List of socialist states
The following is a list of self-declared socialist states—that is to say, past and present states that have declared themselves socialist or in the process of building socialism. Self-identification is the only criterion used by the list. Therefore, all countries that claimed to be socialist are included, even if their claims are disputed. All countries that did not claim to be socialist are excluded, even in cases where those countries were considered socialist by certain outside observers.
In addition, this list includes countries that are dictatorships, but state in their constitutions that they are based on socialism. As a result, this list is best understood as a list of countries that explicitly claim to be socialist, and does not reflect the actual state itself.
The majority of self-declared socialist countries have been Marxist–Leninist states following the model of the Soviet Union or a variant of People's democracy. They share a common definition of "socialism" and they refer to themselves as socialist states on the road to communism. For this reason, they are generally, albeit erroneously, called "communist states". Meanwhile, the countries in the Non-Marxist–Leninist category represent a wide variety of different interpretations of the word "socialism." In many cases, they do not define what they mean by it .
A sovereign state is a different entity from the political party that rules that state at any given time. Thus, a country may be ruled by a socialist political party but without the country itself claiming to be socialist. This has occurred in both one-party and multi-party political systems. In particular, there are numerous cases of democratic socialist political parties winning elections in liberal democratic states and ruling for a number of terms until a different party wins the elections. For example, the Swedish Social Democratic Party has won most elections in Sweden since 1945, but the country never adopted socialism as its official ideology. This article does not list countries that do not have constitutional references to socialism, even in cases where those countries happen to be governed by socialist parties for a certain period of time. On the other hand, countries that do maintain constitutional references to socialism are always listed, even when those countries are ruled by non-socialist political parties. For example, India is a liberal democracy. that has been ruled by non-socialist parties on many occasions, but it is listed here because the Indian constitution makes references to socialism..
Marxist–Leninist
Current
Country | Since | Duration | Party | Head of party | Head of state | Head of government |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
People's Republic of China | 1 October 1949 | 67 years, 64 days | Communist Party of China | Xi Jinping (since 2012) |
Li Keqiang (since 2012) | |
Republic of Cuba | 1 July 1966 | 50 years, 156 days | Communist Party of Cuba | Raúl Castro (since 2006) | ||
Lao People's Democratic Republic | 2 December 1975 | 41 years, 2 days | Lao People's Revolutionary Party | Bounnhang Vorachith (since 2016) |
Thongloun Sisoulith (since 2016) | |
Socialist Republic of Vietnam | 2 July 1976 | 40 years, 155 days | Communist Party of Vietnam | Nguyen Phu Trong (since 2011) |
Tran Dai Quang (since 2016) |
Nguyen Xuan Phuc (since 2016) |
Former
Country | Full name | From | Until | Duration | Constitutional statement |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afghanistan | Democratic Republic of Afghanistan | 27 April 1978 | 30 November 1987 | 9 years, 217 days | Preamble: "In the present stage, the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, as the initiator and coordinator of the policy of National Reconciliation, actively carries forward together with other political, national and democratic forces this humanitarian policy."[1] |
Republic of Afghanistan | 30 November 1987 | 28 April 1992 | 4 years, 150 days | ||
Total | 27 April 1978 | 28 April 19926645 | 14 years, 1 day | ||
Albania | Democratic Government of Albania | 29 November 1944 | 11 January 1946 | 1 year, 43 days | Section 1, Article 1: "The People's Socialist Republic of Albania is a state of the dictatorship of the proletariat, which expresses and defends the interests of all the working people.[2] |
People's Republic of Albania | 11 January 1946 | 28 December 1976 | 30 years, 352 days | ||
People's Socialist Republic of Albania | 28 December 1976 | 22 March 1992 | 15 years, 85 days | ||
Total | 29 November 1944 | 22 March 1992 | 47 years, 114 days | ||
Angola | People's Republic of Angola | 11 November 1975 | 27 August 1992 | 16 years, 290 days | Section 1, Article 2: "All sovergenity is vested in the Angolan people. The MPLA, their legitimate representative constituted from a broad front including all patriotic forces engaged in the anti-imperialist struggle, is responsible for the political, economic, and social leadership of the nation."[3] |
Belarus / Byelorussian SSR | Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic | 31 July 1920 | 25 August 1991 | 70 years, 344 days | Section 1, Article 1: ""The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic is a socialist state expressing the will and interests of the workers, peasants and intelligentsia, the working people of all nationalities of the republic."[4] |
