List of popes who died violently

Several Roman Catholic popes had violent deaths. The circumstances have ranged from martyrdom (Pope Stephen I)[1] to war (Lucius II),[2] to a beating by a jealous husband (Pope John XII). A number of other popes have died under circumstances that some believe to be murder, but for which definitive evidence has not been found.

Martyr popes

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
In tradition, the first pope, Saint Peter, was crucified upside-down.

Murdered popes

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Jacobus de Voragine; William Granger Ryan. The golden legend: readings on the saints. Princeton University Press. p. 39.
  2. Foul Play Suspected in Popes Death? Baltimore Afro-American - October 10, 1978
  3. Kirsch, Johann Peter (1911), "St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles", Catholic Encyclopedia, 11, New York: Robert Appleton Company, retrieved 2013-06-03
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 I Sommi Pontifici Romani
  5. 1 2 3 4 Liber Pontificalis
  6. Annuario Pontificio
  7. First pope listed as a martyr by Irenaeus' Against Heresies
  8. Kirsch, Johann Peter (1911), "Pope St. Hyginus", Catholic Encyclopedia, 7, New York: Robert Appleton Company, retrieved 2013-06-03
  9. Butler, Alban (1866). "July 11: St. Pius I., Pope and Martyr". The Lives of the Saints. 7. Dublin: James Duffy. Retrieved 2013-06-03.
  10. "Calendarium Romanum" (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 129
  11. Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope St. Eusebius
  12. Mann, H. (1910). Pope John VIII. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved February 14, 2010 from New Advent: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08423c.htm
  13. Pope Stephen (VI) VII New Advent.org
  14. Pope Leo V NewAdvent.org
  15. Pope John X NewAdvent.org
  16. Pope Benedict VI New Advent.org
  17. Pope John XIV NewAdvent.org
  18. Pope Clement II NewAdvent.org
  19. "Pope Celestine V". List of Roman Catholic Popes. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
  20. Pope Boniface VIII NewAdvent.org
  21. Yallop, David A. In God's Name: An Investigation into the Murder of Pope John Paul I. Toronto: Bantam Books, 1984. ISBN 978-0-553-05073-8.
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