List of Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English
This list contains Germanic elements of the English language which have a close corresponding Latinate form. The correspondence is semantic—in most cases these words are not cognates, but in some cases they are doublets, i.e., ultimately derived from the same root, generally Proto-Indo-European, as in cow and beef, both ultimately from PIE *gʷōus.
The meanings of these words do not always correspond to Germanic cognates, and occasionally the specific meaning in the list is unique to English.
List of Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English
| Germanic source | Germanic | Latinate | Latin source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Frankish *bannjan, *bandjan PGmc *laibijanan + *af- PGmc *fur- + *sakanan PGmc *fur- + *lǣtanan PGmc *gebanan + *ūp PGmc *bi-linnanan | abandon leave, leave off forsake forlet give up blin | relinquish abdicate desert renounce | relinquere < re- + linquere abdicāre < ab- + dicātus dēserere < dē- + serere renūntiāre < re- + nūntius |
| PGmc *akiz Frankish *hūrt PGmc *smartōn- PGmc *wai PGmc *sairaz PGmc *þrawō PGmc *warkiz | ache hurt smart woe sore throe wark | pain agony | poena < Gk poinē L.L. agōnia < Gk agōniā |
| PGmc *lataz, *lētiz (Frankish *lat, *lēti) PGmc *trewwiþō | allegiance troth | fidelity loyalty | fidēlitās lēgālis |
| PGmc *ana + *libaz PGmc *kwikwaz | alive quick (living) | animate | animātus < animāre < anima |
| Old Norse angr PGmc *wraiþiþo | anger wrath | rage ire | rabiēs īra |
| Frankish *raidjan PGmc *raihwaz PGmc *hrengaz (Frankish *hring) PGmc *līnion + *ūp PGmc *sat- PGmc *hlutom PGmc *līston | array row range, rank line, lineup set lot list | series order sequence | seriēs < serere ordō L.L. sequentia < sequēns < sequī |
| Old English *andswaru | answer | response | responsum |
| WGmc *aiskōn PGmc *frignanan PGmc *besōkjanan Old English bedecian PGmc *sōkjanan | ask frain beseech beg seek | inquire request | in + quaerere re + quaerere |
| PGmc *ga-waraz PGmc *ana + *breustam PGmc *ūp + *tō + *spōdiz | aware abreast up to speed | cognizant | cognoscere |
| WGmc *bauknan Frankish *baukan Old Norse *flǫgra, flakka Frankish *hariwald Frankish *heriberga Frankish *witan | beacon buoy flag herald harbinger guide | signal indicator | M.L. signāle M.L. indicātor |
| PGmc *beforan PGmc *beforan + *handuz PGmc *ana + *haubuþan + *af PGmc *airiz | before beforehand ahead of ere | prior | prior |
| PGmc *bī + *hafjanan PGmc *beranan + *-unga Frankish *stikkan Frankish *wīsa PGmc *wegaz | behaviour bearing etiquette guise way | action attitude manner conduct | āctiō L.L. aptitūdō V.L. *manuāria < L manuārius < manus M.L. conductus < L condūcere |
| PGmc *bī + *haitanan PGmc *bidjanan + *-unga | behest bidding | command order | V.L. commandāre ordō |
| PGmc *bī- + *hōfan PGmc *gagniz PGmc *fura- + *dailiz PGmc *bōniz PGmc *blōdisōjanan + *-unga PGmc *wela + *farō | behoof gain foredeal boon blessing welfare | advantage benefit | L.L.*abantaticum benefactum |
| WGmc *bī- + *ginnan PGmc *sturtjanan | begin start | commence | com + initiāre |
| PGmc *ga-laubjan PGmc *ga-menþijan + *sat- PGmc *gōdaz + *spellan PGmc *trewwiþō PGmc *hlinunga | belief mindset gospel truth leaning | creed | crēdere |
