Liepāja

Liepāja
City

Art Nouveau architecture in Liepāja.

Flag
Coat of arms
Location of Liepāja within Latvia
Location of Liepāja within Latvia
Coordinates: 56°30′42″N 21°00′50″E / 56.51167°N 21.01389°E / 56.51167; 21.01389Coordinates: 56°30′42″N 21°00′50″E / 56.51167°N 21.01389°E / 56.51167; 21.01389
Country  Latvia
Town rights 1625
Government
 • Mayor Uldis Sesks
Area
 • Total 60.4 km2 (23.3 sq mi)
 • Water 10.87 km2 (4.20 sq mi)
Population
 • Total 82,386
 • Density 1,398/km2 (3,620/sq mi)
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
 • Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)
Postal code LV-34(01-13); LV-3414; LV-34(16–17)
Calling code +371 634
Number of city council members 15

Liepāja (pronounced [liepaːja]); German: Libau, Lithuanian: Liepoja, Polish: Lipawa, Yiddish: ליבאַװע‎ Libave) is a city in western Latvia, located on the Baltic Sea directly at 21°E. It is the largest city in the Kurzeme Region and the third largest city in the country after Riga and Daugavpils. An important ice-free port, as of 1 July 2011, Liepāja had a population of 75,000.

Liepāja is known throughout Latvia as "City where the wind is born", likely because of the constant sea breeze. A song of the same name (Latvian: "Pilsētā, kurā piedzimst vējš") was composed by Imants Kalniņš and has become the anthem of the city. Its reputation as the windiest city in Latvia was strengthened with the construction of the largest wind farm in the nation (33 Enercon wind turbines) nearby.

The Coat of Arms of Liepāja was adopted four days after the jurisdiction gained city rights on 18 March 1625.[1] These are described as: "on a silver background, the lion of Courland with a divided tail, who leans upon a linden (Latvian: Liepa) tree with its forelegs." The flag of Liepāja has the coat of arms in the center, with red in the top half and green in the bottom.[1]

Liepaja regionalist Maris Kucinskis is the incumbent premier of Latvia.

History

Piemare

The original settlement at the location of modern Liepāja was founded by Curonian fishermen from Piemare, and was known by the name Līva (from the name of the river Līva on which Liepāja was located. The name was derived from the Livonian word Liiv meaning "sand"). The oldest written text mentioning the name is dated 4 April 1253. The Livonian Order, under the aegis of the Teutonic Order, established the settlement as the village of Liba(u) in 1263. In 1418 the city was sacked and burned by the Lithuanians.

Livonian confederation

During the 15th century, a part of the trade route from Amsterdam to Moscow passed through Līva, where it was known as the "white road to Lyva portus". By 1520 the river Līva had become too shallow for easy navigation, and development of the city declined.

Duchy of Courland and Semigallia

In 1560, Gotthard Kettler loaned all the Grobiņa district, including Liepāja, to Albert, Duke of Prussia for 50,000 guldens. Only in 1609 after the marriage of Sofie Hohenzollern, princess of Prussia, to Wilhelm Kettler did the territory return to the Duchy. During the Livonian War, Liepāja was attacked and destroyed by the Swedes.

In 1625, Duke Friedrich Kettler of Courland granted the town city rights, which were affirmed by King Sigismund III of Poland in 1626. The name Liepāja was mentioned for the first time in 1649 by Paul Einhorn in his work Historia Lettica. Under Duke Jacob Kettler (1642–1681), Liepāja became one of the main ports of Courland as it reached the height of its prosperity. In 1637 Couronian colonization was started from the ports of Liepāja and Ventspils. Kettler was an eager proponent of mercantilist ideas. Metalworking and ship building became much more developed, and trading relations developed not only with nearby countries, but also with Britain, France, the Netherlands and Portugal.

In 1697–1703 a canal was cut to the sea and a port was built.[2] In 1701, during the Great Northern War, Liepāja was captured by Charles XII of Sweden, but by the end of the war, the city had returned to Polish possession.[3] In 1710 an epidemic of plague killed about a third of the population of Liepāja. In 1780 the first Freemasonry lodge, "Libanons," was set up in the port of Liepāja by Provincial Grandmaster Ivan Yelagin on behalf of the Provincial Lodge of Russia; it was registered as number 524 in the Grand Lodge of England.[4]

Russian Empire

Courland passed to the control of the Russian Empire in 1795 during the third Partition of Poland and was organized as the Courland Governorate of Russia. Growth during the nineteenth century was rapid. During the Crimean War, when the British Royal Navy was blockading Russian Baltic ports, the busy yet still unfortified port of Liepāja was briefly captured on 17 May 1854 without a shot being fired, by a landing party of 110 men from HMS Conflict and HMS Amphion.[5]

