List of Arsenal F.C. managers

A bronze-statued Herbert Chapman, standing with hands behind his back. The statue was erected to commemorate his time at Arsenal.
A statue of Herbert Chapman, Arsenal manager from 1925 to 1934

Arsenal Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Holloway, London. The club was formed in Woolwich in 1886 as Dial Square before it was shortly renamed to Royal Arsenal, and then Woolwich Arsenal in 1893.[1] They became the first southern member[nb 1] admitted into the Football League in 1893, having spent their first four seasons solely participating in cup tournaments and friendlies.[4] The club's name was shortened to Arsenal in 1914, a year after moving to Highbury.[5] In spite of finishing fifth in the Second Division in 1915, Arsenal rejoined the First Division at the expense of local rivals Tottenham Hotspur when football resumed after the First World War.[6] Since that time, they have not fallen below the first tier of the English football league system and hold the record for the longest uninterrupted period in the top flight.[7]

There have been eighteen permanent and seven caretaker managers of Arsenal since 1897; Stewart Houston has managed the club in two separate spells as caretaker. The most successful person to manage Arsenal is incumbent manager Arsène Wenger, who has won three Premier League titles, six FA Cups and six Community Shields since his appointment in 1996. Wenger is the club's longest-serving manager; he surpassed George Allison's record of 13 years in October 2009. Two Arsenal managers have died in the job – Herbert Chapman and Tom Whittaker.

This chronological list comprises all those who have held the position of manager of the first team of Arsenal since their foundation in 1886. Each manager's entry includes his dates of tenure and the club's overall competitive record (in terms of matches won, drawn and lost), honours won and significant achievements while under his care. Caretaker managers are included, where known, as well as those who have been in permanent charge.

Managerial history

From 1893 to 1897, team management was undertaken by a committee of directors.[8] The subsequent managerial role was known originally as "secretary-manager", as the manager also managed the club's affairs off the pitch as well as on it. Following the death of Tom Whittaker in 1956, the role was split and all in the role, from then to this day, have been given the title of manager and concentrated mainly on first-team affairs.[9]

1886–1925: Early years

Although Arsenal was founded in 1886, it was not until 1897 that the club appointed a permanent manager in charge of first-team affairs, with Thomas Mitchell universally recognised as Arsenal's first professional manager.[nb 2] Mitchell joined Arsenal five months after resigning from Blackburn Rovers in October 1896.[14] The Scotsman's time at Woolwich Arsenal was brief and he left his post barely a year into his contract, though he did manage to take the club from tenth to fifth in the league.[14] Mitchell guided Arsenal through a respectable cup run which culminated in the first round proper.[14] William Elcoat succeeded Mitchell as manager in April 1898, and set about reviving the squad with new additions.[15] The changes did not have the desired effect; his team finished seventh in a league of 18 and were beaten 6–0 by Derby County in the FA Cup first round.[16] He departed in February 1899, and like his predecessor only remained for a season.[15]

Harry Bradshaw, appointed in the summer of 1899, was faced with several difficulties, not least falling attendances and limited funds to attract the best players.[17] In his five years at Arsenal, he managed to steer the club away from bankruptcy by signing local talent such as Jimmy Ashcroft and Jimmy Jackson, and directed his team's promotion to the First Division in 1903–04.[17] Phil Kelso replaced Bradshaw in the close season and succeeded in keeping the club afloat in the top division.[18] He also steered Arsenal to the semi-final stage of the FA Cup in the 1905–06 and 1906–07 seasons.[19] Kelso departed in February 1908, amid uncertainty over the club's finances,[20] and was replaced by George Morrell, a fellow Scotsman.[19] Morrell's time as manager coincided with Sir Henry Norris' takeover of Arsenal and the club's subsequent relocation to Highbury.[19] Arsenal were relegated to the Second Division in 1913, though the move to North London brought about much larger attendances.[21]