Benin | People's Republic of Benin | 30 November 1975 | 1 March 1990 | 14 years, 91 days | Legally a socialist state. |
Bulgaria | People's Republic of Bulgaria | 15 September 1946 | 7 December 1990 | 44 years, 83 days | Section 1, Article 1: ""The People's Republic of Bulgaria is a socialist state of the working people from town and village, headed by the working class."[5] |
Cambodia | Democratic Kampuchea | 17 April 1975 | 10 January 1979 | 3 years, 268 days | Legally a socialist state from 1979 to 1989, ruled by a communist party from 1975 to 1989. |
People's Republic of Kampuchea | 10 January 1979 | 1 May 1989 | 10 years, 111 days | ||
Total | 17 April 1975 | 1 May 1989 | 14 years, 14 days | ||
Congo-Brazzaville | People's Republic of the Congo | 3 January 1970 | 15 March 1992 | 22 years, 72 days | Presidential oath: "I swear allegiance to the Congolese people, to the Revolution and to the Congolese Labor Party. I shall undertake, while guided by Marxist–Leninist principles, [...] to devote all my strength to the triumph of the proletarian ideals"[6] |
Czechoslovakia | Czechoslovak Republic | 9 June 1948 | 11 July 1960 | 12 years, 32 days | Section 1, Article 1: "The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic is a socialist state founded on the firm alliance of the workers, farmers and intelligentsia, with the working class as its head."[7] |
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic | 11 July 1960 | 29 March 1990 | 29 years, 261 days | ||
Total | 9 June 1948 | 29 March 1990 | 41 years, 293 days | ||
Ethiopia | Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia | 28 June 1974 | 22 February 1987 | 12 years, 239 days | Country declared Marxist–Leninist in 1974, the Workers' Party of Ethiopia becoming "the formulator of the country's development process and the leading force of the state and in society" in 1987.[8] |
People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia | 22 February 1987 | 27 May 1991 | 4 years, 94 days | ||
Total | 28 June 1974 | 27 May 1991 | 16 years, 333 days | ||
East Germany | German Democratic Republic | 7 October 1949 | 3 October 1990 | 40 years, 361 days | Section 1, Article 1: "The German Democratic Republic is a socialist state of workers and peasants. It is the political organization of the working people of town and country under the leadership of the working class and its Marxist–Leninist party."[9] |
Grenada | People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada | 13 March 1979 | 25 October 1983 | 4 years, 226 days | |
Hungary | Hungarian People's Republic | 20 August 1949 | 23 October 1989 | 40 years, 64 days | Section 1, Article 2: "The Hungarian People's Republic is a socialist state."[10] |
North Korea | Democratic People's Republic of Korea | 9 September 1948 | 19 February 1992[11] | 43 years, 163 days | Section 1, Article 1: The Democratic People's Republic of Korea is an independent socialist state representing the interests of all the Korean people."[12] |
Mongolia | Mongolian People's Republic | 24 November 1924 | 12 February 1992 | 67 years, 80 days | Section 1, Article 2: "The Mongolian People's Republic is state which exists and is developing in the form of people's democracy."[13] |
Mozambique | People's Republic of Mozambique | 25 June 1975 | 1 December 1990 | 15 years, 159 days | Section 1, Article 2: "Power belongs to the workers and peasants united and led by FRELIMO and organs of people's power."[14] |
Poland | Polish People's Republic | 28 June 1945 | 30 December 1989 | 44 years, 185 days | Section 1, Article 1: "The Polish People's Republic is a socialist state."[15] |
Romania | Romanian People's Republic | 30 December 1947 | 21 August 1965 | 17 years, 234 days | Section 1, Article 3: "The leading force of society in the Socialist Republic of Romania is the Romanian Communist Party."[16] |
Socialist Republic of Romania | 21 August 1965 | 30 December 1989 | 24 years, 131 days | ||
Total | 30 December 1947 | 30 December 1989 | 42 years, 0 days | ||
Somalia | Somali Democratic Republic | 21 October 1969 | 26 January 1991 | 21 years, 97 days | Section 1, Article 1: "The Somali Democratic Republic is a socialist state led by the working class, and is an integral part of the Arab and African entities."[17] |
Russia / Soviet Union | Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic | 9 November 1917 | 30 December 1922 | 5 years, 51 days | Section 1, Article 1: "The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a socialist state of the whole people, expressing the will and interests of the workers, peasants, and intelligentsia, the working people of all the nations and nationalities of the country."[18] |
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | 30 December 1922 | 26 December 1991 | 68 years, 361 days | ||
Total | 9 November 1917 | 26 December 1991 | 74 years, 47 days | ||
Ukraine / Ukrainian SSR | Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic | 10 March 1919 | 24 August 1991 | 72 years, 167 days | Section 1, Article 1: ""The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic is the whole people state that expresses the will and interests of the workers, peasants and intellectuals, workers of the republic of all nationalities.[19] |
North Vietnam | Democratic Republic of Vietnam | 2 September 1945 | 2 July 1976 | 30 years, 304 days | Section 2, Article 9: "The Democratic Republic of Vietnam is advancing step by step from people's democracy to socialism by developing and transforming the national economy along socialist lines, transforming its backward economy into a socialist economy with modern industry and agriculture and an advanced science and technology."[20] |