In 1857 the engineer Jan Heidatel developed a project to reconstruct the port of Liepāja. In 1861–1868 the project was realized – including the building of a lighthouse and breakwaters. Between 1877–1882 the political and literary weekly newspaper Liepājas Pastnieks was published – the first Latvian language newspaper in Liepāja.[6] In the 1870s the rapid development of Russian railways, especially the 1871 opening of the Libava-Kaunas and the 1876 Liepāja–Romny Railways, ensured that a large proportion of central Russian trade passed through Liepāja.[7] By 1900, 7% of Russian exports were passing through Liepāja. The city became a major port of the Russian Empire on the Baltic Sea, as well as a popular resort.

On the orders of Alexander III, Liepāja was fortified against possible German attacks. The Libava fortress was subsequently built around the city, and in the early 20th century, a major military base was established on the northern edge. It included formidable coastal fortifications and extensive quarters for military personnel. As part of the military development, a separate port was excavated for exclusively military use. This area became known as Kara Osta (War Port) and served military needs throughout the twentieth century.

Early in the twentieth century, the port of Liepāja became a central point of embarkation for immigrants traveling to the United States. By 1906 the direct ship service to the United States was used by 40,000 migrants per year. Simultaneously, the first Russian training detachment of submarine navigation was founded. In 1912 one of the first water aerodromes in Russia was opened in Liepāja.[8] By 1913, 1738 ships entered Liepāja, with 1,548,119 tones of cargo passing through the port. The population had increased from 10,000 to over 100,000 within about 60 years.

World War I

Liepāja's 5 rubles (1915)

During World War I, German dirigibles bombed Liepāja in January 1915. Liepāja's local government issued its own money – Libava rubles. Liepāja was occupied by the German Army on 7 May 1915; in memory of this event, a monument was constructed on Kūrmājas prospect in 1916 (destroyed in 1919). On 23 October 1915, the German cruiser SMS Prinz Adalbert was sunk by the British submarine HMS E8, 37 km (23 mi) west of Liepāja.

During the war, the words of "The Jäger March" were written in Liepāja by Heikki Nurmio.

1918–1940

After the war, when the independent state of Latvia was founded, Liepāja became the de facto capital of Latvia for six months after the interim government, headed by Kārlis Ulmanis, fled from Riga on the ship Saratov. In 1918 Libava was renamed Liepāja. In 1935 KOD (Latvian: Kara ostas darbnīcas) started to manufacture the light aircraft KOD-1 and KOD-2.

World War II

Top secret USSR document about creating a closed military port in Liepāja. Signed by Stalin (note: there is a spelling mistake in the word "Liepāja" – Russian: Лепая) (1951)

The ports and human capital of Liepāja and Ventspils were targets of Joseph Stalin. He signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact in part to gain control of this territory. When the Soviet Union annexed the territory in 1940, it nationalized private property, arresting many thousands of former owners and deporting them to the gulag camps in Siberia. Thousands more fled as refugees to North America, Australia and western Europe.

In 1941 Liepāja was among the first cities captured by the 291st Division of Army Group North after Nazi Germany began Operation Barbarossa, its war against the Soviet Union. German Nazis and Latvian collaborators virtually exterminated the local Jewish population, which had numbered about 7,000 before the war. Film footage of an Einsatzgruppen execution of local Jews was taken in Liepāja.[9] Most of these mass murders took place in the dunes of Šķēde north of the city. Fewer than 30 Jews survived in Liepāja by the end of the war.

During the period 1944–1945, as the Soviet Union began its offensive to the Baltic Sea, Liepāja was within the "Courland Pocket". It was occupied by the Soviet army on 9 May 1945. The city had been devastated during the war, and most of the buildings and industrial plant were destroyed.

Latvian SSR

On 25–29 March 1949, the Soviet Union organized a second mass deportation to Siberia from Liepāja. In 1950 a monument to Stalin was erected on Station square (Latvian: Stacijas laukums). It was dismantled in 1958 after the Party Congress that discussed his abuses.

During 1953–1957 the city center was reconstructed under the direction of architects A. Kruglov and M. Žagare.[2] In 1952–1955 the Liepāja Academy of Pedagogy building was constructed under the direction of A. Aivars. In 1960 the Kurzeme shopping centre was opened. During the Soviet administration, Liepāja was a closed city; even local farmers and villagers needed a special permit to enter it.