Morrell left Arsenal during the First World War and James McEwen served as caretaker manager, presiding over two matches.[22] Both managers' work over 1914–15 resulted in Arsenal finishing in fifth place and aided the club's re-election to the First Division.[22] When professional football resumed in 1919, Norris appointed Leslie Knighton as the club's manager.[23] Arsenal remained under financial strain during this period and stagnated in the league; Kingston in his autobiography claimed he was under strict instruction to spend little on transfers.[24] His working relationship with Norris moreover deteriorated and in 1925 he was dismissed.[25] The decision to sack Knighton was said to have been made following Arsenal's defeat to West Ham United in the FA Cup, a competition which presented the club's only realistic chance of silverware.[25]

1925–66: Arrival of Chapman, dominance and decline

In the close season of 1925, Norris proceeded with wholesale changes at the club and advertised the role of manager in the Athletic News:[26]

Arsenal Football Club is open to receive applications for the position of TEAM MANAGER. He must be experienced and possess the highest qualifications for the post, both as to ability and personal character. Gentlemen whose sole ability to build up a good side depends on the payment of heavy and exhorbitant [sic] transfer fees need not apply.

The notice caught the attention of Huddersfield Town manager Herbert Chapman, who according to journalist and former Arsenal player Bernard Joy wanted to manage a London club: "Arsenal appealed to him because it was a struggling club, something he could work on and make a power in the land."[27] He joined Arsenal in June 1925, and laid the foundations for the club's first period of success.[28] Considered the "great innovator" of English football,[28] Chapman introduced numbered shirts, advocated floodlights at Highbury and successfully campaigned for Gillespie Road station to be renamed to Arsenal on the London Underground.[28] He also introduced new training techniques and tactics, adopting a "WM" formation in order to counter a change in the offside law.[29][30]

One of Chapman's first decisions was to bring in Sunderland striker Charlie Buchan, recognising Arsenal's lack of goal threat.[31] Arsenal finished second in Chapman's first season, a marked improvement on previous seasons, though finished no higher as the 1920s drew to a close.[32] Chapman continued to reshape his team and buy players to fit his desired system.[32] He led Arsenal to their first major trophy, as they beat his former side Huddersfield Town 2–0 in the 1930 FA Cup Final.[33] The team continued to mature and won the 1930–31 First Division title, scoring 127 goals in the process.[34] Chapman won another championship in 1932–33, after Arsenal ended the previous season as league and 1932 FA Cup runners-up.[35]

A black and white photograph of Billy Wright, wearing an England national team jersey.
Billy Wright, manager of Arsenal from 1962 to 1966

In the early hours of 6 January 1934, Chapman died at his home in Hendon.[28] Arsenal were top of the table by the New Year, but their league form stuttered as a result of Chapman's unexpected death.[36] Joe Shaw stood in as caretaker manager and continued Chapman's good work, as Arsenal won the 1933–34 First Division title.[36] In May 1934, Arsenal appointed George Allison, beginning a successful thirteen-year spell as manager.[37] The club retained the league title in 1934–35 and in the next season defeated Sheffield United in the 1936 FA Cup Final.[35][38] Arsenal won another championship in 1937–38, their fifth in eight years, to reinforce their position as the dominant team of the 1930s.[38] Britain's involvement in the Second World War meant the ordinary football calendar was abandoned.[39] In the early part of the 1940s, Arsenal participated in various wartime competitions, still managed by Allison.[40]

Allison resigned in 1947, a year after professional football resumed, and his position was taken over by Tom Whittaker, the club's first-team trainer.[41] Intent on playing an expansive style of football, he purchased Don Roper and converted Ian McPherson's position from defender to winger.[42] The changes had the desired effect as Arsenal won the 1947–48 First Division championship.[43] Whittaker won the club's third FA Cup in 1950 and repeated early league success in 1952–53.[44][45] The club's success began to wane after this, which in turn commenced a stressful period for Whittaker.[45] In October 1956 he died of a heart attack, aged 58.[46] Jack Crayston presided over first-team affairs as caretaker, before he was named permanent manager at the end of 1956.[47] His time was brief compared to his predecessors and left the club in May 1958, achieving a twelfth-place finish in the league.[47]

