Manganese deficiency (medicine)

This article is about the condition in humans. For the condition in plants, see Manganese deficiency (plant).

Manganese deficiency (medicine)
Classification and external resources
Specialty	endocrinology
ICD-10	E61.3

Manganese deficiency in humans results in a number of medical problems. Manganese is a vital element of nutrition in very small quantities (adult male daily intake 2.3 milligrams). However, in greater amounts manganese, like most metals, is poisonous when eaten or inhaled.

Function

Manganese is a component of some enzymes and stimulates the development and activity of other enzymes. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is the principal antioxidant in mitochondria. Several enzymes activated by manganese contribute to the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and cholesterol.^[1]

A deficiency of manganese causes skeletal deformation in animals and inhibits the production of collagen in wound healing.^[2]

Manganese is found in leafy green vegetables, fruits, nuts, cinnamon and whole grains. The nutritious kernel, called wheat germ, which contains the most minerals and vitamins of the grain, has been removed from most processed grains (such as white bread). The wheat germ is often sold as livestock feed. Many common vitamin and mineral supplement products fail to include manganese in their compositions. Relatively high dietary intake of other minerals such as iron, magnesium, and calcium may inhibit the proper intake of manganese.^[3]

References

↑ Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Manganese. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 2001:394-419. (National Academy Press)
↑ Keen CL, Zidenberg-Cherr S. Manganese. In: Ziegler EE, Filer LJ, eds. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. 7th ed. Washington D.C.: ILSI Press; 1996:334-343.
↑ Kies C. Bioavailability of manganese. In: Klimis-Tavantzis DL, ed. Manganese in health and disease. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Inc; 1994:39-58.

Malnutrition or nutrition disorders (E40–E68, 260–269)

Malnutrition

Protein-energy
malnutrition

Vitamin deficiency

B vitamins	B₁: Beriberi / Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (Wernicke's encephalopathy Korsakoff's syndrome) B₂: Riboflavin deficiency B₃: Pellagra (Niacin deficiency) B₆: Pyridoxine deficiency B₇: Biotin deficiency B₉: Folate deficiency B₁₂: Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency

Other vitamins	A: Vitamin A deficiency/Bitot's spots C: Scurvy D: Vitamin D deficiency/Rickets/Osteomalacia E: Vitamin E deficiency K: Vitamin K deficiency

Mineral
deficiency

Overnutrition

Overweight Obesity	Childhood obesity Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Abdominal obesity

Vitamin poisoning	Hypervitaminosis A Hypervitaminosis D Hypervitaminosis E

Mineral overload	see inborn errors of metal metabolism, toxicity

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