Margarete Himmler

Margarete Boden in 1918, ten years before her marriage to Heinrich Himmler

Margarete Himmler (née Boden) also known as Marga Himmler (9 September 1893 – 25 August 1967) was the wife of Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler.[1]

Youth, first marriage, and divorce

Margarete Boden was born the daughter of landowner Hans Boden and his wife Elfriede, whose maiden name was Popp.[2] Margarete had four brothers and a sister.[3] In 1909, she attended the Höhere Töchterschule (Higher Girls School) in Bromberg, a city then in the German Empire. Margarete trained and worked as a nurse during the First World War followed by a stint at a German Red Cross hospital at the war’s end.[1]

Her first marriage was short and produced no children. Due to the economic support of her father, she was able to operate and direct a private nursing clinic in Berlin.[4]

Marriage to Heinrich Himmler

Margarete (middle) with Heinrich and daughter Gudrun
Margarete with her husband in front of the Kurhaus, Wiesbaden in November/December 1936

Himmler met his future wife, Margarete Boden in 1927. They met during one of his lecture tours and remained thereafter in written contact.[5] In one surviving letter, Margarete refers to Himmler as the "Landsknecht[6] with the hard heart" but she was nevertheless impressed by his romantic style of writing and his sincere love for her.[7][8][9] The blonde, blue-eyed nurse Margarete corresponded perfectly to Himmler's ideal woman.[3]

Seven years his senior, Margarete shared his interest in herbal medicine and homoeopathy, and was part owner of a small private clinic. They shared an excessive propensity for efficiency, neatness, longed for strict domesticity, and both preferred a parsimonious lifestyle.[10] From Himmler she received a consistent diet of anti-Semitism and diatribes against Communists and Freemasons. Her anti-Semitism was evident in a letter to Himmler dated 22 June 1928, in which she made disparaging remarks about the co-owner of the private clinic in Berlin, gynaecologist and surgeon Bernhard Hauschildt, exclaiming, “That Hauschildt! Those Jews are all the same!"[11]

Heinrich and Margarete were married in July 1928.[10] Initially, Heinrich struggled with the decision to reveal his relationship with Margarete to his parents, partly due to her being seven years older, but also because she was a divorcee, and foremost, because she was a Protestant.[12] None of Himmler's family members attended the wedding, so Heinrich’s groomsmen were the father and brother of the bride.[13] Ultimately, Himmler's parents accepted Margarete, but the family kept their distance from her and remained that way throughout the length of the relationship.[14] The couple had their only child, Gudrun, who was born on 8 August 1929. Besides the parents of Gudrun, the couple were foster parents to a boy named Gerhard von Ahe, son of an SS officer who had died before the war.[15] Margarete sold her share of the clinic and used the proceeds to buy a plot of land in Waldtrudering, near Munich, where they put up a prefabricated house. Himmler was constantly away on party business, so his wife took charge of their efforts—mostly unsuccessful—to raise livestock for sale. After the Nazis seized power in January 1933, the family moved first to Möhlstrasse in Munich, and in 1934 to Lake Tegern, where they bought a house.

Himmler later obtained a large house in the Berlin suburb of Dahlem free of charge as an official residence. The couple saw little of each other as Himmler became totally absorbed by work.[16] Gebhard, Heinrich Himmler's older brother, characterized Margarete as a "cool, hard woman with extremely delicate nerves who radiated no warmth at all and spent too much time moaning"[14] who had in spite of these characteristics, been an "exemplary housewife", one who devotedly loved Heinrich and remained true to her husband.[17] Margarete Himmler joined the Nazi Party as early as 1928 (member number 97,252).[18][19] Due to Himmler's enormous responsibilities, the relationship with Marga was strained.[20][21] The couple did unite for social functions; they were frequent guests at the home of Reinhard Heydrich. Margarete saw it as her duty to invite the wives of the senior SS leaders over for afternoon coffee and tea on Wednesday afternoons.[22] Despite her best efforts and the fact that Margarete was married to the Reichsführer-SS, she remained unpopular in SS circles. Former Hitler Youth leader Baldur von Schirach wrote in his memoirs that Heinrich Himmler was constantly "henpecked", essentially had zero influence at home, and had to yield to Margarete’s will.[23]