South Yemen | People's Republic of South Yemen | 30 November 1967 | 1 December 1970 | 3 years, 1 day | Section 1, Article 3: "The Yemeni Socialist Party, armed with the Scientific Socialism theory, is the leader and guide of society and state."[21] |
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen | 1 December 1970 | 22 May 1990 | 19 years, 172 days | ||
Total | 30 November 1967 | 22 May 1990 | 22 years, 173 days | ||
Yugoslavia | Democratic Federal Yugoslavia | 29 November 1943 | 29 November 1945 | 2 years, 0 days | Section 1, Article 2: "The socialist system in Yugoslavia is based on relations between people acting as free and equal producers and creators, whose work serves exclusively to satisfy their personal and common needs."[22] |
Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia | 29 November 1945 | 7 April 1963 | 17 years, 129 days | ||
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | 7 April 1963 | 27 April 1992 | 29 years, 20 days | ||
Total | 29 November 1943 | 27 April 1992 | 48 years, 150 days |
Non-Marxist–Leninist
Current countries with constitutional references to socialism
Country | Since | Duration | Form of government | Constitutional statement |
---|---|---|---|---|
People's Republic of Bangladesh | 11 April 1971 | 45 years, 237 days | Multi-party system | Preamble: "Further pledging that it shall be a fundamental aim of the State to realise through the democratic process, a socialist society free from exploitation, a society in which the rule of law, fundamental human rights and freedoms, equality and justice, political, economic and social, will be secured for all citizens;"[23] |
Republic of Guinea-Bissau | 24 September 1973 | 43 years, 71 days | Multi-party system | |
Co-operative Republic of Guyana | 6 October 1980 | 36 years, 59 days | Multi-party system | Preamble: "Convinced that the organisation of the State and society on socialist principles is the only means of ensuring social and economic justice for all of the people of Guyana; and, therefore, being motivated and guided by the principles of socialism"[24] |
Republic of India | 18 December 1976 [25] | 39 years, 352 days | Multi-party system | Preamble: "We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and to secure to all its citizens:"[26] |
Democratic People's Republic of Korea | 19 February 1992 | 68 years, 86 days total;
24 years, 289 days since revision |
One-party system | Preamble: "The Democratic People's Republic of Korea is the socialist motherland of Juche, which has applied the idea and leadership of Kim Il-sung."[27] |
Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal | 20 September 2015 | 1 year, 75 days | Multi-party system | Section 1, Article 4: "Nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive democratic, socialism-oriented federal democratic republican state". |
Portuguese Republic | 2 April 1976 | 40 years, 246 days | Multi-party system | Preamble: "The Constituent Assembly affirms the Portuguese people's decision to (...) open up a path towards a socialist society"[28] |
Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe | 12 July 1975 | 41 years, 145 days | Multi-party system | |
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka | 7 September 1978 | 38 years, 88 days | Multi-party system | Preamble: "[...] to constitute Sri Lanka into a democratic socialist republic whilst ratifying the immutable republican principles of representative democracy, and assuring to all peoples freedom, equality, justice, fundamental human rights and the independence of the judiciary"[29] |
United Republic of Tanzania | 26 April 1964 | 52 years, 222 days | Multi-party system | Section 1, Article 3: "The United Republic is a democratic, secular and socialist state which adheres to multi-party democracy".[30] |
Former
Country | Full name | From | Until | Duration | Constitutional statement |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Algeria | People's Democratic Republic of Algeria | 8 September 1963 | 23 February 1989 | 26 years, 76 days | Preamble: "the democratic and popular Algerian Republic will direct its activities toward the construction of the country in accordance with the principles of socialism"[31] |
Burma | Union of Burma | 2 March 1962 | 3 January 1974 | 11 years, 307 days | Chapter XVI General Provisions: "In order to overcome this deterioration and to build Socialism, the Revolutionary Council of the Union of Burma assumed responsibility as a historical mission, adopted the Burmese Way to Socialism, and also formed the Burma Socialist Programme Party."[32] |
Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma | 3 January 1974 | 18 September 1988 | 14 years, 259 days | ||
Total | 2 March 1962 | 18 September 1988 | 26 years, 200 days | ||
Cape Verde | Republic of Cape Verde | 5 July 1975 | 22 September 1992 | 17 years, 79 days | |
Egypt | Republic of Egypt | 22 July 1957 | 22 February 1958 | 215 days | Preamble: "The Arab Republic of Egypt is a democratic, socialist state based on the alliance of the working forces of the people."[33] |
United Arab Republic | 22 February 1958 | 2 September 1971 | 13 years, 192 days | ||
Arab Republic of Egypt | 2 September 1971 | 26 March 2007 | 35 years, 205 days | ||