| PGmc *bilībanan PGmc *uz- + *bīdanan PGmc *terganan PGmc *stadiz | belive, belave abide tarry stay | remain | re- + manere |
| PGmc *balgiz PGmc *medi- + *hrefiz PGmc *wambō | belly midriff womb | abdomen | abdomen |
| Middle English bigge (< Old Norse?) PGmc *grautaz PGmc *stōraz, stōriz PGmc *mikilaz PGmc *haugaz (Frankish *houg) | big great stour mickle huge | large grand | larga < largus grandis |
| PGmc *gaburþiz + *dagaz PGmc *jēran + *tīdiz | birthday yeartide | anniversary | M.L. (diēs) anniversāria |
| PGmc *blījom PGmc *hīwjan PGmc *daugō PGmc *skadwō PGmc *wlitiz | blee hue dye shade lit | colour | AN colur < OF colour < L color < OL colos |
| PGmc *blōmōn PGmc *blōsmaz PGmc *buzdōn PGmc *burjō(n) (Frankish *burjan) | bloom blossom bud burgeon | flower | flor- < flos |
| PGmc *budagan PGmc *framojanan WGmc *makojana + *ūp PGmc *līkan | body, embodiment frame makeup lich | corpus, corpse carcass cadaver | corpus M.L. carcosium, carcasium < ? cadāver |
| PGmc *brōþar | brotherly | fraternal | frāternus |
| Old English budda Old English bitela | bug beetle | insect | insectum |
| Old English byldan PGmc *raizijanan PGmc *raizijanan | build rear raise | construct | cōnstruere < com + struere |
| Old English bysig + nisse PGmc *under + *tækanan PGmc *nutō | business undertaking note | affair enterprise | ad + facere Fr. entre + prendre |
| PGmc *bugjanan | buy | purchase | pro- + V.L. *captiare |
| WGmc *kalbam | calf | veal | vitellus, vitulus |
| PGmc *kallōjanan + *-unga Middle English jobbe PGmc *lība- + *werkan PGmc *lība- + *laidō PGmc *libēn- + *-unga | calling job lifework livelihood living | career profession vocation occupation employment | L.L. carrāria (via) < Celtic M.L. professiō vocātiō occupātiō implicāre + -mentum |
| Frankish *gram, *grinjan PGmc *maganan PGmc *skamō | chagrin dismay shame | displeasure dissatisfaction | dis- + L placēre dis- + L satisfactiō |
| PGmc *skihanan (Middle High German schicken) PGmc *trandijanan PGmc *wagōjanan (Old Saxon wogōn) PGmc *dapraz (via Middle Dutch dapper) Middle English dasshen (< Danish daske) PGmc *swankianan PGmc *ūp + *tūnaz, *tūnan | chic trendy in vogue dapper dashing swanky uptown | elegant fashionable stylish | ēlegāns < ēlegere factiō < facere stylus, stilus |
| PGmc *kilþam PGmc *barnan Middle English babe + -y PGmc *kiþjom (via Old Norse kið) Middle English newborn | child bairn baby kid newborn | infant | īnfāns |
| PGmc *keusanan PGmc *pikkanan PGmc *walan (Old Norse val) | choose pick wale | opt select | optare sēlēctus < sēligere < sē- + legere |
| PGmc *karzjanan | chore | task | M.L. tasca |
| PGmc *kaldaz PGmc *kaliz + *-igaz PGmc *freusanþjaz | cold chilly freezing | frigid | frigidus |
| PGmc *kweman PGmc *landjanan PGmc *raikijanau PGmc *getanan WGmc *makojanan | come land reach get to make (to a place) | arrive | ad + ripa |
| PGmc *kōuz PGmc *bullon- PGmc *nautan PGmc *uhson PGmc *steuraz PGmc *wīsundaz (Old High German wisunt) Old High German ūrohso | cow bull neat ox steer bison aurochs | beef cattle | bōs/bovis V.L. capitale |
| PGmc *dagaz + *likaz | daily | diurnal | diurnalis |
| PGmc *daudaz + *likaz PGmc *banon + *fullaz | deadly baneful | mortal fatal | mortālis fatum |