During the Nuremberg Rally 1938, Margarete had conflicts with most of the wives of the highest-ranking SS leaders, who as a group refused to take any directions from her. According to Heydrich's biographers and historian Robert Gerwarth, Lina Heydrich harbored a "violent dislike" of Margarete Himmler, something which was likely reciprocated.[24] After the war, Lina Heydrich made disparaging comments to a reporter from Der Spiegel. Margarete was described as a "narrow-minded, humorless, blonde-haired woman" who suffered from agoraphobia.[25]

Hedwig Potthast, Himmler's young secretary starting in 1936, became his mistress by 1939. She left her job in 1941. Himmler fathered two children with her: a son, Helge (born 1942) and a daughter, Nanette Dorothea (born 1944 at Berchtesgaden).

Margarete, by then living in the town of Gmund am Tegernsee in Bavaria with her daughter, learned of the relationship sometime in 1941. Margarete and Himmler were already separated, and she decided to tolerate the relationship for the sake of her daughter.

Second World War

Once World War II began, Margarete helped operate a military hospital affiliated with the German Red Cross. By December 1939, she was supervising the Red Cross hospitals in Military District III (Berlin-Brandenburg). In this position, she led missions into the territories and countries occupied by the German Wehrmacht.[26] In March 1940, Margarete recorded a business trip to German-occupied Poland, so she was certainly a witness to events there. In her journals, written while serving, Margarete wrote, "Then I was in Posen, Łódź and Warsaw. This Jewish rabble, Polacks, most of them don't look like human beings and the dirt is indescribable. It's an incredible job trying to create order there."[27]

For her efforts, Margarete reached the rank of colonel in the German Red Cross.[28] In February 1945, in writing to Gebhard Himmler, Margarete said, "How wonderful that he has been called to great tasks and is equal to them. The whole of Germany is looking to him."[29]

Himmler was close to his first daughter, Gudrun, whom he nicknamed Püppi ("dolly"); he phoned her every few days and visited as often as he could.[26] Hedwig and Margarete both remained loyal to Himmler. Margarete and Heinrich Himmler last saw one another in April 1945, sharing time together with their daughter Gudrun at their Gmund residence.[30]

Post-war

Margarete Himmler (left) with daughter Gudrun in Allied internment during the Nuremberg Trials in Nuremberg, 24 November 1945

In 1945, Margarete and Gudrun left Gmund as Allied troops advanced into the area. After the invasion of Bolzano, Italy, by the U.S. Army in May 1945, Margarete and Gudrun were arrested. They were held in various internment camps in Italy, France, and Germany. During her internment, Margarete was interrogated, but it became clear that she was not informed of the official business of her husband, and was described as having a "small-town mentality" which persisted throughout her questioning.

In September 1945, Margarete Himmler was again interrogated, but this time it was during the Nuremberg Trials. Margarete and Gudrun were then detained at the Flak-Kaserne Ludwigsburg internment camp.[31] Since they were not accused, she and Gudrun were released in November 1946 from internment. They took refuge for a time with the Bethel Institution of Bielefeld. Margarete's stay there was expressly endorsed by the Executive Board of the Bethel Institution, but this was not without controversy. On 4 June 1947, in the European edition of the New-York Tribune, an article appeared entitled, "Widow of Heinrich Himmler Lives Like a Gentlewoman".[32]

Margarete was categorized in 1948 at Bielefeld as a lesser offender (Category III) and was to be denazified accordingly. In 1950, Margarete retained a lawyer to challenge this classification, since she claimed that her early Nazi Party membership was no more than "nominal" and that her high rank resulted from her early service with the German Red Cross, in which she had served since 1914. Margarete maintained that while she had been the wife of the Reichsführer-SS, she remained far from the spotlight. Nevertheless, the denazification committee in Detmold revised her classification, and contended that she likely supported the goals of the Nazi Party and endorsed the actions of her husband. Her lawyer insisted during the follow-on appeals process that Margarete could not be held responsible for the actions of her husband, and countered that the official decision was guided by the idea of Sippenhaft, which meant she was responsible by familial connections. On 19 March 1951, she was finally classified as Mitläufer (Category IV).

