Linnaeus's two-toed sloth

Linnaeus's two-toed sloth[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Pilosa
Family: Megalonychidae
Genus: Choloepus
Species: C. didactylus
Binomial name
Choloepus didactylus
(Linnaeus, 1758) [3]
Linnaeus's two-toed sloth range
Synonyms

Bradypus didactylus Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus's two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus), also known as the southern two-toed sloth, unau, or Linne's two-toed sloth is a species of sloth from South America, found in Venezuela, the Guyanas, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil north of the Amazon River. There is now evidence suggesting the species's range expands into Bolivia.[4]

Phylogeny

Sloths belong to the order Pilosa, which also includes anteaters. They belong to the super order Xenarthra, which includes the Cingulata. Xenarthra are edentate or toothless. They lack incisors and have a large reduction in number of teeth with only four to five sets remaining including canines.[5]

Modern sloths are divided into two families based on the number of toes on their front feet, Megalonychidae and Bradypodidae. Linnaeus's two-toed sloth and Hoffmann's two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni) belong to the family Megalonychidae, which included extinct ground sloths.[6]

Morphology

Chloepus didactylus are larger than three-toed sloths. They have longer hair, bigger eyes, and their back and front legs are more equal in length.[7] Their ears, hind feet and head is generally larger than Bradypodidae. They do however have a shorter tail.[8] Their shoulder height, the height from the shoulder blade to the tips of the claw is longer than three-toed sloths, indicating longer arms.[8]

The species has relatively few teeth; it has four to five sets including canines and lacks incisors. The teeth lack enamel, consisting only of two layers ever-growing dentin.[5] Supernumerary teeth have occasionally been observed, but this has been reported in almost all mammalian orders.[5]

Reproduction

Linne's two-toed sloth has a ten-month gestation period.[9] Their inter-birth rate extends past sixteen months so there is not an overlap of young to care for.[9] There is only one offspring per litter and the young becomes independent at about a year old.[9] It take longer for two-toed sloths to become independent as well as the gestation period is longer than in three-toed sloths.[9] It has been suggested that this difference may be caused by their difference in diet.[9]

Ecology

C. didactylus is a solitary, nocturnal and arboreal animal, found in rainforests. The two-toed sloth falls prey to wild cats such as the ocelot and jaguar as well as large birds of prey such as the harpy and crested eagles. Predation mainly occurs when the sloth descends to the ground in order to defecate or change trees.[6] Anacondas have also been known to hunt sloths.[6] It is able to swim, making it possible to cross rivers and creeks, but maybe also making it more available to a predator like an anaconda.

They live in ever-wet tropical rainforests that are hot and humid. They tend to live in areas where there is a lot of vine growth so they can easily travel from tree to tree in the canopies of the forests.[6] They mainly eat leaves, but there is lacking data on the extent of their diet due to their nocturnal lifestyle and camouflage.[6]

References

  1. ↑ Gardner, A. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ↑ Plese, T. & Chiarello, A. (2011). "Choloepus didactylus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 18 January 2012.
  3. ↑ Linnæus, Carl (1758). Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I (in Latin) (10th ed.). Holmiæ: Laurentius Salvius. p. 35. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
  4. ↑ Trinca, Cristiano Trapé; Palmeira, Francesca Belem Lopes; de Sousa e Silva Júnior, José (2006-05-01). "A Southern Extension of the Geographic Distribution of the Two-Toed Sloth, Choloepus didactylus (Xenarthra, Megalonychidae)". Edentata: 7–9. doi:10.1896/1413-4411.7.1.7. ISSN 1413-4411.
  5. 1 2 3 McAfee, Robert K.; Naples, Virginia L. (2012-01-01). "NOTICE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF SUPERNUMERARY TEETH IN THE TWO-TOED SLOTHS Choloepus didactylus AND C. hoffmanni". Mastozoología Neotropical. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Adam, Peter J. (December 1999). "Mammalian Species Choloepus didactylus". American Society of Mammalogists.
  7. ↑ Stewart, Melissa (November–December 2004). "At the Zoo: Slow and Steady Sloths". Zoogoer. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
  8. 1 2 Richard-Hansen, C.; Vié, J.-C.; Vidal, N.; Kéravec, J. (1999-04-01). "Body measurements on 40 species of mammals from French Guiana". Journal of Zoology. 247 (4): 419–428. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01005.x. ISSN 1469-7998.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Taube, Erica; Keravec, Joël; Vié, Jean-Christophe; Duplantier, Jean-Marc (2001-12-01). "Reproductive biology and postnatal development in sloths, Bradypus and Choloepus: review with original data from the field (French Guiana) and from captivity". Mammal Review. 31 (3-4): 173–188. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2001.00085.x. ISSN 1365-2907.
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