| PGmc *dōmjanan Frankish *wardōn PGmc *haldanan PGmc *fōlijanan PGmc *bī + *þankjanan | deem regard hold feel bethink | judge consider esteem | iūdicāre consīderāre aestimāre |
| PGmc *deuzam PGmc *hirutaz PGmc *dajjō(n) (Old English dā) PGmc *hindō PGmc *stag- PGmc *raihōn | deer hart doe hind stag roe | venison | venātiō/nis |
| PGmc *gamainijaz PGmc *bī- + *lūtilaz PGmc *putōjanan, pūtjanan + *dūn PGmc *lǣgaz | demean, bemean belittle put down lower | debase, abase degrade humiliate | L.L. bassus < Oscan or Celtic L.L. dēgradāre < dē- + gradus L.L. humiliātus < humiliāre < humilis |
| PGmc *dōnan PGmc *frumjanan, *framjanan PGmc *under + *tækanan | do perform undertake | execute dispatch | M.L. execūtāre < ex(s)equī O.Fr. despeechier < des- + L.L. -pedicāre |
| Old English docga PGmc *hundas | dog hound | canid, canine | canis |
| PGmc *drengkan PGmc *sweljanan Old High German garo + ūz Old Norse ves + heill PGmc *sūpanan | drink swill carouse wassail sup, sip | imbibe | imbibere < in + bibere |
| PGmc *dubon | dove | pigeon culver | V.L. pibionem columbula |
| PGmc *ernust- PGmc *grimmaz PGmc *sternijaz | earnest grim stern | serious grave sober | L.L. sēriōsus gravis sōbrius |
| PGmc *dritō PGmc *erþō PGmc *landom PGmc *grundus PGmc *landam + *skapiz | dirt earth land ground landscape | soil terrain | partly from Latin solium; partly from Old English sol terrenum < terra |
| PGmc *austra PGmc *austra + *līkaz PGmc *austra + *warþaz | eastern easterly eastward | oriental | orīri |
| PGmc *etanan PGmc *suppanan PGmc *brekanan + *brauþan PGmc *bankiz PGmc *fōdjanan Middle Dutch snacken PGmc *swelganan PGmc *hnaskwajanan PGmc *tækanan + *in PGmc *bītanan PGmc *skirfanan (Old English sceorfan) | eat sup break bread banquet feed snack swallow nosh take in bite scarf | dine consume devour ingest | V.L. diseieunare < dis + ieiunare consūmere dēvorāre ingestus < ingerere |
| PGmc *aldiz, *aldō PGmc *līban + *tīmēn PGmc *līban + *spannō | eld lifetime lifespan | age | aevitās ( < aevum) + -age |
| PGmc *anðiōn PGmc *fullfuljanan PGmc *haldanan PGmc *wrappanan PGmc *stuppojanan PGmc *bi-linnanan | end fulfill halt wrap up stop blin | finish complete discontinue | fīnīre complēre dis- + continuāre |
| PGmc *ebnaz PGmc *flataz PGmc *smāþjaz, smōþjaz PGmc *in + *līnion PGmc *līnion + *ūp PGmc *stadō + *-igaz | even flat smooth in line lined up steady | level planar equal | V.L. *lībellum < lībella L.L. plānāris < plānum aequālis < aequus |
| PGmc *faranan Middle Dutch trecken PGmc *gēnan + *ana + *braiþaz PGmc *tækanan + *trap- Old Norse rāfa Frankish *wala | fare trek go abroad take a trip rove gallivant | travel journey voyage | V.L. *trepaliāre V.L. *diurnāta viāticum |
| PGmc *fastuz PGmc *hraþa PGmc *snellaz PGmc *kwikwaz PGmc *swīpanan PGmc *spōdigaz, *spēdigaz | fast rathe, rather snell quick swift speedy | rapid | rapidus |
| PGmc *fadar + *likaz | fatherly fatherlike | paternal | paternus |
| WGmc *fōljan PGmc *gawaraz PGmc *tukkanan, *tækanan | feeling awareness touch | sentiment sensation | sensus, sentiō |
| PGmc *fullijan + *up PGmc *stukk- PGmc *niwjanan | fill up stock renew | replenish | re + plēnus |
