Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême

Louis Antoine
King of France and Navarre (disputed) as Louis XIX
Tenure	2 August 1830 (approx. 20 min.) (Non proclaimed)
Predecessor	Charles X
Successor	Henry V (non proclaimed) Louis Philippe I as King of the French
Legitimist pretender to the French throne
Pretendence	6 November 1836 – 3 June 1844
Predecessor	Charles X
Successor	Henry V
Born	(1775-08-06)6 August 1775 Palace of Versailles, France
Died	3 June 1844(1844-06-03) (aged 68) Gorizia, then Austrian Empire (now in Italy)
Burial	Kostanjevica Monastery, now in Nova Gorica, Slovenia
Spouse	Marie Thérèse of France
House	Bourbon
Father	Charles X
Mother	Marie Thérèse of Savoie
Religion	Catholicism
Signature

Louis Antoine of France, Duke of Angoulême (6 August 1775 – 3 June 1844) was the eldest son of Charles X of France and the last Dauphin of France from 1824 to 1830. He was technically King of France for less than 20 minutes^[1] before he himself abdicated, due to his father's abdication during the July Revolution in 1830. He never reigned over the country, but after his father's death in 1836 he was the legitimist pretender as Louis XIX.

He was a petit-fils de France at birth, and was initially known as Louis Antoine d'Artois. After his father's accession to the throne, he became fils de France, and his surname changed to de France, following the royal custom for princes with such rank.^[2]

Biography

Early life

Louis Antoine was born at Versailles, as the eldest son of Charles Philippe, Count of Artois, the youngest brother of King Louis XVI of France. He was born one year after the death of his great-grandfather Louis XV of France. His mother was Princess Maria Theresa of Savoy (known as Marie Thérèse in France), the daughter of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Maria Antonietta of Spain.

From 1780 until 1789, Louis Antoine and his younger brother, Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, were educated by Armand-Louis de Sérent marquis de Sérent, their gouverneur, in the château de Beauregard, a few miles from Versailles.^[3] On the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 the two young princes followed their father into exile to first Turin, then to Germany and finally England.

In 1792, Louis Antoine joined the émigré army of his cousin, the Prince of Condé.

In June 1795, his uncle, the comte de Provence proclaimed himself King Louis XVIII. Later that year, the 20-year-old Louis-Antoine led an unsuccessful royalist uprising in the Vendée. In early 1797, he joined his brother and uncle in the German Duchy of Brunswick, hoping to join the Austrian Army. The defeat of Austria by France obliged them to flee, and they took refuge in Mittau, Courland, under the protection of Tsar Paul I of Russia.

There, on 10 June 1799, he married his first cousin, Princess Marie Thérèse of France, the eldest child of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, and the only member of the immediate royal family to survive the French Revolution. Since her release from the Temple Prison in 1795, she had been living at the Austrian court. They had no children.

Military service

In April 1800, Louis Antoine took command of a regiment of cavalry in the Bavarian army and took part in the battle of Hohenlinden against the French, showing some ability.

In early 1801, Tsar Paul made peace with Bonaparte, and the French court in exile fled to Warsaw, then controlled by Prussia. For the next ten years, Louis-Antoine accompanied and advised his uncle, Louis XVIII. They returned to Russia when Alexander I became Tsar, but in mid-1807 the treaty between Napoleon and Alexander forced them to take refuge in England. There, at Hartwell House, King Louis reconstituted his court, and Louis-Antoine was granted an allowance of £300 a month. Twice (in 1807 and 1813) he attempted to return to Russia to join the fight against Napoleon, but was refused permission by the Tsar. He remained in England until 1814 when he sailed to Bordeaux, which had declared for the King. His entry into the city on 12 March 1814 was regarded as the beginning of the Bourbon restoration. From there, Louis Antoine fought alongside the Duke of Wellington to restore his cousin Ferdinand VII to the throne of Spain.

Flight to England and return

Faience plate celebrating the Duke of Angoulême as Admiral of France. On display at the Musée national de la Marine, Paris.

Louis Antoine was unable to prevent Napoleon's return to Paris as chief of the royalist army in the southern Rhône River valley, and he was again forced to flee to England during the "Hundred Days". He loyally served Louis XVIII after the final defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo. In 1823, he commanded a French corps sent into Spain to restore the King's absolute powers, known as the Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis. He was victorious in the Battle of Trocadero, after which the reactionary power of King Ferdinand VII of Spain was firmly restored. For this achievement, he was awarded the title of a Prince of Trocadero.

Upon the King's death in 1824, his father became King Charles X and Louis-Antoine became Dauphin, heir-apparent to the throne. He supported his father's reactionary policy of purging France of her recent revolutionary and imperial past, expelling former imperial officers from the Army.

Louis-Antoine d'Artois, Duke of Angoulême

Abdication of father and son

Masses of angry demonstrators demanded the abdication of Charles and of his descendants in July 1830, in what became known as the July Revolution, in favour of his cousin Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans. They sent a delegation to the Tuileries Palace to force his compliance.

Charles reluctantly signed the document of abdication on 2 August 1830; Louis Antoine followed 20 minutes later. It is said that Louis Antoine spent this time listening to the entreaties of his wife not to sign, while the former Charles X sat weeping. After that, he also abdicated (in favour of his nephew, the Duke of Bordeaux). For the final time he left for exile, where he was known as the "Count of Marnes". He never returned to France.

