List of loanwords in Malayalam

Loan words in Malayalam, excluding the huge number of words from Sanskrit and Tamil, originated mostly due to the centuries long interactions between the native population of Kerala and the trading (predominantly, spice trading) powers of the world. This included trading contacts with Arabia, Persia, Israel and China spanning millennia, and with European Colonial powers for several centuries.

European contributions

Portuguese

Most of the loan words from Portuguese language are for items which the native population lacked when the encounter with Portuguese empire happened from around the final years of the 15th century. Portuguese was the lingua franca in Africa, Brazil, South Asia and parts of South East Asia during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The Portuguese Empire was the major ruling colonial power in South India during this period, they were first modern European power to encounter India on a large scale, and thus their language had a strong influence on Malayalam (similar to many other Indian languages).

മലയാളം വാക്ക് Malayalam Word Meaning Original form
ആയāyā Maid aia
അലമാരalamāra cupboard armário
അള്ത്താരaltāra altar altar
അണ്ണാറ ചക്കAnnāra chakka Pineapple ananás
അസേന്തി asenthi Assistant Priest (In a Parish) assistente
ബോർമ, ബോർമ്മ Bōrmba Oven / Furnace forno
കപ്പിത്താന്capitān captain capitão
ചായchāya tea chá
ചാവിchāvi key chave
ചാക്ക്‌chākku sack saco
ഇസ്തിരിisthiri to iron, to press estirar
ഇസ്കൂള്iskool School escola
ജനാലjanāla window janela
കളസംkalasam shorts/trouser calção
കപ്പേളKappela Chapel capela
കാപ്പിരിkāppiri black, african cafre
കറൂപ്പ് karoopp A type of fish (Grouper) garoupa
കസേരkasera chair cadeira
കശുവണ്ടിkasuvandi cashew caju
കടലാസ്‌kadalas paper cartaz
കദ്രീഞ്ഞkadreenha stool cadeirinha
കോപ്പkōppa cup, dish copo
കൊവേന്തkovenda convent convento
കുമ്പാരിkumbāri Godparents of your child/ children or Parents of your Godchild compadre
കുരിശ്‌kurishu Cross cruz
കുശിനിkushini kitchen cozinha
കുനീല് kuneel funnel funil
ലേലംlelam auction leilão
മരയ്ക്കാര്‍maraikkar seafarer, sailor, mariner marinheiro
മേശmesha table mesa
മേസ്തിരി mesthiri foreman, supervisor of (e.g. construction) workers mestre
നോന nōnā Luso Indian lady dona
ഓസ്തി ōsthi Sacramental bread/ wafer hóstia
പാനോസ് pānos Fabrication works (Sheet metal works) panos
പാരpāra Crowbar barra
പാതിരിpāthiri priest, pastor padre
പാത്രംpaathram dish, plate prato
പദ്രിഞ്ഞപ്പൻpardinhappan God Father padrinho
പദ്രിഞ്ഞമ്മpardinhamma God Mother madrinha
പപ്പാഞ്ഞിPappānhi Christmas Father (Santa Claus) Papai Noel
പേനpena pen pena
പേരpera pear, guava pera
പിക്കാസ്pikkās Pickaxe picão
പീലാസ്peelās Godchild afilhado
റാന്തല്rānthal lamp, lantern lanterna
റാത്തല്rāthal a Pound (1 lb.), weight of sixteen ounces (16 oz.) arrátel
റേന്തrenda lace work renda
സാത്താന്sāttān satan satan
സവാളsavāla onion cebola
സെമിത്തേരിsemithery cemetery, burial ground cemitério
തമ്പാക്ക്thampākk tobacco tabaco
താൾthaal page of a book talão
തിരtira gun shot tiro
തീരുവteeruva customs duty tarifa
തൊപ്പിtoppi hat topo
തൂവാലtuvāla towel toalha
നങ്കൂരംnankooram anchor (of ships) âncora
ലേസ്, കൈലേസ്leis, kai-leis kerchief, handkerchief lenço
വാത്തvātha Goose pato
വാരvāra A measure (= 1 yard or 3 feet); Original meaning: rod, stick vara
വരാന്തvarāntha open porch varanda
വീപ്പveeppa wooden cask, barrel pipa
വീഞ്ഞ്Veenh Wine vinho
വികാരിvikāri vicar vigário
വിനാഗിരിvināgiri vinegar vinagre

The Portuguese language had also taken some words from Malayalam, and they should not be confused vice versa. Pathram is also a Sanskrit word Some examples are jaca for Jack Fruit (from Chakka / ചക്ക in malayalam), manga for mango (from Mangaa / മാങ്ങ in Malayalam.

Dutch

orilathamara Malayalam Word Meaning Original form
അടുതാപ്പ്aduthappu potato Aardappel
കക്കൂസ്‌ kakkūs Toilet kakhuis
കള്ക്ക്‌Kalkku turkey Kalkoen
കാപ്പിKaappi coffeeKoffie
കോക്കിKokki Chef/ Cook kokin
തപാല്Thapal Post Tapal

English

Modern Malayalam dialects use countless number of English words; following are some of the unique ones.