| PGmc *furistaz PGmc *furma PGmc *magan- | first foremost main | primary | prīmus |
| PGmc *floþuz PGmc *hwelbanan PGmc *ubersatjanan | flood overwhelm overset | inundate | inundāre < in + unda |
| PGmc *fulgian Old Norse traþk | follow track | ensue | in- + sequi |
| PGmc *formo- PGmc *airis- + *hwīlo PGmc *fure- + *gēnþjaz Old English hwīlum | former erstwhile foregoing, aforegoing whilom | previous preceding | praevius < prae- + via praecēdere < prae- + cēdere |
| PGmc *fur-*biudan PGmc *bannan- PGmc *fura- + *stallaz | forbid ban forestall | prohibit prevent | prohibēre < pro + habēre inter + dicere, dictus praevenīre |
| PGmc *fura- + Old Norse kasta PGmc *ūt + *lōkōjanan | forecast outlook | projection | prōjectiō < prō + iacere |
| PGmc *fura + *taljanan PGmc *sanþaz + *sagjanan PGmc *fura- +*buþanan PGmc *fura- +*skadwōjanan | foretell soothsay forebode foreshadow | predict | praedīcere |
| PGmc *frijaz | freedom | liberty | lībertās < līber |
| PGmc *frijond + *likaz PGmc *gakundan + *līkaz PGmc *warmaz | friendly kindly warm | amicable | amīcus |
| Frankish *gardo, gardin- PGmc *garda WGmc *parruk Old English pund- Old English pearroc | garden yard park pound paddock | court enclosure | co- + hortus in- + claudere |
| PGmc *gadurojan PGmc *far- + *gadurojan PGmc *gadurojan + *ūp PGmc *kruppaz Old English clyster PGmc *lisanan | gather forgather gather up group cluster lease | assemble | ad + simul |
| PGmc *giftiz PGmc *sali- | gift handsel | present | prae- + essere |
| PGmc *geban PGmc *gafurþojan WGmc*frumjana | give afford furnish | provide | pro + vidēre |
| PGmc *glaþaz PGmc *bliþiz PGmc *fagaraz PGmc *murgijaz PGmc *wunjo-samaz PGmc *hapan PGmc *gliujan PGmc *þurilam (via Old English þyrel) PGmc *kwēmiaz | gladness bliss fairness merriment, mirth winsomeness happiness glee thrill queem | joy pleasure delight | gaudium placēre dēlēctāre |
| PGmc *guþan PGmc *guþan + *haiduz | god, goddess godhead | deity immortal | deus immortālis |
| PGmc *gōdaz PGmc *welō(n) PGmc *hilpō + *fullaz PGmc *gagniz + *fullaz PGmc *hailaz + *samaz PGmc *werþan + *hwīlō | good well helpful gainful wholesome worthwhile | beneficial | beneficium |
| WGmc *gēnan + PGmc *an PGmc *wandjanan | go on wend | proceed | pro- + cedere |
| WGmc *grōnja- PGmc *laskaz | green lush | verdant | viridis |
| PGmc *getiskanan PGmc *faþmaz PGmc *swumto- Frankish *galgo | guess fathom sound gauge | estimate | aestimare |
| PGmc *harjaz + *berg PGmc *hafnaz | harbour haven | port | portus |
| PGmc *harþuz + *skapiz PGmc *uzdailjam | hardship ordeal | difficulty | difficultās |
| PGmc *hatojanan PGmc *laiþojanan PGmc *skarn- (Frankish *skern) | hate loathe scorn | detest | de- + testari |
| PGmc *hauhiþa PGmc *luftuz | height loftiness | altitude | altitūdō (< altus) |
| PGmc *helpan PGmc *ūz- + *baitjanan (Frankish *bētan) PGmc *gebanan + *handuz PGmc *bī + *standanan PGmc *bī + *stadiz | help abet give a hand bestand bestead | assist | assistere < ad + sistere |
| WGmc *hannja | hen | pullet | pullus |
| PGmc *harjaz PGmc *fardíz | here ferd | army militia | ML. armāta mīlitia |
| PGmc *hulnis PGmc *bergaz PGmc *mundō PGmc *dūnō, dūnaz | hill barrow mound down, dune | mount | mōns, montis |