Louis Antoine and his wife travelled to Edinburgh, Scotland in November 1830 and took up residence in a house in Regent Terrace near Holyrood Palace where Charles X was staying.^[4]

Emperor Francis I of Austria offered the Prague Castle in Prague to the royal entourage in 1832, so Louis-Antoine and Charles X moved there. Francis I, however, died in 1835, and his successor Ferdinand I of Austria told the French royal family that he needed the palace for his coronation in the summer of 1836.^[4] The exiled French kings and their entourage therefore left and eventually arrived at the castle of Graffenberg in Gorizia on 21 October 1836.^[4]

Many legitimists did not recognize the abdications as valid, and recognized Charles X as king until his death in 1836, with Louis XIX succeeding him. Louis Antoine died in Görz, Austria in 1844, aged 69. He was buried in his father Charles X's crypt in the church of the Franciscan monastery of Kostanjevica near Görz, now Nova Gorica, Slovenia. Upon his death, his nephew the Duke of Bordeaux became head of the royal family of France under the regnal name Henry V, although he used the title of Count of Chambord in exile.

See also

• List of shortest reigning monarchs of all time

Ancestry

In fiction and film

The newborn Duke of Angoulême is portrayed by an uncredited child actor in a brief scene from the Sofia Coppola motion picture Marie Antoinette. This scene contains a great error as it mistakenly names his parents as being Louis XVIII and Marie Josephine Louise of Savoy, who never had children.

Footnotes

Princes of France
The first generation are the children of Henri IV; these males held the rank of Son of France or Grand son of France;
1st Generation	Louis XIII Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans* Gaston, Duke of Orléans*
2nd Generation	Louis XIV Philippe, Duke of Orléans Jean Gaston, Duke of Valois*
3rd Generation	Louis, Dauphin of France Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou* Louis François, Duke of Anjou* Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois* Alexandre Louis, Duke of Valois* Philippe, Duke of Orléans
4th Generation	Louis, Duke of Burgundy King Felipe of Spain Charles, Duke of Berry*
5th Generation	Louis, Duke of Brittany* Louis, Duke of Brittany* Louis XV
6th Generation	Louis, Dauphin of France Philippe, Duke of Anjou*
7th Generation	Louis, Duke of Burgundy* Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine* Louis XVI* Louis XVIII* Charles X
8th Generation	Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France* Louis XVII* Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême* Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry
* died without surviving issue

French monarchs
Detailed family tree Simplified family tree
Merovingians	Clovis I Childebert I Chlothar I Charibert I Guntram Chilperic I Sigebert I Childebert II Chlothar II Dagobert I Sigebert II Clovis II Chlothar III Childeric II Theuderic III Clovis IV Childebert III Dagobert III Chilperic II Chlothar IV Theuderic IV Childeric III
Carolingians, Robertians and Bosonids	Pepin the Short Carloman I Charlemagne (Charles I) Louis I Charles II Louis II Louis III Carloman II Charles the Fat OdoR Charles III Robert IR RudolphB Louis IV Lothair Louis V
Capet	Hugh Capet Robert II Henry I Philip I Louis VI Louis VII Philip II Louis VIII Louis IX Philip III Philip IV Louis X John I Philip V Charles IV
Valois	Philip VI John II Charles V Charles VI Charles VII Louis XI Charles VIII Louis XII Francis I Henry II Francis II Charles IX Henry III
Bourbon	Henry IV Louis XIII Louis XIV Louis XV Louis XVI Louis XVII
Bonaparte (1st Empire)	Napoleon I Napoleon II
Bourbon (Restoration)	Louis XVIII Charles X Louis XIX Henry V
Orléans (July Monarchy)	Louis Philippe I
Bonaparte (2nd Empire)	Napoleon III
Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics

Pretenders to the French throne since 1792
Monarchy in exile (1792–1815)	1792 Louis XVI 1793 Louis XVII 1795 Louis XVIII 1814 1815
Legitimist pretenders (1830–present)	1830 Charles X 1836 Louis XIX 1844 Henry V 1883 John III 1887 Charles XI 1909 Jacques I 1931 Charles XII 1936 Alphonse I 1941 Henry VI 1975 Alphonse II 1989 Louis XX present
Orléanist pretenders (1848–present)	1848 Louis Philippe I 1850 Philip VII (or Louis-Philippe II) 1894 Philip VIII 1926 John III 1940 Henry VI 1999 Henry VII present
Unionist succession (1830–present)	1830 Charles X 1836 Louis XIX 1844 Henry V 1883 Philip VII 1894 Philip VIII 1926 John III 1940 Henry VI 1999 Henry VII present
Bonapartist Prince Imperial (1814–present)	1814 1815 Napoléon I 1821 Napoléon II 1832 Joseph 1844 Louis 1846 Napoléon III (Emperor 1852–1870) 1873 Napoléon IV 1879 Napoléon V 1926 Napoléon VI 1997 Napoléon VII / Napoléon VIII present (disputed)
Bonapartist Prince Canino (1832–1924)	1832 Lucien I 1840 Charles 1857 Joseph 1865 Lucien II 1895 Napoléon Charles 1899 Roland 1924