Lead(IV) acetate
 | |
| Names | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC name
Lead(IV) acetate | |
| Other names
Lead tetraacetate | |
| Identifiers | |
546-67-8  | |
| 3D model (Jmol) | Interactive image |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:77245  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.008.099 |
| PubChem | 11025 |
| |
| |
| Properties | |
| Pb(C2H3O2)4 | |
| Molar mass | 443.376 g/mol |
| Appearance | colorless or pink crystals |
| Odor | vinegar |
| Density | 2.228 g/cm3 (17 °C) |
| Melting point | 175 °C (347 °F; 448 K) |
| Boiling point | decomposes |
| reacts with water | |
| Solubility | reacts with ethanol soluble in chloroform, benzene, nitrobenzene, hot acetic acid, HCl, tetrachloroethane |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | Toxic |
| NFPA 704 | |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
| verify (what is ?) | |
| Infobox references | |
Lead(IV) acetate or lead tetraacetate is a chemical compound with chemical formula Pb(C2H3O2)4 and is a lead salt of acetic acid. It is commercially available often stabilized with acetic acid.
Structure
In the solid state the lead atoms are surrounded by four acetate ions which are bidentate, each coordinating via two oxygen atoms. The lead atom is 8 coordinate and the O atoms form a flattened trigonal dodecahedron.[1]
Preparation
It can be prepared by reaction of red lead with acetic acid.[2][3] The other main lead acetate is lead(II) acetate.
Reagent in organic chemistry
Lead tetraacetate is a strong oxidizing agent,[3] a source of acetyloxy groups and a general reagent for the introduction of lead into organolead compounds. Some of its many uses in organic chemistry:
- acetoxylation of benzylic, allylic and α-oxygen ether C-H bonds, for example the photochemical conversion of dioxane to 1,4-dioxene through the 2-acetoxy-1,4-dioxane intermediate [4] and the conversion of α-pinene to verbenone [5]
- an alternative reagent to bromine in Hofmann rearrangement[6]
- oxidation of hydrazones to diazo compounds for example that of hexafluoroacetone hydrazone to bis(trifluoromethyl)diazomethane [7]
- aziridine formation, for example the reaction of N-aminophthalimide and stilbene [8]
- cleavage of α-hydroxy acids[9] or 1,2-diols to their corresponding aldehydes or ketones, often replacing ozonolysis; for instance, the oxidation of di-n-butyl d-tartrate to n-butyl glyoxylate.[10]
- reaction with alkenes to form γ-lactones
- oxidation of alcohols carrying a δ-proton to cyclic ethers.[11]
- Oxidative cleavage of certain allyl alcohols in conjunction with ozone:[12][13]
- conversion of acetophenones to phenyl acetic acids [14]
- Decarboxylation of carboxylic acids to alkyl halides in the Kochi reaction[15]
Safety
Lead(IV) acetate may be fatal if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through skin. It causes irritation to skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. It is a neurotoxin. It affects the gum tissue, central nervous system, kidneys, blood, and reproductive system. Its oxidising nature can indirectly lead to many diseases, even cancer, by free radical mechanism.
References
- ↑ Schürmann, M.; Huber, F. (1994). "A redetermination of lead(IV) acetate". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 50 (11): 1710–1713. doi:10.1107/S0108270194006438. ISSN 0108-2701.
- ↑ Inorg. Synth, 1, 47 (1939).
- 1 2 J. Zýka (1966). "Analytical study of the basic properties of lead tetraacetate as oxidizing agent" (PDF). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 13 (4): 569–581. doi:10.1351/pac196613040569. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
- ↑ Organic Syntheses, Vol. 82, p.99 (2005) Article.
- ↑ Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 9, p.745 (1998); Vol. 72, p.57 (1995) Article
- ↑ Baumgarten, Henry; Smith, Howard; Staklis, Andris (1975). "Reactions of amines. XVIII. Oxidative rearrangement of amides with lead tetraacetate". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 40 (24): 3554–3561. doi:10.1021/jo00912a019. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
- ↑ Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 6, p.161 (1988); Vol. 50, p.6 (1970) Article.
- ↑ Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 6, p.56 (1988); Vol. 55, p.114 (1976) Link
- ↑ Ôeda, Haruomi (1934). "Oxidation of some α-hydroxy-acids with lead tetraacetate". Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. 9 (1): 8–14. doi:10.1246/bcsj.9.8.
- ↑ Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 4, p.124 (1963); Vol. 35, p.18 (1955) Article.
- ↑ M B Smith, J March. March's Advanced Organic Chemistry (Wiley, 2001) (ISBN 0-471-58589-0)
- ↑ O3/Pb(OAc)4: a new and efficient system for the oxidative cleavage of allyl alcohols E.J. Alvarez-Manzaneda R. Chahboun , M.J. Cano, E. Cabrera Torres, E. Alvarez, R. Alvarez-Manzaneda, b, A. Haidour and J.M. Ramos López Tetrahedron Letters Volume 47, Issue 37 , 11 September 2006, Pages 6619-6622 doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.07.020
- ↑ Conversion of 1-allyl-cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone, in the proposed reaction mechanism the allyl group is first converted to a trioxalane according to conventional ozonolysis which then interacts with the alkoxy lead group
- ↑ Synthesis 1981, 2, 126-127.
- ↑ A New Method for Halodecarboxylation of Acids Using Lead(IV) Acetate Jay K. Kochi J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 1965; 87(11); 2500–02. doi:10.1021/ja01089a041
| Salts and the ester of the acetate ion | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AcOH | He | ||||||||||||||||||
| LiOAc | Be(OAc)2 BeAcOH |
B(OAc)3 | ROAc | NH4OAc | AcOAc | FAc | Ne | ||||||||||||
| NaOAc | Mg(OAc)2 | Al(OAc)3 ALSOL Al(OAc)2OH Al2SO4(OAc)4 |
Si | P | S | ClAc | Ar | ||||||||||||
| KOAc | Ca(OAc)2 | Sc(OAc)3 | Ti(OAc)4 | VO(OAc)3 | Cr(OAc)2 | Mn(OAc)2 Mn(OAc)3 |
Fe(OAc)2 Fe(OAc)3 |
Co(OAc)2, Co(OAc)3 |
Ni(OAc)2 | Cu(OAc)2 | Zn(OAc)2 | Ga(OAc)3 | Ge | As(OAc)3 | Se | BrAc | Kr | ||
| RbOAc | Sr(OAc)2 | Y(OAc)3 | Zr(OAc)4 | Nb | Mo(OAc)2 | Tc | Ru(OAc)2 Ru(OAc)3 Ru(OAc)4 |
Rh2(OAc)4 | Pd(OAc)2 | AgOAc | Cd(OAc)2 | In | Sn(OAc)2 Sn(OAc)4 |
Sb(OAc)3 | Te | IAc | Xe | ||
| CsOAc | Ba(OAc)2 | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt(OAc)2 | Au | Hg2(OAc)2, Hg(OAc)2 |
TlOAc Tl(OAc)3 |
Pb(OAc)2 Pb(OAc)4 |
Bi(OAc)3 | Po | At | Rn | |||
| Fr | Ra | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og | |||
| ↓ | |||||||||||||||||||
| La(OAc)3 | Ce(OAc)x | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm(OAc)3 | Eu(OAc)3 | Gd(OAc)3 | Tb | Dy(OAc)3 | Ho(OAc)3 | Er | Tm | Yb(OAc)3 | Lu(OAc)3 | |||||
| Ac | Th | Pa | UO2(OAc)2 | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | |||||
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