Former Arsenal goalkeeper George Swindin returned to the club in June 1958 as manager.[48] His tenure started well as he guided the club to a top-three position in the league, but subsequent mid-table finishes and poor cup showings led to his departure in May 1962.[49][50] Swindin's replacement Billy Wright fared no better and journalist Brian Glanville wrote of his spell: "He had neither the guile nor the authority to make things work and he reacted almost childishly to criticism."[51] Though Wright failed to guide Arsenal to former successes, he led Arsenal to a seventh-place finish in 1962–63, which ensured qualification for their first European competition, the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup.[52]

1966–96: Double winners, further league success

Wright was sacked by Arsenal in June 1966 and the board of directors hired the club's physiotherapist Bertie Mee as his successor.[53] Mee insisted on an escape clause in his contract provided if the arrangement did not work, which the club duly obliged.[54] The position became permanent eleven months later,[55] even though Arsenal were 14th in the league table.[56] The club's fortunes changed under Mee however, as he started to bed in youth players.[57] He led Arsenal to successive League Cup final appearances in 1968 and 1969, and ended the club's 17-year wait for silverware when his side beat Anderlecht in the 1970 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final.[57] Mee's greatest triumph was the club's league and cup double of 1970–71, but he struggled to better that achievement, having made radical changes to a successful team.[57]

A black and white photograph of George Graham, before his stint as Arsenal manager.
George Graham (pictured in 1970) won two league championships as Arsenal manager.

When Mee resigned at the end of 1975–76, the board opted for Terry Neill as their next manager.[58] He arrived after guiding Tottenham Hotspur to a ninth-place finish, but his association with Arsenal's local rivals created animosity between himself and the club's fans.[59] Neill led Arsenal to three FA Cup finals between 1978 and 1980, succeeding in the "five-minute final" of 1979.[60][61] He took them to the 1980 Cup Winners' Cup Final, which they lost in a penalty-shootout to Spanish team Valencia.[60] Poor league form and a surprise exit in the League Cup to Walsall led to Neill's dismissal midway through 1983–84.[62] Don Howe was promoted as manager, initially in a caretaker capacity.[63][64] Though his three years brought no major silverware, he was responsible for giving debuts to several players such as Tony Adams and David Rocastle, who served the club well during the late 1980s.[65]

Howe departed in March 1986, and Steve Burtenshaw stood in for two months as caretaker.[66] After making a tentative offer to Alex Ferguson,[nb 3] the board settled on appointing George Graham.[68] He led Arsenal to appearances in the League Cup final in each of his first two seasons, winning in 1987, before losing in 1988.[69] Arsenal's performances in the league also improved and in Graham's third season his team won the league championship in unprecedented fashion, defeating title rivals Liverpool by two clear goals on the final night of the season to be crowned champions on goals scored.[69] He won his second league title in 1990–91, fielding a side that only lost one game throughout the season.[70]

Arsenal's European Cup defeat to Benfica in October 1991 is regarded as a watershed moment in Graham's managerial career.[69] He altered his tactics and built a stubborn team, which lacked the creativity associated with the first half of his Arsenal reign.[69] Graham's Arsenal struggled to put together a title challenge in the newly-formed Premier League, but were cup specialists in the early half of the nineties.[69] In 1992–93, Graham became the first manager to win the FA Cup and League Cup in the same season.[69] A season later, he guided Arsenal to their first European trophy for almost a quarter of a century, as the team won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup.[69]