| PGmc *hailagaz + *dagaz WGmc *lauba PGmc *brekan WGmc *fur- + *lauba | holiday leave break furlough | vacation | vacātiō |
| PGmc *hailagaz PGmc *gahailagōiðaz | holy hallowed | sacred | sacrāre |
| PGmc *aujo + *landom PGmc *aujo PGmc *hulmaz | island ait, eyot holm | isle | insula |
| WGmc *jukkjan PGmc *wurkijanan (via Old Norse yrkja) WGmc *taisijanan WGmc *fur-etanan PGmc *grellanan | itch irk tease fret grill | irritate | irritāre |
| PGmc gakundiz Old English ilca PGmc *brandaz PGmc *brōd- PGmc *sat- PGmc *streun- Frankish *tīr PGmc *līkaz | kind ilk brand breed set strain tier like | type class sort genre | typus < Gk typos classis sors genera |
| PGmc *knoean PGmc *witanan PGmc *spehōjanan (Frankish *spehōn) PGmc *sputtōn PGmc *taljanan | know wit/wot espy spot tell | recognize | re + cognoscere |
| PGmc *lataz PGmc *latjanan | late delayed | tardy | tardus |
| PGmc *lagan (Old Norse lag) + *-fullaz PGmc *gastrahtaz PGmc *fagraz PGmc *rehtaz PGmc *gasundas PGmc *gamaitijaz PGmc *warjanan (Frankish *warand) PGmc *fittjanan | lawful straight fair right, rightful sound meet warranted fitting | legal legitimate, legit just proper | lēgālis M.L. lēgitimātus < lēgitimāre jūstus < jūs proprius |
| PGmc *laiþjan PGmc *kuningaz PGmc *haubuþan PGmc *biron PGmc *erloz | leader king head baron earl | duke president | dux praesidēns |
| PGmc *langiþo | length | longitude | longitūdō (< longus) |
| PGmc *legjan PGmc *rastjō, rastō PGmc *hlinojanan | lie (lie down) rest lean (back) | repose recline | re- + pausa re- + clinare |
| PGmc *lubo Middle English fond, fonned | loving fond | amorous | amōrōsus |
| PGmc *managaz PGmc *manigaz + *falþaz PGmc *rīfiz PGmc *taumijanþjaz | many manifold rife teeming | multiple numerous abundant copious | multi + plūs numerosus abundantem copiosus |
| PGmc *ga-makon PGmc *fittjanan PGmc *andswarōjanan + *tō | match fit answer to | correspond | con + respondēre |
| WGmc *mainijan PGmc *be- + *taiknjanan PGmc *standanan + *fura PGmc *ahtalōnan | mean betoken stand for ettle | intend signify | intendere significare |
| PGmc *motijan PGmc *hitjanan (Old Norse hitta) | meet hit | encounter | incontrāre < in + contrā |
| PGmc *medjaz + *dagaz | midday | noon | nona |
| Old Norse mistaka PGmc *blundaz (Old Norse blundra) PGmc *wrangiþō | mistake blunder wrength | error | error (< errāre) |
| PGmc *mōdar + *likaz | motherly | maternal | māternus |
| PGmc *nēhwaz PGmc *nēhwizáz | nigh near | close | clausus |
| PGmc *neujaz PGmc *friskaz PGmc *nū | new fresh now | novel modern | novus modernus |
| PGmc *naht + *likaz | nightly | nocturnal | nocturnus |
| WGmc *alda PGmc *stal-, *sta- PGmc *aldizo + *līkaz PGmc *jǣron | old stale elderly of yore | ancient antediluvian | V.L. *anteanus < ante ante + diluvium |
| PGmc *anþaraz PGmc *aljaz | other else | different alternative | differre alterare |
| PGmc *ufnaz PGmc *herþaz PGmc *stubō PGmc *aistō PGmc *smiþjon | oven hearth stove oast smithy, smithery | kiln furnace | culina fornax |
| PGmc *raidō PGmc *wegaz PGmc *bulaz + *werkam PGmc *drībanan PGmc *paþaz | road way boulevard drive path | street route itinerary | V.L. strata rupta itinerantem |
| PGmc *rutjan PGmc *be- + *fūljanan PGmc *be- + *fūlaz | rot defile befoul | putrefy | putrefacere |