Total | 22 July 1957 | 26 March 2007 | 49 years, 247 days | ||
Iraq | Iraqi Republic | 17 July 1968 | 9 April 2003 | 34 years, 266 days | Chapter 1, Article 1: "Its [the country's] basic objective is the realization of one Arab State and the build-up of the socialist system."[34] |
Libya | Libyan Arab Republic | 1 September 1969 | 2 March 1977 | 7 years, 182 days | Section 1, Article 6: "The aim of the state is the realization of socialism through the application of social justice which forbids any form of exploitation."[35] |
Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya | 2 March 1977 | 15 April 1986 | 9 years, 44 days | ||
Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya | 15 April 1986 | 23 October 2011 | 25 years, 191 days | ||
Total | 1 September 1969 | 23 October 2011 | 42 years, 52 days | ||
Madagascar | Democratic Republic of Madagascar | 30 December 1975 | 12 September 1992 | 16 years, 257 days | Malagasy constitutional referendum, 1975 |
Seychelles | Republic of Seychelles | 5 June 1977 | 27 December 1991 | 14 years, 205 days | Preamble: "Seychelles is declared to be a sovereign socialist republic,"[36] |
Sudan | Democratic Republic of the Sudan | 8 May 1973 | 10 October 1985 | 12 years, 155 days | Preamble: "In the belief of our pursuit of freedom, socialism and democracy to achieve the society of sufficiency, justice and equality,"[37] |
Syria | Syrian Arab Republic | 8 March 1963 | 27 February 2012 | 48 years, 356 days | Section 1, Article 8: "The leading party in the society and the state is the Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party. It leads a patriotic and progressive front seeking to unify the resources of the people's masses and place them at the service of the Arab nation's goals."[38] |
Unrecognized
These are territories which have claimed independence, declared themselves socialist under some interpretation of the term, and created stable institutions of governance that have lasted for a considerable period of time, but which are not recognized as independent states by the international community. According to international law, these territories belong to other states.
- Freetown Christiania (1971 - present)
- Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities (December 1994 - present)
- Rojava (November 2013 - present)
Ephemeral
These are short-lived political entities that emerged during wars or revolutions (mostly in the aftermath of World War I) and declared themselves socialist under some interpretation of the term, but did not survive long enough to create a stable government or achieve international recognition.
- Paris Commune (March 18 – May 28, 1871)
- Strandzha Commune (August 18 – September 8, 1903)
- Soviet Republic of Naissaar (December 1917 – February 26, 1918)
- Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (January 28 – April 29, 1918)
- Odessa Soviet Republic (January 31 – March 13, 1918)
- Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic (February 12 – May 1918)
- Alsace Soviet Republic (November 9–22, 1918)
- Free Socialist Republic of Germany (November 9, 1918 – August 11, 1919)
- Commune of the Working People of Estonia (November 29, 1918 – June 5, 1919)
- Saxony Soviet (November, 1918 – March 14, 1919) [39]
- Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic (December 17, 1918 – January 13, 1920)
- Free Territory (1918 – 1921)
- Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (February 27 – August 25, 1919)
- Hungarian Soviet Republic (March 21 – August 6, 1919)
- Mughan Soviet Republic (March – June 1919)
- Bavarian Council Republic (April 6 – May 3, 1919)
- Limerick Soviet (April 15–27, 1919)
- Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic (May – September 1919; 15–18 September 1924)
- Slovak Soviet Republic (June 16 – July 7, 1919)
- Persian Socialist Soviet Republic (June 9, 1920 – September 1921)
- Galician Soviet Socialist Republic (July 8 – September 21, 1920)
- Hunan Soviet (1927)
- Shinmin (1929-1932)
- Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviet (1930–1931)
- Chinese Soviet Republic (November 7, 1931 – September 22, 1937)
- Socialist Republic of Chile (4 June – 2 October 1932)
- People's Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China (November 22, 1933 – January 13, 1934)
- Asturian Socialist Republic (October 5–18, 1934)
- Anarchist Aragon (July 21, 1936 – 1939)
- Revolutionary Catalonia (July 21, 1936 – 1939)
- Finnish Democratic Republic (December 1939 - March 1940)
- Political Committee of National Liberation of Greece (March 10, 1944 – August 28, 1949)
- People's Republic of Korea (September 6, 1945 – February, 1946)
- Azerbaijan People's Government (November 1945 – December 1946)
- Republic of Mahabad (January 22 – December 15, 1946)
- Provisional People's Committee for North Korea (February, 1946 – September 9, 1948)
- Marquetalia Republic(1948 - 1958)
- Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (June 8, 1969 – June 2, 1976)
- National Revolutionary Council of Gambia (July 30, 1981 – August 5, 1981)
- Democratic Republic of Yemen (May 21 – July 7, 1994)
See also
References
- ↑ Article Preamble of the Constitution of the Republic of Afghanistan Section Preamble, Constitution of the Republic of Afghanistan (November 30, 1987)
- ↑ Article 1 of the Constitution of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania Section 1, Constitution of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania (December 28, 1976)