According to this judgment, she was not to be held accountable for the crimes of her husband, despite the fact that she had not been distant from them. Additional arguments were presented that she and her daughter had benefited from the rise of her husband. Because of this fact, another denazification proceeding, started by the Bavarian Prime Minister Hans Ehard, resumed in the British occupation zone. These proceedings focused on the unresolved question of ownership of Margarete and Heinrich’s home in Gmund. On 15 January 1953, at the final hearing against Margarete in Munich, she was classified as a beneficiary of the Nazi regime and thus placed in Category II (Activists, Militants, and Profiteers, or Incriminated Persons/German: Belastete), and sentenced to 30 days' special/punitive work. She also lost her pension rights and the right to vote.[33]

Gudrun left Bethel in 1952. From the autumn of 1955, Margarete lived with her sister Lydia in Heepen. Her adopted son Gerhard also lived with them in her apartment. [34] Margarete’s final years were spent with her daughter in Munich.[35] Gudrun emerged from the experience embittered by her alleged mistreatment and has remained devoted to her father's memory.[36][37]

Assessment

Peter Longerich notes that Margarete Himmler probably did not know about the official secrets or planned projects of her husband during the Nazi era.[26] She claimed after the war not to have any knowledge of Nazi crimes, but she remained a committed National Socialist and was certainly anti-Semitic.[38] Jürgen Matthäus described her as a typical Nazi who wanted the Jews gone, and observed that despite any efforts contrariwise to isolate herself from the regime and its crimes, she profited from them.[39]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Margarete Himmler.