| PGmc *sehwan PGmc *kanjanan | see ken | perceive | per- + capere |
| Old Norse *sœma PGmc *lōkōjanan | seem look | appear | apparere |
| PGmc *seuþanan Middle English bublelen (Middle Low German bubeln) | seethe bubble | boil | bullīre |
| PGmc *selbaz + *haiduz PGmc *galīkaz + *-nassus PGmc *selbaz + *dōmaz | selfhood likeness selfdom | identity | L.L. identitās < idem et idem + -itās |
| PGmc *selbaz + *samaz | selfsame | identical | M.L. identicus + -al |
| PGmc *saljanan Old Saxon *trada PGmc *dailjanan + *in Frankish *borganjan | sell trade deal in bargain | vend | vendere < venum + dare |
| PGmc *skapjanan PGmc *buþlam (Old English bold) PGmc *ūt + *līniōn | shape build outline | form | forma |
| WGmc *skæpa PGmc *lambaz | sheep lamb | mutton | M.L. multō (< Celtic) |
| PGmc *skoppan | shop | store | instaurare |
| WGmc *skuttjan | shut | close | clausus |
| PGmc *skeuh(w)az | shy | timid | timidus |
| PGmc *sehwiþō PGmc *sehwanan PGmc *kannijanan | sight seeing ken | vision | vidēre/vīsum |
| PGmc *skaljo PGmc *krab-, kraf- PGmc *kunnanan PGmc *listiz | skill craft cunning list | art science | ars scientia |
| PGmc *skaljo + *fullaz PGmc *krab-, kraf- + *-igaz PGmc *gadaftjaz | skillful crafty deft | adept | adeptus < adipiscī |
| PGmc *slǣpanþiaz PGmc *slūmerianþiaz PGmc *īdalaz PGmc *falgō | sleeping slumbering idle fallow | dormant hibernate torpid | dormīre |
| PGmc *smæl PGmc *lūtilaz PGmc *tindaz Old English wēg, wǣge | small little tiny wee | minute petite diminutive | minūtus < minuere pitinnus diminutivus |
| PGmc *snakon PGmc *wurmiz | snake worm | serpent | serpens |
| PGmc *surgo PGmc *karō PGmc *wai | sorrow care woe | grief | OFr grever < L gravare < gravis |
| PGmc *sprekanan PGmc *taljanan WGmc *prātana | speak talk prate, prattle | converse discourse | con- + vertere dis- + currere |
| PGmc *stund- PGmc *tīmēn, tīma- PGmc *tīþiz PGmc *hwīlō Old English þrāg Old English spelian PGmc *stuntjanan | stound time tide while throw spell stint | hour moment interval | hōra < Gk hṓra mōmentum intervallum |
| PGmc *sundrigaz PGmc *miskjanan | sundry mixed | various miscellaneous | varius miscellus |
| PGmc *swīnam PGmc *farhaz PGmc *sugō WGmc *bairaz Old English picg- Old English hogg | swine farrow sow boar pig hog | pork | porcus |
| PGmc *taikijanan WGmc *skauwojanan PGmc *laizjanan | teach show lear, lere | educate | ēdūcāre < ēdūcere |
| PGmc *taljanan PGmc *kunþjanan PGmc *makojanan *(ga)knēwanaz | tell kithe make known | relate narrate | relatus < re- + ferre narrare |
| PGmc *þankjan PGmc *(ga)þāht- + *-fullaz PGmc *(ga)mentþijan + *-fullaz | thinking thoughtful mindful | pensive | pēnsāre |
| PGmc *(ga)þāhtan Early Modern English hinch PGmc *inkēn PGmc *kliwjo- | thought hunch inkling clue | idea | idea < Gk idea |
| PGmc *þreutanan PGmc *pleg- PGmc *fēraz | threat plight fear | danger peril menace | V.L. *dominarium < dominus periculum' minaciae < minari |
| PGmc *taiknan PGmc *markō PGmc *hallō + *markō PGmc *huntōjanan PGmc *stampōjanan | token mark hallmark hint stamp | sign symbol trace indication | signum symbolum < Gk sýmbolon V.L. *tractiāre indicātiō |
| PGmc *tungon PGmc *sprǣkijō PGmc *talō | tongue speech talk | language | V.L. *linguaticum < L. lingua |
