Grodno Governorate

Grodno Governorate
Russian: Гро́дненская губе́рнiя
Governorate of the Russian Empire
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Coat of arms

Grodno Governorate in 1834 (English)
Capital Grodno
History
 • Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1795
 • World War I 1915
Northwestern Krai Governorates
1821 Grodno Governorate Map (in Russian)
1834 Grodno Governorate Map
Grodno Governorate (in Russian)

The Grodno Governorate, (Russian: Гро́дненская губе́рнiя, Grodnenskaya guberniya, Polish: Gubernia grodzieńska, Belarusian: Гродзенская губерня, Hrodzenskaya gubernya, Lithuanian: Gardino gubernija) was a governorate (guberniya) of the Russian Empire.

Overview

Grodno: a western province or government of Russia lying between about 52° to 54° N latitude and 21° to 24° E longitude, and bounded N by Vilna E by Minsk S by Volhynia and W by the former kingdom of Poland 14,961 square miles (38,750 km2) The province was a wide plain in parts very swampy and covered with large pine. Of these that of Bieloviecza in the district of comprising a circuit of over 100 miles (160 km) deserves notice. There bisons were preserved. The navigable rivers are Niemen, Bug, Narev, and Bobra. The most important of those being the Bug. The soil is chiefly alluvial intermixed with sand waws, which is favorable for agriculture anil rearing of cattle and bees. The atmosphere is damp misty and the climate in winter is cold. Large of rye, barley, oats, hops, hemp and flax were raised but amount of fruit and vegetables grown was small. The products were insignificant. The manufactures of woollen cloths, hats, leather, paper and spirits. There also a good export trade in grain, wool, cattle. Some forty fairs were held annually in the province.

It was divided into nine districts, viz. Grodno, Brest, Bielsk, Volkovysk, Kobryn, Prushana, Slonin and Białystok. The administration of the whole province was in the governor appointed by the crown. In 1870 the population was 1,008,521 comprising Lithuanians, Poles, Belarusians, Tartars, and a few German colonists. Grodno's capital was Grodno, on the right bank of the Niemen in 53 40 N lat 23 E long, and was connected by railway with Moscow and Warsaw. It contained eight Roman Catholic, one Eastern and two United Greek Catholic churches, a chapel, and two Jewish synagogues. The office is a splendid edifice. There were two fine erected respectively by Stephen Batory who died here 1586 and Augustus III (kings of Poland). Among other buildings were a public library, a school of a gymnasium, and several seminaries. The 24,789 were engaged in the manufacture of woollen hats, paper, and the preparation of wax. Three fairs were held annually.

Grodno was built in the 12th century and at the commencement of the 13th it was annexed to Poland. The diet held there in 1793 ratified the partition of Poland. Two years later Stanislaus, the last king, signed his abdication there.[1]

Administrative divisions

The seat was in Grodno. It divided into 9 Uyzeds (Provinces):[2]

History

Slonim Governorate (1795–1796)

The governorate was formed in 1796, in the aftermath of the final partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and originally known as Slonim Governorate, but that only existed until December 12, 1796, when Paul I merged it with Vilna Governorate to form Lithuania Governorate.[2]

The Slonim Governorate had 8 provinces:

Lithuania Governorate (1796–1801)

Main article: Lithuania Governorate

Just a year later, on December 12, 1796, by order of Tsar Paul I they were merged into one governorate, called the Lithuanian Governorate, with its capital in Vilnius.[3]

Lithuania-Grodno Governorate (1801–1840)

After Paul's death, by order of Tsar Alexander I on September 9, 1801, the Lithuanian Governorate was split into the Lithuania-Vilnius Governorate and the Lithuania-Grodno Governorate. The Lithuania-Grodno Governorate was restored within the borders of 1796 Slonim Governorate.[2]

The Lithuania-Grodno Governorate had 8 provinces:

Grodno Governorate (1840–1870)

In 1840 the word "Lithuania" was dropped from the name by Nicholas I.[4]

In 1843, another administrative reform took place. The Vilnius Governorate received the Lida district from the Grodno Governorate [5] and the Belostok Oblast was incorporated into it as the districts of Belostok, Belsk and Sokolka. Also, Novogrudok one to Minsk Governorate[2]

The Grodno Governorate had 9 provinces:

Governor-General of Lithuania(1870–1912)

From 1870–1912, the Grodno Governorate along with the Vilna Governorate and the Kovno Governorate were constituted as the Governor-General of Lithuania with its seat in Vilna.[2]

Bialystok-Grodno District (1915–1917)

The Grodno Governorate was occupied by Germany in 1915 during World War I. It was known as the Bialystok-Grodno District of Ober-Ost. After the Peace of Riga on 18 March 1921, which ended the Polish-Soviet War,[6] the governorate became the voivodeships of Białystok, Nowogródek and Polesie of the Second Polish Republic.[7]

Governors

  1. ↑ The new Werner twentieth century edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. Akron, OH: The Werner Company. 1907. pp. Vol 11, p 183.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Administrative division of Belarus: a historical information" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2006-10-26. Retrieved 2009-12-30.
  3. ↑ Kulakauskas, Antanas (2002). "Administracinės reformos". Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai. ISBN 9986-9216-9-4. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  4. ↑ "Литовская губерния". Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1890–1906.
  5. ↑ Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Administration". Encyclopedia Lituanica. I. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 17–21. LCC 74-114275.
  6. ↑ K. Marek. Identity and Continuity of States in Public International Law. Librairie Droz 1968. pp. 419-420.
  7. ↑ Eberhardt, Piotr; Jan Owsinski (2003). Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-Century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, Analysis. M.E. Sharpe. p. 260. ISBN 0-7656-0665-8.

Coordinates: 53°40′00″N 23°49′00″E / 53.6667°N 23.8167°E / 53.6667; 23.8167

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