References

  1. 1 2 Wittler, Christina. Leben im Verborgenen. Die Witwe des „Reichsführers SS“ Heinrich Himmler Margarete Himmler (1893–1967) In: Bärbel Sunderbrink (Hrsg.): Frauen in der Bielefelder Geschichte, Bielefeld 2010, p. 194
  2. ↑ Christina Wittler: Leben im Verborgenen. Die Witwe des „Reichsführers SS“ Heinrich Himmler Margarete Himmler (1893–1967) In: Bärbel Sunderbrink (Hrsg.): Frauen in der Bielefelder Geschichte, Bielefeld 2010, p. 194
  3. 1 2 Himmler 2007, p. 117.
  4. ↑ Jürgen Matthäus: „Es war sehr nett“. Auszüge aus dem Tagebuch der Margarete Himmler, 1937–1945. In: Werkstatt Geschichte 25 (2000), p. 75
  5. ↑ Longerich 2012, p. 103.
  6. ↑ The Landsknecht were mercenary soldiers in the German and other continental European armies in the 16th and 17th centuries. Historian Andrew Morrall claims that the ‘’Landsknecht’’ represented for Germans in particular, the "exemplum of a race of men, free, natural, and courageous". See: Andrew Morrall, "Soldiers and Gypsies- Outsiders and Their Families in Early Sixteenth Century German Art", in Artful Armies, Beautiful Battles: Art and Warfare in Early Modern Europe, by Pia F. Cuneo, ed. Pia F. Cuneo, History of Warfare (Boston: Brill, 2002), p. 160.
  7. ↑ Himmler 2007, p. 119.
  8. ↑ Himmler's letters to his wife were discovered in Israel and reported by the newspaper Die Welt and in an opinion of an expert from the Bundesarchiv (German Federal Archives) are without a doubt, authentic. Verschollene Briefe Heinrich Himmlers aufgetaucht, In: Die Welt on 24 January 2014 on welt.de
  9. ↑ "Ich fahre nach Auschwitz. Küsse, Dein Heini", on: msn.com on 26 January 2014
  10. 1 2 Manvell & Fraenkel 2007, p. 17.
  11. ↑ Himmler 2007, p. 118.
  12. ↑ Himmler 2007, pp. 117–118.
  13. ↑ Himmler 2007, p. 122.
  14. 1 2 Himmler 2007, p. 140.
  15. ↑ Manvell & Fraenkel 2007, pp. 17, 258.
  16. ↑ Flaherty 2004, p. 27.
  17. ↑ Cited by Christina Wittler: Leben im Verborgenen. Die Witwe des „Reichsführers SS“ Heinrich Himmler Margarete Himmler (1893–1967) In: Bärbel Sunderbrink (Hrsg.): Frauen in der Bielefelder Geschichte, Bielefeld 2010, p. 195
  18. ↑ Jürgen Matthäus: „Es war sehr nett“. Auszüge aus dem Tagebuch der Margarete Himmler, 1937–1945. In: Werkstatt Geschichte 25 (2000), p. 77
  19. ↑ Ernst Klee. Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945 ("The Cultural Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. Who was What before and after 1945"). Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer, 2007, p. 248. ISBN 978-3-10-039326-5.
  20. ↑ Longerich 2012, pp. 109, 374–375.
  21. ↑ Manvell & Fraenkel 2007, pp. 40–41.
  22. ↑ Gerwarth 2011, p. 111.
  23. ↑ Baldur von Schirach: Ich glaubte an Hitler. Mosaik-Verlag, Hamburg 1967, p. 213.
  24. ↑ Gerwarth 2011, p. 83.
  25. ↑ Lina Heydrich, c.(1950) in the Journal Der Spiegel, speaking about Margarete Himmler. Cited from: Katrin Himmler: Die Brüder Himmler. Eine deutsche Familiengeschichte. S. Fischer, Frankfurt a.M. 2005, p. 237; Context, parts cited and parts paraphrased from Gerwarth, Heydrich, p. 83.
  26. 1 2 3 Longerich 2012, pp. 466–468.
  27. ↑ Longerich 2012, p. 468.
  28. ↑ Christina Wittler: Leben im Verborgenen. Die Witwe des „Reichsführers SS“ Heinrich Himmler Margarete Himmler (1893–1967) In: Bärbel Sunderbrink (Hrsg.): Frauen in der Bielefelder Geschichte, Bielefeld 2010, p. 198
  29. ↑ Longerich 2012, p. 732.
  30. ↑ Oliver Schröm, Andrea Röpke: Stille Hilfe für braune Kameraden. Christoph Links Verlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 386153231X, p. 106f.
  31. ↑ Christina Wittler: Leben im Verborgenen. Die Witwe des „Reichsführers SS“ Heinrich Himmler Margarete Himmler (1893–1967) In: Bärbel Sunderbrink (Hrsg.): Frauen in der Bielefelder Geschichte, Bielefeld 2010, p. 193
  32. ↑ Christina Wittler: Leben im Verborgenen. Die Witwe des „Reichsführers SS“ Heinrich Himmler Margarete Himmler (1893–1967) In: Bärbel Sunderbrink (Hrsg.): Frauen in der Bielefelder Geschichte, Bielefeld 2010, p. 197
  33. ↑ Christina Wittler: Leben im Verborgenen. Die Witwe des „Reichsführers SS“ Heinrich Himmler Margarete Himmler (1893–1967) In: Bärbel Sunderbrink (Hrsg.): Frauen in der Bielefelder Geschichte, Bielefeld 2010, p. 197f.
  34. ↑ Christina Wittler: Leben im Verborgenen. Die Witwe des „Reichsführers SS“ Heinrich Himmler Margarete Himmler (1893–1967) In: Bärbel Sunderbrink (Hrsg.): Frauen in der Bielefelder Geschichte, Bielefeld 2010, p. 199f.
  35. ↑ Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S.Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, p. 248.
  36. ↑ Himmler 2007, p. 275.
  37. ↑ Sify News 2010.
  38. ↑ Christina Wittler: Leben im Verborgenen. Die Witwe des „Reichsführers SS“ Heinrich Himmler Margarete Himmler (1893–1967) In: Bärbel Sunderbrink (Hrsg.): Frauen in der Bielefelder Geschichte, Bielefeld 2010, p. 200
  39. ↑ Jürgen Matthäus: „Es war sehr nett“. Auszüge aus dem Tagebuch der Margarete Himmler, 1937–1945 (pdf; 7,92 MB). In: Werkstatt Geschichte|Werkstatt Geschichte 25 (2000), pp. 75–93.

Bibliography


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