The Soviet military set up its Baltic naval base and nuclear weapon warehouses there; The Beberliņš sandpit was dug out to extract sand used for constructing underground warehouses. In 1967 the Soviets completely closed the port to commercial traffic. One third of the city was taken up with a Soviet naval base; its military staff numbered 26,000. The 14th Submarine Squadron of the USSR's Baltic Fleet (Russian: 14 эскадрилья ЛиВМБ ДКБФ, call sign "Комплекс") was stationed there with 16 submarines (Types: 613, 629a, 651); as was the 6th group of Rear Supply of the Baltic Fleet, and the 81st Design Bureau and Reserve Command Center of the same force.

In 1977 Liepāja was awarded the Order of the October Revolution for heroic defense against Nazi Germany in 1941. Five residents were awarded the honorary title Hero of Socialist Labor: Anatolijs Filatkins, Artūrs Fridrihsons, Voldemārs Lazdups, Valentins Šuvajevs and Otīlija Žagata. Because of the rapid growth of the city's population, a shortage of apartment houses resulted. To resolve this, the Soviet government organized development of most of the modern Liepāja districts: Dienvidrietumi, Ezerkrasts, Ziemeļu priekšpilsēta, Zaļā birze and Tosmare. The majority of these blocks were constructed of ferro-concrete panels in standard projects designed by the state Latgyprogorstroy Institute (Russian: Латгипрогорстрой). In 1986 the new central city hospital in Zaļa birze was opened.[10]

Soviet-era apartment blocks in Liepāja

1990–present

After Latvia regained independence after the fall of the Soviet Union, Liepāja has worked hard to change from a military city into a modern port city (again appearing on European maps after the secrecy of the Soviet period). The commercial port was re-opened in 1991, and in 1994 the last Russian troops left Liepāja. Since then, Liepāja has engaged in international co-operation, has been associated with 10 twin and partner cities, and is an active partner in several co-operation networks. Facilities are being improved. The city is the location of Latvia's largest naval flotilla, the largest warehouses of ammunition and weapons in the Baltic states, and the main supply centre of the Latvian army.

At the beginning of the 21st century, many ambitious construction projects were planned for the city, including a NATO military base, and Baltic Sea Park, planned as the biggest amusement park in the Baltic states. Most of the projects have not yet been realised due to economic and political factors. Liepāja's heating network was renovated with the cooperation of French and Russian companies: Dalkia and Gazprom, respectively. In 2008 the Latvian government decided to build the coal cogeneration 400 MW power plant in Liepāja. In 2006, Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, a direct descendant of Jacob Kettler visited Liepāja.

Climate

Liepāja enjoys a semi-continental climate noted as "Dfb" in the Köppen classification. The major factor influencing the weather in the region is the Baltic Sea, providing a relatively mild winter for its high latitude (although snowy) and a relatively cool summer. During the winter the sea around Liepāja is virtually ice-free. Although occasionally some land-fast ice may develop, it seldom reaches a hundred meters from the shore and does not last long before melting. The sea warms up fully only in the beginning of August, so the best bathing season in Liepāja is from August to September. Summers are more affected by the marine climate than east-facing cities on similar latitudes in opposite Sweden, but winters are milder than inland areas to the east. Regular meteorological observations in the city have been conducted from 1857.