Graham was dismissed in February 1995, for bringing the club into disrepute over his transfer misconduct.[71] He was found guilty of financial impropriety by a league investigation, leaving the board with no other choice but to terminate his contract.[71] Stewart Houston came in as caretaker and revitalised the squad, taking Arsenal to the 1995 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final.[72][73] The Arsenal board subsequently hired Bruce Rioch, on a three-year deal in June 1995.[74] Rioch's tenure lasted just 61 weeks and in his only season at the club, he guided Arsenal to fifth position, which came with a UEFA Cup spot.[75] Rioch was sacked in August 1996, amid reports of disagreements with vice-chairman David Dein.[76]

1996–present: Wenger era

The dismissal of Rioch meant Houston was once again put in temporary charge of first-team affairs.[77] When Houston left Arsenal to eventually become the Queens Park Rangers manager, his position was taken up by Pat Rice.[78] Frenchman Arsène Wenger, in the meantime, agreed a deal with the Arsenal board to become the club's next manager.[79] His appointment was confirmed in September 1996, after receiving an early release from Japanese club Nagoya Grampus Eight.[79] Hill-Wood was highly optimistic of Wenger, in spite of the track record that came with previous non-British managers in the Premier League:

I believe Arsène Wenger is going to be a great success and drag football in this country into the 20th century. There is no doubt in my mind we are blinkered and backward as a sporting nation. Look at the British results in Europe, they were not good, including ours. We keep telling ourselves we have the best league in Europe, but it is not true. We need to catch up with the Continentals and we think Arsène is the man to help us.[79]
Arsène Wenger kicking a football during an Arsenal training session
Arsène Wenger is Arsenal's longest serving manager.

Wenger has been credited with promoting the importance of diet and nutrition in football and advocating the principle that the sport ought to be entertaining on the pitch.[80][81] The signings of Patrick Vieira, Emmanuel Petit, Marc Overmars and Nicolas Anelka, combined with the club's many experienced players, helped Arsenal win the double in 1997–98.[82] Wenger led Arsenal to another double in 2001–02; his team scored in every Premier League game that season and won their remaining 13 matches to clinch the title.[83] A year later, Wenger became the first manager since Keith Burkinshaw 21 years previously to retain the FA Cup; Arsenal beat Southampton 1–0 in the final.[84] Wenger won his third league title in 2003–04, which earnt distinction as he guided his team to an unbeaten league season, something achieved only once before in English football, by Preston North End in 1888–89.[85] Another FA Cup was won in 2005, this time on penalties against Manchester United.[86] Wenger took Arsenal to their first UEFA Champions League final in 2006 and in the same year oversaw the club's relocation to the Emirates Stadium.[87][88] In October 2009, Wenger surpassed Allinson to become Arsenal's longest serving manager and reflected the club were "maybe not crazy, but brave" to appoint him.[37][89]

During 2013–14, Wenger celebrated his 1,000th game in charge of Arsenal and in the process became the fourth manager in English football (after Sir Matt Busby, Dario Gradi and Sir Alex Ferguson) to do so.[90] The match however did not go as Wenger planned, as the team were beaten 6–0 by Chelsea.[91] Wenger guided Arsenal to further FA Cup success at the end of the season, after a period of nine years without silverware.[92] His team retained the cup the following year, putting Wenger alongside George Ramsay as the most successful manager in the competition's history with six trophies.[93] Wenger is contracted to Arsenal until 2017.[94]