Word Meaning Original form
Madaama A white woman Madam/e
Maash Teacher, guru Master

Middle East contributions

Aramaic or East Syriac

Suriyani Malayalam (or Karshoni), which used the East Syriac script to write Malayalam, was a popular medium of written communication among Saint Thomas Christians in Kerala until the 19th century.[1][2][3]

Word വാക്ക് Meaning Original Form
Amma അമ്മ Mother Emma[4][5]
Appan അപ്പൻ Father Abba
Nasrani നസ്രാണി Follower of Jesus Nasraya, Nasrani
Pesaha പെസഹ Passover Pesaha[2]
Malakha മാലാഖ Angel Malaka[1]
Kudasha കൂദാശ Sacrament Qudasha[1]
Mamodisa മാമോദീസ Baptism Mamodisa[1][2]
Sliva സ്ലീവ Cross Sliva[3]
Easow ഈശോ Jesus Iso'[1]
Qurbana കുർബാന Eucharist (for Holy Mass) Qurbana[1]
Mishiha മിശിഹ Anointed Mishiha[1][2]
Dukrana ദുക്റാന Remembrance Dukrana
Kathanar കത്തനാർ Syrian priest Kasnar
Mar മാർ Holy man, Saint Mar
Rooha റൂഹ Holy Spirit Ruha
Shliha ശ്ലീഹ Apostle Shliha
Kabar കബ്റാ Grave Qabra

Arabic

The Arabic language contributes a large number of words into a dialect form of Malayalam that is spoken by the Muslim Mappila community of North Kerala. There are also some common words which are used throughout Kerala.

Word വാക്ക് Meaning Original form
aalam ‌ആലം world عالم
baaki ബാക്കി balance/remaining باقي
haajir ഹാജർ appear, attend, be present حاضر
harji ഹർജി petition عريضة
jilla ജില്ല District ضلغة
mahassir മഹസ്സർ report محضر
maithaanam, maithaani മൈതാനം, മൈതാനി a ground, an open space area, park ميدان
nakkal നക്കൽ copy (also can mean True copy) نقل
pinjaanam പിഞ്ഞാണം bowl فنجان
raddh റദ്ദ് cancel/give back رد
taluk താലൂക്ക് administrative division تغلّق
tarjima തർജ്ജിമ translation ترجمة
wakalath വക്കാലത്ത് legal authorization وكالة
vakeel വക്കീൽ lawyer/attorney وكيل

Hebrew

The Hebrew language contributes a large number of words into a dialect form of Judeo-Malayalam that is spoken by the Cochin Jewish community of Kerala.

Malayalam Meaning Spelling Pronunciation
alam world עולם oˈlam
aliya ascension עלייה aliyá
alva sweet חלבה halvah
ba come בא ba
beit kneset synagogue בית כנסת beit-k'néset
Ivrit Hebrew language עברית ivrít
kabar grave, tomb קבר kéver
Mesren, Misri Egypt, Egyptian מצרים מצרי mitsráyim, mitsrí
nivya prophet נביא naví
rabban, ramban rabbi, teacher, monk רבי rabbi
saith olive זית záyit
Sfarad, Sfaradi Spain, Spaniard ספרד ספרדי sfarad, sfaradi
shalom hello, peace שלום shalóm
shalom ayi death שלום עליי shalóm ali
shir song, music שיר shir
sosanna lily שושן shoshán
tapuakh apple תפוח tapúakh
Tora Torah תורה torá
Yavan, Yavana Greece, Greek (Likely to be derived from "Ionian", the Greeks who lived in Asia Minor) יוון יווני yaván, yevani
Yisrael, Yisraeli Israel, Israeli ישראל הישראלי yisra'él, yisra'éli
Yuda, Yehudan Jew, Jewish יהודי y'hudí

Persian

There are a few words of Persian origin in Malayalam, though it is possible many of them could have been indirectly loaned from Urdu.

Word Meaning Original form
parangi Derived from "Firangi" or "Frank" (a Germanic tribe - that gave their name to France), a term that was used to denote all Europeans. Used however almost exclusively for the Portuguese in Kerala, probably because Parangi was mistaken for Portugali as they sound similar. Might have also been used for the Dutch initially Farangi
godambu Wheat Gandom

(Godambu in malayalam meaning "Wheat" is derived from the term "Godhuma" meaning wheat in Sanskrit).

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A sacredlanguage is vanishing from State, The Hindu
  2. 1 2 3 4 Prayer from the Past, India Today
  3. 1 2 , NasraniFoundation
  4. "City Youth Learn Dying Language, Preserve It". The New Indian Express. May 9, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
  5. Varghese Pathikulangara (1989, Reprint in 1992, 2004). Mar Thomma Margam. Kottayam: Denha Services. Check date values in: |date= (help)
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