February: −3.1 °C (26 °F)
July: 16.0 °C (61 °F)
Climate data for Liepaja
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 7.9
(46.2)		 15.5
(59.9)		 17.8
(64)		 24.5
(76.1)		 30.0
(86)		 32.7
(90.9)		 33.7
(92.7)		 33.6
(92.5)		 30.7
(87.3)		 22.2
(72)		 15.4
(59.7)		 10.1
(50.2)		 33.7
(92.7)
Average high °C (°F) −0.5
(31.1)		 −0.4
(31.3)		 3.0
(37.4)		 8.4
(47.1)		 14.7
(58.5)		 18.4
(65.1)		 19.9
(67.8)		 19.9
(67.8)		 16.1
(61)		 11.3
(52.3)		 5.8
(42.4)		 2.0
(35.6)		 9.9
(49.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.0
(26.6)		 −3.0
(26.6)		 −0.2
(31.6)		 4.6
(40.3)		 10.3
(50.5)		 14.3
(57.7)		 16.4
(61.5)		 16.4
(61.5)		 12.9
(55.2)		 8.5
(47.3)		 3.7
(38.7)		 −0.3
(31.5)		 6.7
(44.1)
Average low °C (°F) −5.7
(21.7)		 −5.8
(21.6)		 −3.0
(26.6)		 1.6
(34.9)		 6.4
(43.5)		 10.7
(51.3)		 13.2
(55.8)		 13.1
(55.6)		 9.8
(49.6)		 5.9
(42.6)		 1.4
(34.5)		 −2.8
(27)		 3.7
(38.7)
Record low °C (°F) −32.9
(−27.2)		 −31.6
(−24.9)		 −23.8
(−10.8)		 −10.1
(13.8)		 −4.3
(24.3)		 0.5
(32.9)		 4.8
(40.6)		 4.6
(40.3)		 −1.7
(28.9)		 −7.3
(18.9)		 −17.5
(0.5)		 −25.8
(−14.4)		 −32.9
(−27.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 48.1
(1.894)		 33.2
(1.307)		 32.1
(1.264)		 35.4
(1.394)		 37.6
(1.48)		 46.2
(1.819)		 68.8
(2.709)		 74.1
(2.917)		 80.1
(3.154)		 73.1
(2.878)		 75.8
(2.984)		 64.0
(2.52)		 667.6
(26.283)
Average precipitation days 19.8 15.1 15.6 10.2 10.1 9.9 11.7 13.2 12.3 17.1 18.8 19.6 173.4
Average relative humidity (%) 87.2 85.8 82.8 76.3 75.7 77.4 78.9 78.5 80.5 82.9 87.4 86.9 81.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 34 64 130 187 273 295 279 248 173 103 43 28 1,857
Source #1: NOAA (sun, temperature normals 1961-1990)[11]
Source #2: Weatherbase (precipitation, humidity, extremes)[12]

Geography

Liepāja is situated on the coast of the Baltic Sea in the south-western part of Latvia. The westernmost geographical point of Latvia is located approximately 15 km (9 mi) to the south thus making Liepāja Latvia's furthest west city. Liepāja is situated between the Baltic Sea and Liepāja Lake with residential and industrial areas spreading north of the lake. The Trade Channel (Tirdzniecības kanāls) connects the lake to the sea dividing the city into southern and northern parts, which are often referred to as the Old Town (Vecliepāja) and the New Town (Jaunliepāja) respectively. The city center is located in the southern part and, although called the Old Town, is relatively more developed. Most of the administrative and cultural buildings are found here as well as the main leisure areas. Along the coast the city extends northwards until it reaches the Karosta Channel (Karostas kanāls). North of the Karosta Channel is an area called Karosta which is now fully integrated into Liepāja and is the northernmost district of the city. Liepāja's coastline consists of an unbroken sandy beach and dunes as does most of Latvia's coastline. The beach of Liepāja is not as exploited as other places (e.g. the Gulf of Riga, Jūrmala and Pärnu in Estonia) but also lacks the tourist infrastructure needed for a fashionable, modern resort.

Neighbouring areas
Pavilosta, Ventspils Aizpute
Grobina
   Liepaja  
Nīca

Jūrmala Park

Jūrmala Park (Seaside Park) is located in the western part of the city at the seaside. The park is 3 km (2 mi) long with a total area of 70 ha and is one of the largest planted parks in Latvia. It was developed at the end of the 19th century At the end of Peldu Street are Latvia's largest drums – one of the objects of Liepāja's environmental design which reminds one that Liepāja is the music capital of Latvia. The open-air concert stage Pūt, vējiņi! (Blow, wind, blow!) was built in 1964. It has been the venue for a good many concerts and festivals, with the festival "Liepājas Dzintars" ("Amber of Liepāja") being the most famous among them, as it could be regarded as the oldest rock festival of the former Soviet Union. It was held for the first time in 1968. Alongside the stage is an interesting building, the former Bath House built in 1902 and designed by Max Paul Bertschy. At the beginning of the 19th century Liepāja was a renowned health resort and the Russian tsar and his family had been visiting Liepāja. This all encouraged other aristocrats from Russia and Europe to spend their summers in Liepāja as well.

Beach in Liepāja

Libava fortress

In the beginning of the 20th century, Libava fortress was the most expensive and ambitious project of the Russian army on the Baltic sea. The massive concrete fortifications with eight cannon batteries was built to protect the city and its population from German attacks. Secret underground passages of the fortress became the most famous Liepāja's urban legend.