Managers

Key

List of Arsenal F.C. managers
Name NationalityFromToMWDLGFGAWin %Honours Notes
Mitchell, ThomasThomas Mitchell  Scotland 30 March 1897 10 March 1898 45 23 8 14 106 79 51.11
Unknown caretaker 11 March 1898 April 1898 9 6 2 1 21 8 66.67
Elcoat, WilliamWilliam Elcoat  England 11 April 1898 16 February 1899 44 21 6 17 86 67 47.73
Kennedy, ArthurArthur Kennedy caretaker  England 21 February 1899 29 April 1899 15 8 3 4 31 17 53.33
Bradshaw, HarryHarry Bradshaw  England 30 June 1899 30 April 1904 235 118 44 73 403 237 50.21
Kelso, PhilPhil Kelso  Scotland 1 May 1904 9 February 1908 152 63 31 58 225 229 41.45
Morrell, GeorgeGeorge Morrell  Scotland 10 February 1908 13 April 1915 309 113 74 122 392 428 36.57
McEwen, JamesJames McEwen caretaker  England 19 April 1915 24 May 1919 2 1 0 1 7 3 50.00 [nb 4]
Knighton, LeslieLeslie Knighton  England 25 May 1919 16 May 1925 286 105 63 118 367 401 36.71
Chapman, HerbertHerbert Chapman  England 11 June 1925 6 January 1934 411 204 97 110 879 616 49.64 First Division champions: 1930–31, 1932–33
FA Cup winners: 1929–30
Charity Shield winners: 1930, 1931, 1933
Shaw, JoeJoe Shaw caretaker  England 6 January 1934 28 May 1934 23 14 3 6 44 29 60.87 First Division champions: 1933–34 [nb 5]
Allison, GeorgeGeorge Allison  England 28 May 1934 31 May 1947 279 129 74 76 534 327 46.24 First Division champions: 1934–35, 1937–38
FA Cup winners: 1935–36
Charity Shield winners: 1934, 1938
Whittaker, TomTom Whittaker  England 2 June 1947 24 October 1956 430 203 106 121 802 568 47.21 First Division champions: 1947–48, 1952–53
FA Cup winners: 1949–50
Charity Shield winners: 1948, 1953		 [nb 6]
Crayston, JackJack Crayston caretaker, then permanent appointment  England 24 October 1956 19 May 1958 81 34 17 30 148 151 41.98
Swindin, GeorgeGeorge Swindin  England 21 June 1958 1 May 1962 186 76 43 67 336 330 40.86
Wright, BillyBilly Wright  England 1 May 1962 13 June 1966 182 70 43 69 336 330 38.46
Mee, BertieBertie Mee caretaker, then permanent appointment  England 20 June 1966 4 May 1976 539 241 148 150 739 542 44.71 First Division champions: 1970–71
FA Cup winners: 1970–71
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup winners: 1969–70
Neill, TerryTerry Neill  Northern Ireland 9 July 1976 16 December 1983 416 187 117 112 601 446 44.95 FA Cup winners: 1978–79
Howe, DonDon Howe caretaker, then permanent appointment  England 16 December 1983 22 March 1986 117 54 32 31 187 142 46.15
Burtenshaw, SteveSteve Burtenshaw caretaker  England 23 March 1986 14 May 1986 11 3 2 6 7 15 27.27
Graham, GeorgeGeorge Graham  Scotland 14 May 1986 21 February 1995 460 225 133 102 711 403 48.91 First Division champions: 1988–89, 1990–91
FA Cup winners: 1992–93
Football League Cup winners: 1986–87, 1992–93
Charity Shield winners: 1991 (shared)
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup winners: 1993–94
Houston, StewartStewart Houston caretaker  Scotland 21 February 1995 15 June 1995 19 7 3 9 29 25 36.84
Rioch, BruceBruce Rioch  Scotland 15 June 1995 12 August 1996 47 22 15 10 67 37 46.81
Houston, StewartStewart Houston caretaker  Scotland 12 August 1996 13 September 1996 6 2 2 2 11 10 33.33
Rice, PatPat Rice caretaker  Northern Ireland 13 September 1996 30 September 1996 4 3 0 1 10 4 75.00
Wenger, ArsèneArsène Wenger  France 1 October 1996 Present 1,142 655 267 220 1,971 1,033 57.36 Premier League champions: 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04
FA Cup winners: 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2013–14, 2014–15
Charity/Community Shield winners: 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2014, 2015		 [nb 7][nb 8]

