unitarian Service Committee. In that capacity, she successfully negotiated the release of a number of Spanish refugees imprisoned in Portugal.

In 1950, Martha accepted a position in the National Security Resources Board, which would mobilize resources in the event of a Soviet attack. She resigned as President Dwight Eisenhower was inaugurated, and moved back to New York. By then, her marriage with Waitstill had degraded, and the two mutually separated, believing the hardships they'd gone through during World War II were just too much. She eventually remarried, and took the name Cogan.

Honors

On 9 September 2005, Martha and Waitstill Sharp were named by the historical remembrance organization Yad Vashem as "Righteous Among the Nations", labeled as individuals who risked their lives to help Jews escape the Holocaust despite danger to themselves and others. The group cited the couple's "meritorious assistance to other Jewish fugitives of Nazi terror", showing much bravery.[5] the second and third Americans so honored (after Varian Fry), with their names being inscribed in a wall in Jerusalem. Eva Feigl gave a speech on that date, describing how she never forgot Martha Sharp when they got to America.

Legacy

An educational curriculum including the Sharps is featured at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.[6]

The only scholarly book to describe the World War II work of the Sharps, which includes significant information of the context of their work among other relief workers (and the Unitarian Service Committee), is a work by Susan Elisabeth Subak, Rescue and Flight, published in 2010.[4] The book relates how Sharp and their colleagues, including Unitarian Minister Charles Joy and writer Varian Fry, built up a large-scale and effective rescue program, on the foundations of the Sharps' small-scale efforts.

A Ken Burns documentary film, Defying the Nazis: The Sharps' War (2012), that chronicled the efforts of Waitstill and Martha Sharp, was co-directed by Burns and their grandson, Artemis A.W. Joukowsky, III, of Sherborn, Massachusetts, and co-produced by Burns, Joukowsky, and Matthew Justus, with the support of PBS (including the WETA station), the Unitarian Universalist community, several well-known foundations, and many individuals.[7][8]

Personal life

Martha married Waitstill Sharp in 1927,[1] and they had two children, Hastings (b. 1932) and Martha (b. 1937). The couple separated after World War II, and were divorced in 1954. In 1957, she married David H. Cogan, a wealthy Jewish businessman and inventor, and devoted herself to charitable and humanitarian causes here and abroad, serving on the boards of Hadassah, the Girls Clubs of America, and other nonprofit organizations.

Martha Sharp died in 1999, at the age of 94. She was survived by her daughter, Martha Sharp Joukowsky, a retired Brown University professor and her son, Waitstill Hastings Sharp, Jr.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Di Figlia, Ghanda. "Martha Sharp Cogan (1905-1999) and Waitstill Sharp (1902-1983): Unitarian Service Committee Pioneers". Harvard Square Library. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Martha and Waitstill Sharp Collection, ca. 1905-2005", United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
  3. ↑ Gold, Emily, "Obituary: Guardian Angel Martha Dickie Sharp Cogan '26" at the Wayback Machine (archived February 26, 2006), Brown University Alumni Magazine, May/June 2000 (archived 2006)
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Subak, Susan Elisabeth (2010). Rescue and Flight: American Relief Workers who Defied the Nazis. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803230176. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  5. ↑ "Waitstill and Martha Sharp". YadVashem.org. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  6. ↑ "Martha and Waitstill Sharp". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  7. ↑ "Defying the Nazis: The Sharps' War". PBS. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  8. ↑ Cooper, Clint (16 February 2013). "Unitarian Church to screen couple's heroics". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved 10 September 2016.

See also

Further reading

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