Districts

  1. Vecliepāja
  2. Ezerkrasts
  3. Dienvidrietumu rajons
  4. Ziemeļu priekšpilsēta
  5. Jaunliepāja
  6. Velnciems
  7. Karosta
  8. Tosmare
  9. Zaļā birze
  10. Jauna Pasaule

Suburbs

  1. Aucugals
  2. Grīnvalti
  3. Pērkone
  4. Cimdenieki
  5. Kapsēde
  6. Šķēde

Closest cities

The closest city to Liepāja is Grobiņa, located about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) away towards Riga. Other main cities in the region are Klaipėda (approx. 110 km (68 mi) to the south), Ventspils (approx. 115 km (71 mi) to the north) and Saldus (approx. 100 km (62 mi) to the east). The distance to Riga (the capital of Latvia) is about 200 km (124 mi) to the east. The nearest point to Liepāja across the Baltic sea is the Swedish island of Gotland approximately 160 km (99 mi) to the north-west. The distance to Stockholm is 216 nautical miles.

Architecture and sightseeing

Liepāja is rich in different architecture styles: wooden houses, Art Nouveau buildings, Soviet-era apartments and a number of green parks all contribute to the character of the city. The main areas of interest for tourists include the city center with its many churches, the Seaside park with white sandy beaches and the northern suburb of Karosta, a former secret military encampment which is now a major tourist attraction. Other areas of interest for tourists are Vecliepāja; Ezerkrasts, which is close to Liepāja lake; and the Karosta beaches with their picturesque blasted forts.

Monuments and memorials

Former monuments

Museums

  • The Liepāja Museum[13]
  • Department of Liepaja Museum "Liepaja during the occupational regimes"
  • Museum "History of Liepāja Community of Jews"
  • Museum "Liepājas Metalurgs" (founded in 2007)
  • Museum "Karosta Prison"[14]

Churches

Notable buildings

  • Rose square (Latvian: Rožu laukums)
  • Swan Pond (remnant of river Līva)
  • Hotel "Libava"
  • Peter The Great house – the oldest house in Liepāja
  • Graudu 45 – Graudu nams (Jugendstil)
  • Graudu 42 – former "Bonic Café"
  • Pētertirgus – Central market
  • Liepājas teatris
  • City council building – former District court
  • Restaurant "Vecais Kapteins"
  • University of Liepāja building
  • 1st Latvian Rock Café

Transport

Public transport in Liepāja

The urban transport network of Liepāja relies mainly on buses and minicoaches. As of 2009 there are 12 bus routes and 5 minibus routes in Liepāja. The city also has a single two-way 6.9-kilometre-long (4.3-mile) tram line running through some parts of the city from north-east to south-west, which also provides a vital transport link. The tram line was founded after the opening of the first Liepāja power plant in 1899, which makes it the oldest electric tram line in the Baltic states; it is now operated by the municipal company Liepājas tramvajs. The Port of Liepāja has a wide water area and consists of three main parts. The Winter harbor is located in the Trade channel and serves small local fishing vessels as well as medium cargo ships. Immediately north of the Trade channel is the main area of the port, separated from the open sea by a line of breakwaters. This part of the port can accommodate large ships and ferries. Further north is Karosta harbor, also called Karosta channel, which was formerly a military harbor but is now used for ship repairs and other commercial purposes. Liepāja also welcomes yachts and other leisure vessels which can enter the Trade channel and moor almost in the center of the city. Liepāja has a railway connection to Jelgava and Riga and through them to the rest of Latvia's railway network. There is just one passenger station in the New town, but the railway extends further and links to the port. There is also a northward railway track leading to Ventspils, but in recent decades it has fallen into disuse for economic reasons. The railway provides the main means of delivering cargo to the port. Two main highways, the A9 and A11, connect the city and its port to the rest of the country. The A9 leads north-west towards Riga and central Latvia and the A11 leads south to the border with Lithuania and its only port Klaipėda and to Palanga International Airport. The city also hosts Liepāja International Airport, one of three international airports in Latvia; it is located outside the city limits, north of the Lake of Liepāja near Cimdenieki. Only charter races are available from the Liepāja airport.

Communications

Communication systems in Liepāja are well-developed. The city is connected to the global Internet by three optical lines owned by Lattelecom, TeliaSonera International Carrier[15] and Latvenergo and a radio relay line owned by LVRTC. There are four Lattelecom telephone exchanges and the LVRTC TV station and tower, which transmits four national TV channels, two local TV channels — "TV Dzintare" and "TV Kurzeme" and six radio stations. It has two local cable TV operators with a total number of subscribers about 15000 and three local ISPs. The city also has its own amateur radio community[16] and a citywide wireless video monitoring system. As of 2010, digital terrestrial television is fully operational; mobile television and broadband wireless networks are ready for implementation. All four Latvian mobile operators have stable zones of coverage (GSM 900/1800, UMTS, 2100 CDMA450) and client service centers in Liepāja. The city also has fourteen post offices as well as DHL, UPS and DPD depots.