Notes

  1. ↑ A club located in the southern counties of England. Initially these were amateur clubs, as professionalism in football was not as readily accepted in the south as in the north. In the 1893–94 season, Arsenal (under its former name Woolwich Arsenal) turned professional and became the first southern club admitted to the northern-oriented Football League. The following year saw the creation of the Southern Football League, which was composed of amateur and professional teams. By the 1920–21 season, the top division of the Southern Football League was absorbed by the Football League, to create its third division.[2][3]
  2. ↑ Although the club's official website credits Sam Hollis as Arsenal's first "manager" in 1894, other sources claim he was only the club's trainer.[10] and many sources, including the club's own official history, make no mention of Hollis and state that Mitchell was Arsenal's first manager.[11][12][13]
  3. ↑ Ferguson was offered the Arsenal job after Howe's departure, but his commitment to the Scotland national team as temporary manager, coupled with Arsenal's insistence to reach a deal meant the proposal fell through. He eventually joined Manchester United in November 1986.[67]
  4. ↑ Though not officially named secretary-manager, McEwen was in charge of first team-affairs at Arsenal and thus de facto manager after Morrell left the club; the vast majority of his time he oversaw wartime matches, which do not count toward the official record.[99]
  5. ↑ Joe Shaw was appointed caretaker manager, while John Peters was appointed caretaker secretary.[100]
  6. ↑ Whittaker was taken ill in early 1956, and although he officially remained in charge at the start of the 1956–57 season, in practice Jack Crayston was team manager from then up until Whittaker's death in October.[101]
  7. ↑ Although Wenger's appointment was announced before Arsenal's match against Sunderland on 28 September 1996, Pat Rice remained in charge of the first team for that game and Wenger did not officially take over until 1 October 1996.[102]
  8. ↑ Wenger's statistics include the FA Cup match played against Sheffield United on 13 February 1999; Arsenal won 2–1 but the match was replayed following a controversy about the winning goal.[103]

References

General

  • "The Managers". Arsenal F.C. 30 June 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2015. 
  • Joy, Bernard (1952). Forward, Arsenal!. London: GCR Books Limited. ISBN 0-9559211-1-2. 
  • Murray, Scott; Walker, Rowan (2008). Day Of The Match: A History Of Football In 365 Days. London: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 0-7522-2678-9. 
  • Prole, David Robert (1964). Football in London. University of California, Berkeley: R. Hale. 
  • Roper, Alan (2004). The Real Arsenal Story: In the Days of Gog. London: Wherry. ISBN 0-9546259-1-9. 
  • Soar, Phil; Tyler, Martin (2005). The Official Illustrated History of Arsenal. London: Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-61344-5. 
  • Soar, Phil; Tyler, Martin (2011). Arsenal 125: The Official Illustrated History 1886–2011. London: Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-35871-2. 
  • Spurling, Jon (2012). Rebels for the Cause: The Alternative History of Arsenal Football Club. London: Random House. ISBN 1-78057-486-X. 