| PGmc *twinjaz PGmc *twai + PGmc *-falþaz PGmc *twī- | twin twofold twi- | double duplicate | duplus duplicātus < duplicāre < duplex |
| PGmc *under + *standan PGmc *getanan PGmc *graipisōn | understand get grasp | comprehend | comprehendere |
| PGmc *ūp- + *haldanan PGmc *bolhstraz PGmc *beranan + *up- PGmc *under + *gurþjanan PGmc *ūp + beranan WGmc skor- + up PGmc *stagaz (Frankish *staka) | uphold bolster bear up undergird upbear shore up stay | support | supportāre |
| PGmc *up- + *luftijan PGmc *raizjan | uplifting raising, rearing | elevating | ē- + levāre |
| PGmc *ūtizon PGmc *sagjanan | utter say | pronounce | pro- + nuntsecuiare |
| PGmc *ūtizon WGmc *alnaz + *tō-gaduraz PGmc *fullīkō PGmc *hailaz +*līkō | utterly altogether fully wholly | totally | tōtālis |
| PGmc *wadjojan PGmc *mizdō, meidō PGmc *hūrja |
wage meed hire | salary | salārium |
| PGmc *wakan PGmc *bīdanan Old English tergan PGmc *woenijanan | wait, await bide tarry ween | expect | ex + spectāre |
| WGmc *warnōjanan + *-unga PGmc *tupp- + *af- | warning tip off | notice alert recommendation admonition | nōtitia It all'erta < L ērigere M.L. recommendātiō admonitiō |
| PGmc *watskanan PGmc *klainisōn PGmc *hrainisōn PGmc *labōjanan PGmc *baðojanan PGmc *skrubbanan | wash cleanse rinse lave bathe scrub | launder | M.L. lavandāria < lavare |
| PGmc *wakan PGmc *kōpjanan PGmc *behaldanan | watch keep behold | observe | ob + servāre |
| PGmc *wakanan PGmc *wakanþjaz PGmc *warō + *-igaz | watchful waking wary | vigilant | vigilāre |
| PGmc *wadjōjanan | wed | marry | marītāre |
| PGmc *wadjō + *laikaz | wedlock | marriage | V.L. *maritaticum |
| PGmc *wurdiz PGmc *framiþjaz PGmc *uzdaz PGmc *þwerhwaz PGmc *unkunþaz Old English ūtlendisc PGmc *alja- + *rīkjan PGmc *argaz PGmc *faigjáz | weird fremd odd queer uncouth outlandish eldritch eerie fey | strange | extrāneus |
| PGmc *weralþeilīkaz PGmc *erþō + *likaz | worldly earthly | mundane secular | L.L. mundānus < mundus saeculāris |
| PGmc *wopijanan PGmc *grētanan Old Norse baula Old Norse vǣla PGmc *hwīnanan PGmc *krītanan PGmc *murnanan PGmc *siubanan, *seubōnan, *subōjanan | weep greet (cry), regret bawl wail whine cry mourn sob | lament deplore | lāmentārī < lāmentum dēplōrāre < dē- + plōrāre |
| PGmc *gawehtiz + *-igaz WGmc *mainijanan + *-unga + *fullaz PGmc *ki- (Old English cǣġe) | weighty meaningful key | important grave | importāns gravis |
| PGmc *westra | western | occidental | occidere |
| PGmc *(ga)hailaz | whole | entire | integer |
| PGmc *wīdas PGmc *braiþiþō PGmc *spannō | width breadth span | latitude | latitūdō (< latus) |
| PGmc *wilþjiaz PGmc *faliz PGmc *grimmaz | wild fell grim | savage feral | silvaticus < silva fera |
| PGmc *wīsaz PGmc *klufraz PGmc *in + *gasihþ + *fullaz PGmc *in + *leuhtam PGmc *kōniz PGmc *knoeanan + *laikam PGmc *skreuwon | wise clever insightful enlightened keen knowledgeable shrewd | prudent intelligent sapient | prudēns < providēns intelligēns sapiēns |
| PGmc *wunskjan PGmc *weljanan PGmc *gernjanan PGmc *langojanan PGmc *lustuz PGmc *wana-, wanēn (Old Norse vanta) | wish will yearning longing lust want | desire cupidity | desiderāre cupiditās |
| Old English wīfman + PGmc *likaz | womanly | feminine | femininus |