Economy

Men fish alongside the Tirdzniecības Kanāls (Trade Canal)

In the second half of 20th century under Soviet rule Liepāja became an industrial city and numerous high technology plants were founded, including:

  1. Mashzavod (Russian: Машзавод, Лиепайский машиностроительный завод)
  2. Liepajselmash (Russian: Лиепайсельмаш) – 1954 (now Hidrolats)
  3. Sarkanais Metalurgs (now Liepājas Metalurgs)
  4. SRZ-29 (Russian: СРЗ-29, 29-й судоремонтный завод) (now Tosmares kuģu būvētava)
  5. LBORF (Russian: ЛБОРФ, Лиепайская база Океанрыбфлота) – 1964
  6. Bolshevik (Russian: Рыболовецкий колхоз "Большевик") – 1949 (now Kursa)
  7. Perambulator factory "Liepāja" (Russian: Колясочная фабрика "Лиепая")
  8. Mixed fodder plant (Russian: Лиепайский комбикормовый завод)
  9. Sugar plant (Russian: Лиепайская сахарная фабрика)
  10. Match factory "Baltija" (Russian: Лиепайская спичечная фабрика "Балтия") – 1957
  11. Ferro-concrete constructions plant (Russian: Лиепайский 5-й завод железобетонных конструкций) – 1959
  12. Oil extraction plant (Russian: Mаслоэкстракционный завод)
  13. SU-426 of BMGS (Russian: СУ-426 треста Балтморгидрострой) (now BMGS)
  14. Lauma (Russian: Лиепайский галантерейный комбинат Лаума) – 1972
  15. Linoleum plant
  16. Shoes factory

After collapse of USSR's centrally planned economy, only some of these plants continue to operate.

Within Latvia Liepāja is well known mostly by coffee brand Liepājas kafija,[17] beer Līvu alus and sugar Liepājas cukurs. In 1997 the Liepaja Special Economic Zone was established for 20 years providing a low tax environment in order to attract foreign investments and facilitate the economic development of Liepāja, but investment growth remained slow due to a shortage of skilled labor force. The main industries in Liepāja are the steel producer Liepājas Metalurgs, building firm UPB and the underwear brand Lauma.[18] The economy of Liepāja relies heavily on its port which accepts a wide range of cargo. The most notable companies working in Liepaja's port are Baltic Transshipment Center, Liepajas Osta LM, Laskana, Astramar and Terrabalt. After joining European Union in 2004, most Liepāja companies was faced with strict European rules and terse competition and was forced to stop production or to sell enterprises to European companies. In 2007 were closed Liepājas cukurfabrika and Liepājas sērkociņi; Līvu alus, Liepājas maiznieks and Lauma has been sold to European investors.

Infrastructure

Roads and bridges

Electricity distribution and generation

Gas

Sewer and water

Heating

Waste management

Society and culture

Literature, theater and films

Liepāja currently has one cinema, one theater ("Liepājas teatris"),[19] one puppet theater, and two regional newspapers ("Kurzemes Vārds" with a circulation of about 10,000 and "Kursas Laiks" with a circulation of about 6,500). The city also has several regional Internet portals. Web forums, blogs, computer games and social networking sites are very popular among young people.

Music

Planned Liepāja Concert Hall "Lielais Dzintars"

Liepaja is often called the capital of Latvian rock music. Many famous composers and bands have been inspired by Liepaja, including Līvi, Credo, 2xBBM and Tumsa. In the very heart of Liepaja you can find the 1st Latvian Rock Café (now bankrupt) and Latvian Musician's Walk of Fame. The city features the regionally acclaimed annual music festival Liepājas Dzintars presenting bands from Baltic states as well as internationally famous guests. The city is also a place of the annual Baltic Beach Party which features a stage for rock bands raised directly on the beach and draws thousands of fans each year. Liepāja is also a place of Organ Music festival and Piano Stars festival, being organized by one of the country's two State Orchestras, Liepaja Symphony Orchestra.[20]

Sport

Liepāja's Olympic Centre

In 1998 an ice hall was built in the city which has since hosted regular ice hockey games including two youth World championship games. HK Liepāja became champions of Latvian Hockey Higher League in 2015–16 season.

In Liepāja is also located Daugava Stadium and Olimpija Stadium – the home stadiums of FK Liepāja and tennis courts.

