Wali

This article is about the Islamic religious concept of Wali. For the administrative title, see Wāli. For the town and commune of Mauritania, see Waly Diantang, Mauritania. For use of Waliullah as a given name, see Waliullah (name).
For other uses, see Wali (disambiguation).
Bektashi mirrored calligraphy "Ali is the Wali of Allah"

Walī (Arabic: ولي‎‎, plural ʾawliyāʾ أولياء), is an Arabic word whose meanings include "custodian", "protector", "helper", and "friend".[1] It can refer to someone who has "Walayah" (authority or guardianship) over somebody else. For example, in fiqh, a father is wali of his children especially for his daughters in marriage.

In Islam, the phrase ولي الله walī allāh can be used to denote one vested with the "authority of God":

Only Allah is your Wali and His Messenger and those who believe, those who keep up prayers and pay the poor-rate while they bow.
— Quran, sura 5 (Al-Ma'ida), ayah 55[2]

However, the most common meaning of the word is that of a Muslim saint or holy person.[3] In Turkish the word has been adopted as veli.[4] In Palestine the word wali means both holy man and the tomb or mausoleum of a holy man. This is reflected in 19th- to early 20th-century Western scholarly literature, where the word is spelled "wali", "weli", "welli" etc. in English and "oualy"[5] in French.

It should not be confused with the different word wāli (والي) which is an administrative title that means magistrate[6] or governor and is still used today in some Muslim countries, such as the former Wali of Swat.

Walī as male custodian of a woman

According to Islamic law (shari'a) a woman needs a walī' (not to be confused with wāli), that is a male custodian. In marriage, the marriage contract is signed by not by the bride and groom but by the bride's walī (typically the father or, failing that, a paternal grandfather or brother of the bride) and the bridegroom. After marriage the husband becomes the walī. Typically a father or brother (a mahram) or husband is a wāli.

In the case of the woman's first marriage the father or paternal grandfather is al-wali al-mujbir. Her approval is necessary, but the bride's silence is considered consent as being shy.[7] If father and grandfather are deceased another male relative may function as wali. If there is no Muslim relative, a qadi may function as wali. In the Hanafi school of Islamic law a woman may under certain circumstances marry without a wali, if it is not her first marriage.

At least in conservative Muslim countries, such as Saudi Arabia, girls and women are forbidden from traveling, conducting official business, or undergoing certain medical procedures without permission from their male wāli.[8]

Use in Sufism

A hierarchy of ʾawliyāʾ and their functions are outlined in the books of Sufi Masters. There is disagreement as to the terms used for each rank but there is a general agreement about the numbers and functions of each level. Starting from the top downwards:[9]

Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi and Ibn Arabi amongst others also contended that there was a Seal of the ʾawliyāʾ much in the same way that Muhammad is considered the Seal of the Prophets.[9][10]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hans Wehr, p. 1289
  2. ↑ Quran 5:55
  3. ↑ Robert S. Kramer; Richard A. Lobban Jr.; Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Sudan. Historical Dictionaries of Africa (4 ed.). Lanham, Maryland, USA: Scarecrow Press, an imprint of Rowman & Littlefield. p. 361. ISBN 978-0-8108-6180-0. Retrieved 2 May 2015. QUBBA. The Arabic name for the tomb of a holy man... A qubba is usually erected over the grave of a holy man identified variously as wali (saint), faki, or shaykh since, according to folk Islam, this is where his baraka [blessings] is believed to be strongest...
  4. ↑ http://www.seslisozluk.net/man+close+to+God,+holy+man,+wali,+saint-nedir-ne-demek/tr-en-da/
  5. ↑ Guérin, 1880, p. 488
  6. ↑ Hans Wehr, p. 1290
  7. ↑ Sahih Muslim, The Book of Marriage (Kitab Al-Nikah), Book 008, Number 3303.
  8. ↑ "World Report 2013 - Saudi Arabia". 2013. Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 2014-01-09. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
  9. 1 2 Chodkiewicz, Michel. The Seal of the Saints: Prophethood and Sainthood in the Doctrine of Ibn 'Arabi. trans. Liadain Sherrard. Cambridge, UK: Islamic Texts Society, 1993. ISBN 978-0-946621-40-8.
  10. ↑ Radtke, Bernd, and John O'Kane. The Concept of Sainthood in Early Islamic Mysticism: Two Works by Al-Hakim Al-Tirmidhi. Richmond, Surrey, UK: Curzon Press, 1996, pp. 10, 109. ISBN 978-0-7007-0452-1, ISBN 978-0-7007-0413-2.
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