Ma Jun

Ma Jun
Traditional Chinese 馬鈞
Simplified Chinese 马钧
This is a Chinese name; the family name is Ma.

Ma Jun (fl. 220–265),[1] courtesy name Deheng (徳衡), was a Chinese mechanical engineer and government official during the Three Kingdoms era of China. His most notable invention was that of the south-pointing chariot, a directional compass vehicle which actually had no magnetic function, but was operated by use of differential gears (which applies equal amount of torque to driving wheels rotating at different speeds).[2] It is because of this revolutionary device (and other achievements) that Ma Jun is known as one of the most brilliant mechanical engineers and inventors of his day (alongside Zhang Heng of the earlier Eastern Han Dynasty). The device was re-invented by many after Ma Jun, including the astronomer and mathematician Zu Chongzhi (429-500 AD). In the later medieval dynastic periods, Ma Jun's south-pointing chariot was combined in a single device with the distance-measuring odometer.

Biography

According to his friend and contemporary poet and philosopher Fu Xuan (217-278 AD), Ma Jun was born in Fufeng, located in the Wei River valley between Wugong and Baoji.[3] In his youth Ma Jun traveled throughout modern day Henan province, and obtained a minor literary degree, or bo shi.[3] Despite this degree, Ma Jun was relatively poor in his youth, yet found means to gain recognition by employing his natural genius in creating mechanical contraptions and inventions.

Ma Jun was a somewhat distinguished official serving under the northern state of Wei, becoming a Policy Review Advisor (Ji Shi Zhong).[2] Ma Jun once oversaw the construction of Chong Hua's palace, under the orders of Emperor Ming of Wei, Cao Rui. Ma Jun was very well known in Wei as a very gifted designer of weapons and certain types of devices, and was praised especially by Fu Xuan in an essay of his. Fu Xuan noted that Ma Jun was not the best orator or master of rhetorics, and had trouble conveying his ideas to others with his somewhat introverted personality. Nonetheless, he gained fame for his mechanical genius, and is universally considered one of the greatest mechanical engineers of ancient China.

Engineering and technological achievements

An illustration of a differential between the drive shaft and rear wheels of a modern automobile.
Replica of a south-pointing chariot, 2005

One of Ma Jun's early inventions was an improved silk loom, which, according to Fu Xuan, earned Ma Jun considerable recognition for his innovative skill.[3] In his time, silk looms generally had fifty heddles and fifty treadles, some even up to sixty of each.[3] Ma Jun crafted a loom that had only twelve treadles, which not only made the process faster and more efficient, but also allowed the weaving of new intricate patterns.[3]

While serving the Wei court, Ma Jun got into a dispute with the Permanent Counsellor Gaotang Long and the Cavalry General Qin Lang at court over the concept of the south-pointing carriage, or the south-pointing chariot. The minister and the general mocked Ma Jun for his belief in historical texts that the south-pointing chariot had actually been invented in the past (as the legend goes, by the Yellow Emperor), something they viewed as nonsensical, non-historical myth. Ma Jun retorted against them, saying "Empty arguments with words cannot (in any way) compare with a test which will show practical results".[2] After being instructed to craft such a device, Ma Jun completed his fully functional design of the south-pointing chariot in the year 255 AD.[4] With this mechanical-driven compass-vehicle device, Ma Jun created one of the first mechanical devices in the world to employ differential gear designs. Referring to history of differential gears, Ma Jun's differential gear is the earliest historically verifiable design. In China the south-pointing chariot was re-invented a second time by Zu Chongzhi (429-500 AD) due to the original detailed instructions being lost.

For the Emperor Ming of Wei, he once invented an intricate hydraulic-powered, mechanical-operated puppet theatre (much more complex than the mechanical puppet set discovered by Liu Bang, first Emperor of the Han Dynasty, when he observed the state-absorbed items taken from the old treasury of the deceased Qin Shi Huang).[5] His puppet theatre is similar to that of a Greek model invented by Heron of Alexandria, the difference being that the latter used instead a rotating cylindrical cogwheel with ropes and pulleys to operate his mechanical theatre. Joseph Needham describes Ma Jun's mechanical theatre in a passage taken from the Sanguo Zhi, Records of the Three Kingdoms:

“ Certain persons offered to the emperor a theatre of puppets, which could be set up in various scenes, but all motionless. The emperor asked whether they could be made to move, and Ma Jun said that they could. The emperor asked whether it could be possible to make the whole thing more ingenious, and again Ma Jun said yes, and accepted the command to do it. He took a large piece of wood and fashioned it into the shape of a wheel which rotated in a horizontal position by the power of unseen water. He furthermore arranged images of singing-girls which played music and danced, and when (a particular) puppet came upon the scene, other wooden men beat drums and blew upon flutes. Ma Jun also made a mountain with wooden images dancing on balls, throwing swords about, hanging upside down on rope ladders, and generally behaving in an assured and easy manner. Government officials were in their offices, pounding and grinding was going on, cocks were fighting, and all was continually changing and moving ingeniously with a hundred variations...[5] ”

Possibly inspired by this incredible mechanical theatre of puppets, Qu Zhi of the subsequent Jin Dynasty made similar mechanical sets with wooden dolls. Joseph Needham states that he was famous for his "wooden dolls' house, with images which opened doors and bowed, and for his 'rats' market', which had figures which automatically closed the doors when the rats wanted to leave".[6]

Ma Jun was also responsible for the construction of square-pallet chain pumps meant for irrigation. However, Ma Jun was not the first in China to invent such a device. An earlier account was made in the year 80 by philosopher Wang Chong, in his Discourses Weighed in the Balance. The Eastern Han Dynasty court eunuch Zhang Rang once ordered the engineer Bi Lan to construct a series of chain pumps outside the capital city of Luoyang, used for irrigation and means of fresh water source. Ma Jun constructed his square-pallet chain pumps to water newly designated garden space established within Luoyang by Emperor Ming of Wei (Cao Rui).[2]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Day & McNeil, 461.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 40.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 39.
  4. ↑ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 288.
  5. 1 2 Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 158.
  6. ↑ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 159.

References

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