| PGmc *widuz PGmc *hulto- PGmc *walþuz WGmc *busk PGmc *graibō PGmc *bruskaz PGmc *þekwatjan (Old English þiccet) PGmc *furhiþō (Old English fyrhþ) PGmc *skagjan | wood (a wood) holt weald/wold bush, boscage grove brush thicket frith shaw | forest copse, coppice | M.L. *foresta, partially < L.L. forestis; partially < Frankish *forhist V.L. *colpaticium |
| PGmc *wurdan + PGmc *bōkiz | wordbook | dictionary | dictiōnārium |
| PGmc *werkan PGmc *dreuganan PGmc *swinkanan | work drudge, drudgery swink | labor | labor |
| PGmc *wrītanan + *-unga PGmc *gawritan | writing writ | script | scrīptum < scrībere |
| PGmc *wurdiz PGmc *dōmaz | wyrd doom | fate destiny | fatum dēstināre |
| PGmc *jǣram + *likaz | yearly | annual | annalis |
| WGmc *gelwa | yellow | ochre | ochra < Gk ṓkhra |
| WGmc *jugunþiz + *fullaz PGmc *jungas | youthful young | juvenile immature | iuvenis immātūrus < in- + mātūrus |
| PGmc *juwunþiz PGmc *tehuniz + *haiduz | youth teenhood | adolescence | adolescere < ad- + alescere |
Noun/adjective doublets
In particular, the use of Latinate words in the sciences gives us pairs with a native Germanic noun and a Latinate adjective:
- animals: ant/formic, bee/apian, bird/avian, crow/corvine, cod/gadoid, carp/cyprine, fish/piscine, mew/larine, wasp/vespine, butterfly/papilionaceous, worm/vermian, spider/arachnid, snake/anguine, mouse (or rat)/murine, cat/feline, rabbit/cunicular, hare/leporine, dog/canine, deer/cervine, reindeer/rangiferine, fox/vulpine, wolf/lupine, goat/caprine, sheep/ovine, swan/cygnine or cygnean, duck/anatine, starling/sturnine, goose/anserine, horse/equine, chicken/gallinaceous, cow/bovine, pig/porcine, whale/cetacean, ape/simian, bear/ursine, man/human or hominid (gender specific: man/masculine, woman/feminine).
- physiology: head/capital, ear/aural, tooth/dental, tongue/lingual, lips/labial, neck/cervical, finger/digital, hand/manual, arm/brachial, foot/pedal, sole of the foot/plantar, leg/crural, eye/ocular or visual, mouth/oral, chest/pectoral, nipple/papillary, brain/cerebral, mind/mental, nail/ungual, hair/pilar, heart/cardial, lung/pulmonary, bone/osteotic, liver/hepatic, kidney/renal, blood/sanguine.
- astronomy: moon/lunar, sun/solar, earth/terrestrial, star/stellar.
- sociology: son or daughter/filial, mother/maternal, father/paternal, brother/fraternal, sister/sororal, wife/uxorial.
- other: book/literary, edge/marginal, earl/comital, fire/igneous, water/aquatic, wind/vental, ice/glacial, boat/naval, house/domestic, door/portal, town/urban, light/optical, sight/visual, tree/arboreal, marsh/paludal, sword/gladiate, king/regal, fighter/military, bell/tintinnabulary.
See also
- Collateral adjective
- List of collateral adjectives (Wiktionary)
- Lists of English loanwords by country or language of origin
- List of English words with dual French and Anglo-Saxon variations
- List of English words of French origin
- List of English Latinates of Germanic origin
- Latin influence in English
- Anglish
Sources
- Online Etymology Dictionary
- Merriam-Webster Online
- Dictionary of Etymology: the Origins of American English Words. Robert K. Barnhart. ISBN 0-06-270084-7
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