On 2 August 2008 a new multipurpose sports arena – Liepāja Olympic Centre was officially opened. It has been established as one of the most modern multipurpose sports and cultural complexes in Latvia. 18 000 m2 large area Liepāja Olympic center five floors located in a wide range of functions gyms for basketball, volleyball, floorball, table tennis, boxing, judo, Greco-Roman and free-fighting, as well as space for concerts, conferences, seminars, performances, banquets, contests, dances, meetings and celebrations. Liepāja Olympic center pool and SPA zone is the largest and most modern swimming pool and SPA center in Kurzeme district with a relaxation zone, water massage, bubble baths, three types of saunas, a water attraction zone for children and two swimming pools. Gross floor area of the building is 3200 m2 on three levels: the 1st floor includes entrance hall, reception, cloakroom, beauty salon. On the second floor you will find changing rooms and massage rooms, but the swimming pools and SPA zone are located on the 3rd floor.

Liepāja is home to the BK Liepājas Lauvas, a professional basketball team.[21][22]

The city is also a place of international Rally Kurzeme and a chess tournament Liepājas Rokāde.

Tourism and entertainment

Liepāja encourages tourism. The main attraction is the pristine Blue Flag beach with white sand and rolling dunes, but the city also offers a number of historical sites, including Protestant and Orthodox churches and the ruins of military fortifications from the times of the Russian Empire. A surprisingly well-preserved wooden hut was the residence of Russian tsar Peter the Great for some time while he was touring the region in 1697 during the Grand Embassy.

Nightclubs

in Summer Red Sun Buffet Beach Bar

Demographics

With 85,345 inhabitants in 2007, Liepāja is the third-largest city in Latvia. Its population has declined since the withdrawal of Soviet military forces; the last of which left in 1994. In addition, many ethnic Russians, emigrated to Russia in 1991–2000. More recent causes include economic migration to western European countries after Latvia joined the EU in 2004, and lower birth rates.

According to the 2011 census, ethnic Latvians make up 55.2% of the population of Liepāja (in comparison, the proportion of native Latvians nationwide is 62.1%). Ethnic Russians make up 30.9% of the population.[23]

Year 1638 1800 1840 1881 1897 1907[24] 1914 1921 1940 1950 1959[2] 1970 1975[25] 1989 1995 2000 2007 2011[26]
Th. people 1.0 4.5 11.0 29.6 64.5 81.0 94.0 51.6 52.9 64.2 71.0 92.9 100.0 114.5 100.3 89.1 85.3 83.4

Religion

Liepāja has a number of churches. As elsewhere in central and western Latvia, Protestant churches, mostly Lutheran and Baptist, are predominant. The congregations of St. Anne church (Lutheran) and St. Paul church (Baptist) are among the best established. Owing to the regional importance of Liepāja during the last decades of the Russian Empire, a number of Russian Orthodox churches were established in the city early in the twentieth century. Their congregations are chiefly drawn from the Russian-speaking population. The Catholic faith is represented in Liepaja by a well-established church, Catholic primary school and the Catholic centre established in a pavilion. This structure was used to represent the Vatican in Expo 2000 in Hanover and was transferred to Liepāja after the event. Other Christian sects include Old Ritualists, Adventist, Pentecostal, Latter-day Saints and Jehovah's Witnesses, who have single congregations and churches.

Government

Fourteen deputies and a mayor make up the Liepāja City Council. City's voters select a new government every four years, in June. The Council selects from its members the Chairman of City Council (also called City Mayor), the two Vice chairmans (Deputy Mayors) which are full-time positions. City Council also appoints the members of four standing committees, which prepare issues to be discussed in the Council meetings: Finance Committee; City Economy and Development Committee; Social Affairs, Health Care, Education and Public Order Committee; Culture and Sports Committee. The City of Liepāja had an operating budget of LVL 31 millions in 2006, more than half of which comes from income tax. Traditionally, political leanings in Liepāja have been right-wing, although only about 70% of the population have voting rights. In recent years the Liepāja Party has dominated the polls.

Former city mayors

Russia Russian Empire

Latvia Independent Latvia (1918–1940)

Soviet Union Soviet Union

Latvia Independent Latvia (1990–present)

Education and science

Liepāja has wide educational resources and long traditions of Soviet education. Most well-educated young people leave the city because of low wages and a lack of high-technology and prosperous firms. The city has 21 kindergartens, 8 Latvian schools, 5 Russian schools, 1 school with mixed language of education, 1 evening school, 2 music schools and two internat schools. Interest education for children and youth is available in 8 municipal institutions: Children and Youth Centre, Youth Centre, Centre for Young Technicians, Art and Creation Centre "Vaduguns", Complex Sport School, Gymnastics School, Tennis Sports School, Sports School "Daugava" (football, track-and-field athletics) and Basketball Sports School.