- ↑ Article 1 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of Angola Section 1, Constitution of the People's Republic of Angola (1976)
- ↑ Article 1 of the Constitution of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Section 1, Constitution of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (April 14, 1978)
- ↑ Article 1 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of Bulgaria Section 1, Constitution of the People's Republic of Bulgaria (May 18, 1976)
- ↑ Presidential Oath Maarseveen written constitutions by H.Van Maarseveen and G.Van Der Tanq (Nov 21, 1978)
- ↑ Article 1 of the Constitution of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Section 1, Constitution of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (July 11, 1960)
- ↑ http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+et0127)
- ↑ Article 1 of the Constitution of the German Democratic Republic Section 1, Constitution of the German Democratic Republic (October 7, 1974)
- ↑ Article 2 of the Constitution of the Hungarian People's Republic Section 1, Constitution of the Hungarian People's Republic (August 20, 1949)
- ↑ In 1992 all references to Marxism–Leninism in the DPRK constitution were dropped and replaced with Juche. It still is, officially at least, a socialist state.
- ↑ Article 1 of the Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea Section 1, Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (December 27, 1974)
- ↑ Article 2 of the Constitution of the Mongolian People's Republic Section 1, Constitution of the Mongolian People's Republic (July 6, 1960)
- ↑
- ↑ Article 3 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of Poland Section 1, Constitution of the People's Republic of Poland (July 22, 1952)
- ↑ Article 3 of the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Romania Section 1, Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Romania (August 21, 1965)
- ↑ Article 1 of the Constitution of the Somali Democratic Republic Section 1, Constitution of the Somali Democratic Republic (August 25, 1979)
- ↑ Article 1 of the Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Section 1, Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (October 7, 1977)
- ↑ Article 1 of the Constitution of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Section 1, Constitution of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (April 20, 1978)
- ↑ Article 9 of the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam Section 1, Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (November 9, 1946)
- ↑ Article 3 of the Constitution of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen Section 1, Constitution of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (October 31, 1978)
- ↑ Article 1 of the Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Section 1, Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (April 7, 1963)
- ↑ Article Preamble of the Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh Section Preamble, Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (November 4, 1972)
- ↑ Article Preamble of the Constitution of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana Section Preamble, Constitution of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana (February 20, 1980)
- ↑ 42nd Amendment to the Constitution of India
- ↑ Article Preamble of the Constitution of the Republic of India Section Preamble, Constitution of the Republic of India (November 26, 1949)
- ↑ Article Preamble of the Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea Section Preamble, Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (September 9, 1948)
- ↑ Article Preamble of the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic Section Preamble, Constitution of the Portuguese Republic (April 25, 1976)
- ↑ Article Preamble of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Section Preamble, Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (September 7, 1978)
- ↑ Article 3 of the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania Section 1, Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania (April 25, 1978)
- ↑ Article Preamble of the Constitution of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria Section Preamble, Constitution of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (August 28, 1963)
- ↑ Article XVI of the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma Section General Provisions, Constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma (March 2, 1974)
- ↑ Article Preamble of the Constitution of the Republic of Egypt Section Preamble, Constitution of the Republic of Egypt (July 22, 1957)
- ↑ Article 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq Section 1, Constitution of the Republic of Iraq (September 21, 1968)
- ↑ Article 5 of the Constitution of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Section 1, Constitution of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (December 11, 1969)
- ↑ http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03050718.1979.9985562
- ↑ Article 5 of the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan Section 1, Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan (March 13, 1973)
- ↑ Article 5 of the Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic Section 1, Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic (April 12, 1973)
- ↑