Specific

  1. ↑ Soar & Tyler (2011), p. 24.
  2. ↑ Tomlinson, Alan (2010). A Dictionary of Sports Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 196. ISBN 0-19-921381-X.
  3. ↑ Freeman, Nicholas (2011). 1895: Drama, Disaster and Disgrace in Late Victorian Britain. Edinburgh University Press. p. 39. ISBN 0-7486-4056-8.
  4. ↑ Joy (1952), p. 9.
  5. ↑ Joy (1952), p. 32.
  6. ↑ Joy (1952), p. 28.
  7. ↑ "Club profile – Arsenal". Premier League. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  8. ↑ Attwood, Tony (27 July 2012). "When the Arsenal team was selected by a committee!". The History of Arsenal (AISA Arsenal History Society). Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  9. ↑ Kelly, Andy (12 December 2014). "Arsenal's Post-war Directors". The Arsenal History. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  10. ↑ Joy (1952), p. 11: "Arsenal's trainer, Hollis, however, was true to the nineteenth century pattern."
  11. ↑ Roper (2004), p. 120: "After their humiliating defeat the Arsenal FC directors decided to appoint their first professional manager, and the first to be signed as Thomas Brown Mitchell, a Scot."
  12. ↑ Soar & Tyler (2005), p. 30: "A disastrous FA Cup defeat by non-League Millwall (2–4 away) on 16 January 1896 proved one turning point for the committee. They decided to appoint a secretary-manager, one T.B. Mitchell from Blackburn, ..."
  13. ↑ Joy (1952), p. 12: "The first manager was T.B. Mitchell, from Blackburn Rovers and he was succeeded after a few months by G. Elcoat of Stockton."
  14. 1 2 3 Attwood, Tony (28 May 2010). "Thomas Brown Mitchell: Arsenal's first professional manager". The History of Arsenal (AISA Arsenal History Society). Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  15. 1 2 Kelly, Andy; Andrews, Mark (29 November 2013). "Arsenal's imposter manager – seeing isn't always believing". The Arsenal History. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  16. ↑ Attwood, Tony (27 May 2010). "William Elcoat: the last of the one-year managers". The History of Arsenal (AISA Arsenal History Society). Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  17. 1 2 Joy (1952), pp. 13–5.
  18. ↑ Joy (1952), p. 16.
  19. 1 2 3 "125 years of Arsenal history – 1906–10". Arsenal F.C. 25 October 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  20. ↑ Soar & Tyler (2005), p. 32.
  21. ↑ "125 years of Arsenal history – 1911–16". Arsenal F.C. 25 October 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  22. 1 2 Kelly, Andy (24 April 2015). "Arsenal's last game outside the top flight – 100 years ago today". The Arsenal History. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  23. ↑ Joy (1952), p. 27.
  24. ↑ Attwood, Tony (12 August 2012). "Exploding the myth that Knighton could spend no money, and Chapman could spend anything". The History of Arsenal (AISA Arsenal History Society). Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  25. 1 2 Spurling (2012), p. 18.
  26. ↑ Soar & Tyler (2005), p. 43.
  27. ↑ Joy (1952), p. 33.
  28. 1 2 3 4 "Herbert Chapman – Overview". Arsenal F.C. 16 December 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  29. ↑ "Herbert Chapman is appointed manager". Arsenal F.C. 16 December 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  30. ↑ Wilson, Jonathan (20 September 2011). "The Question: Did Herbert Chapman really invent the W-M formation?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 30 November 2015. The offside law was clearly the spur ... although Chapman's Arsenal were by the end of the decade the finest exponents of the new system, they were not the first team to use it.
  31. ↑ Joy (1952), p. 34.
  32. 1 2 Soar & Tyler (2005), p. 48.
  33. ↑ Joy (1952), pp. 71–2.
  34. ↑ "Arsenal win their first league title". Arsenal F.C. 16 December 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  35. 1 2 "125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–35". Arsenal F.C. 7 December 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  36. 1 2 Murray & Walker (2008), p. 7.
  37. 1 2 "Wenger is Arsenal's longest-serving manager". Arsenal F.C. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  38. 1 2 "125 years of Arsenal history – 1936–40". Arsenal F.C. 7 December 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  39. ↑ "Arsenal at War". Arsenal F.C. 16 December 2008. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  40. ↑ "Arseweb on... Wartime Arsenal". Arseweb.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  41. ↑ Joy (1952), p. 163.