Higher and professional education in Liepāja represented by:

Liepāja Central Library has six branches and audio record library. Literature fund consists of about 460,000 copies and online catalog.[29] Average annual number of visitors – 25000.

Representation in other media

Notable natives

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities

Liepāja is twinned with:

See also

Liepaja travel guide from Wikivoyage

Notes and references

  1. 1 2 "Liepājas vēsture". liepaja.lv (in Latvian). Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  2. 1 2 3 "Лиепая". Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Moscow: Советская Энциклопедия. 1969–1978. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  3. ↑ "Liepaja". Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica.com Inc. 1997.
  4. ↑ "Masonicum". masonicum.lv. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  5. ↑ Colomb, Philip Howard. "Memoirs of Admiral the Right Honble. Sir Astley Cooper Key". ebooksread.com. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  6. ↑ "Liepājas Pastnieks". Latvijas Enciklopēdiskā vārdnīca (in Latvian).
  7. ↑ Либаво-Роменская железная дорога. Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1907. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  8. ↑ Гидроаэродром. Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian). 1969–1978. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  9. ↑ "Crimes of Einsatzgruppen in Liepāja". 1941. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  10. ↑ "Site of Liepājas slimnica" (in Latvian). Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  11. ↑ "Liepaja Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 28, 2013.
  12. ↑ "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Griuzupe, Latvia". Weatherbase. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
  13. ↑ "Site of the Liepaja museum" (in Latvian). Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  14. ↑ "Site of Karosta prison museum". karostascietums.lv. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  15. ↑ "Liepāju un Zviedriju savienos optiskais kabelis". Kurzemes Vārds (in Latvian). 23 October 2001. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  16. ↑ "Site of Liepājas radio amatieru grupa". lrg.lv. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  17. ↑ "Liepājas kafija". likaffa.lv. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  18. ↑ "Statistika Latvijas rajonu un to centru griezumā". lursoft.lv (in Latvian). Lursoft. 2005. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  19. ↑ "Site of Liepājas Teatris". liepajasteatris.lv (in Latvian). Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  20. ↑ "Liepājas simfoniskais orķestris". lso.lv (in Latvian). Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  21. ↑ "LIEPAJA/TRIOBET basketball team". Eurobasket. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  22. ↑ http://www.liepajaslauvas.lv/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  23. ↑ Population and Housing Census 2011,RESIDENT POPULATION IN STATISTICAL REGIONS, CITIES UNDER STATE JURISDICTION AND COUNTIES BY ETHNICITY; ON 1 MARCH 2011
  24. ↑ (Russian) "Брокгауз и Ефрон", ст. Либава, 1907
  25. ↑ Город родной на семи ветрах (in Russian). Liesma. 1976. p. 263.
  26. ↑ "PASTĀVĪGO IEDZĪVOTĀJU NACIONĀLAIS SASTĀVS REĢIONOS UN REPUBLIKAS PILSĒTĀS GADA SĀKUMĀ". csb.gov.lv (in Latvian). Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  27. ↑ "Liepājas pilsētas galvas, birģermeistari". Liepājnieku biogrāfiskā vārdnīca (in Latvian). Letonika. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  28. ↑ "Ciemojas kādreizējā Liepājas galvas Lapas mazmeita". Kurzemes vārds (in Latvian). 17 September 1999. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  29. ↑ "Catalog of Liepaja central library". liepajasczb.lv (in Latvian). Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  30. ↑ "Liepaja profile". Urban Audit. 2001. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  31. ↑ "CV of Victor Matison". Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  32. ↑ "Elbląg - Podstrony / Miasta partnerskie". Elbląski Dziennik Internetowy (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2011-03-15. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
  33. ↑ "Elbląg - Miasta partnerskie". Elbląg.net (in Polish). Retrieved 2013-08-01.
  34. ↑ "Washington's Sister Cities, Counties, States and Ports". Washington State Lieutenant Governor's Office. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012.
  35. ↑ "Städtepartnerschaften und Internationales". Büro für Städtepartnerschaften und internationale Beziehungen (in German). Retrieved 2013-07-26.
  36. ↑ "Darmstadt initiative for Liepāja" (in German). Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  37. ↑ P.C., Net. "Gdynia - International Gdynia - International co-operation of Gdynia". www.gdynia.pl.

Bibliography

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Liepaja.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liepāja.
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