  42. ↑ Joy (1952), pp. 167–8.
  43. ↑ Joy (1952), p. 174.
  44. ↑ "GGM 46: Mercer leads Arsenal to FA Cup win". Arsenal F.C. 31 July 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  45. 1 2 "125 years of Arsenal history – 1951–55". Arsenal F.C. 4 January 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  46. ↑ "T. Whittaker". The Manchester Guardian. 25 October 1956. p. 9.
  47. 1 2 Attwood, Tony (19 June 2012). "Jack Crayston: player, coach, manager". The History of Arsenal (AISA Arsenal History Society). Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  48. ↑ Prole (1964), p. 30.
  49. ↑ Glanville, Brian (31 October 2005). "George Swindin". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  50. ↑ Attwood, Tony (11 November 2011). "The nine dead years of Arsenal". The History of Arsenal (AISA Arsenal History Society). Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  51. ↑ Glanville, Brian (2003). "Billy Wright or wrong?". Sportstar. 26 (3). Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  52. ↑ Attwood, Tony (4 June 2012). "Billy Wright: great footballer, but Arsenal's worst post-war manager". The History of Arsenal (AISA Arsenal History Society). Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  53. ↑ "Mee made Arsenal acting manager". The Times. 21 June 1966. p. 5.
  54. ↑ "Double hero Mee". BBC Sport. 22 October 2001. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  55. ↑ "Arsenal's Double winner Mee dies". London Evening Standard. 22 October 2001. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  56. ↑ "Arsenal 1966–67". Statto Organisation. Retrieved 2 December 2015. Mee was appointed after game number 30.
  57. 1 2 3 "Bertie Mee is appointed as manager". Arsenal F.C. 16 December 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  58. ↑ Yallop, Richard (10 July 1976). "Arsenal appoint Neill". The Guardian. London. p. 17.
  59. ↑ Spurling (2012), p. 48.
  60. 1 2 "125 years of Arsenal history – 1976–80". Arsenal F.C. 1 October 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  61. ↑ "'The Five Minute Final' stuns Manchester Utd". Arsenal F.C. 16 December 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  62. ↑ Lacey, David (17 December 1983). "Day the marble halls cracked under pressure". The Guardian. London. p. 11.
  63. ↑ Miller, David (17 December 1983). "Venables may succeed Neill". The Times. p. 25.
  64. ↑ "Howe signs for two years". The Times. 30 April 1984. p. 21.
  65. ↑ Attwood, Tony. "Don Howe: player, coach, manager". The History of Arsenal (AISA Arsenal History Society). Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  66. ↑ Jones, Stuart (29 March 1986). "Howe decides to call it a day". The Times. p. 40.
  67. ↑ Harwood, Jonathan (11 May 2011). "Alex Ferguson could have been manager of Arsenal". The Week. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  68. ↑ White, Clive (15 May 1986). "Graham for Arsenal as Spurs eye Pleat". The Times. p. 48.
  69. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "George Graham appointed as manager". Arsenal F.C. 16 December 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  70. ↑ Newkey-Burden, Chas (18 September 2015). "Arsenal's almost-Invincibles: When Chelsea denied the Gunners history in '91". FourFourTwo. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  71. 1 2 Hughes, Rob (22 February 1995). "Arsenal make Graham pay ultimate price". The Times. p. 48.
  72. ↑ Hughes, Rob (23 February 1995). "Arsenal call on Houston to calm storm surrounding Highbury". The Times. p. 44.
  73. ↑ Steinberg, Jacob (8 May 2015). "Golden goal: Nayim for Zaragoza v Arsenal (1995)". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  74. ↑ Robinson, Neil (9 June 1995). "Rioch to lick the Gunners into shape". The Guardian. London. p. 23.
  75. ↑ Collins, Roy (2 May 2004). "Arsenal solid on Rioch foundations". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  76. ↑ Thorpe, Martin (13 August 1996). "Arsenal ditch Rioch and look abroad". The Guardian. London. p. 22.
  77. ↑ "I came so close to packing it in last week – but Bruce Rioch got me through". London Evening Standard. 14 August 1996. p. 68.
  78. ↑ Haylett, Trevor (14 September 1996). "Red faces as Houston walks out". The Independent. London. p. 28.
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