Large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province

Large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province include Basin and Range eruptions in California, Idaho, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Nevada, Wyoming and Oregon, as well as those of the Long Valley Caldera geological province and the Yellowstone hotspot.

Volcanic fields

Some of the volcanic fields of the Basin and Range Province are within: Northwestern Nevada, the Modoc Plateau, Central Nevada, the Great Basin, Southwestern Nevada, the Mojave Desert, and the Long Valley Caldera region. Named ones include: Coso Volcanic Field, Mono Lake Volcanic Field, Marysvale Volcanic Field, San Juan volcanic field, Indian Peak, Central Colorado volcanic field, Jemez volcanic lineament, Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, Santa Rosa-Calico, and Boot Heel volcanic field.

Geological features

Many geological features in Western United States have a Northeastern orientation, the North American craton motion has the same orientation as well.[1] For example: the Trans-Challis fault zone, Idaho; the Snake River in Oregon; the Garlock Fault, California; the Colorado River in Utah; the Colorado Mineral Belt; Crater Flat-Reveille Range-Lunar Crater lineament, the Northwestern Nevada volcanic field; the San Juan caldera cluster, Colorado; the Socorro-Magdalena caldera cluster, New Mexico; Jemez volcanic lineament (Raton hotspot trail); and the Yellowstone hotspot trail. But the Yellowstone hotspot trail was modified through faults and extension.

Geology

Prior to the Eocene Epoch (55.8 ±0.2 to 33.9 ±0.1 Ma) the convergence rate of the Farallon and North American Plates was fast and the angle of subduction was shallow. During the Eocene the Farallon Plate subduction-associated compressive forces of the Laramide orogeny ended, plate interactions changed from orthogonal compression to oblique strike-slip, and volcanism in the Basin and Range Province flared up. It is suggested that this plate continued to be underthrust until about 19 Ma, at which time it was completely consumed and volcanic activity ceased, in part. Olivine basalt from the oceanic ridge erupted around 17 Ma and extension began.[2][3][4][5][6] The extension resulted in roughly north-south-trending faults, the Great Basin, the Walker trough, the Owens graben, and the Rio Grande rift, for instance.

List of large volume eruptions in the Basin and Range Province

The large volume eruptions in the Basin and Range Province include:

Large volume eruptions of the Southwestern Nevada volcanic field (SWNVF)
Caldera name State (volcanic field) age size
Black Mountain Caldera (18 km wide)Nevada (SWNVF)7 Ma ±1300 km3 (72 cu mi) of Thirsty Canyon Tuff.[8][24]
Timber Mountain caldera complex (30 x 25 km)Nevada (SWNVF)11.45 Ma900 km3 (216 cu mi) of Timber Mountain Tuff - Ammonia Tanks member.[8][34]
Timber Mountain caldera complexNevada (SWNVF)11.6 Ma1,200 km3 (288 cu mi) of Timber Mountain Tuff - Rainer Mesa member.[8][34]
Paintbrush Caldera (20 km wide)Nevada (SWNVF)12.7 Ma1,000 km3 (240 cu mi) of Paintbrush Tuff - Topopah Spring member.[8][34]
Paintbrush CalderaNevada (SWNVF)12.8 Ma1,200 km3 (288 cu mi) of Paintbrush Tuff - Tiva Canyon member[8][34]
Silent Canyon Caldera (20 x 16 km)Nevada (SWNVF)13 Ma200 km3 (48 cu mi).[8][24]
Crater Flat GroupNevada (SWNVF)13.25 Ma650 km3 (156 cu mi) of Belted Range Tuff[8]

List of Rupelian calderas

The Rupelian age/stage (Paleogene period/system, Oligocene epoch/series) spans the time between 33.9 ±0.1 Ma and 28.4 ±0.1 Ma (million years ago).

References

  1. ↑ Smith, R.L. and Luedke, R.G. (1984).
  2. ↑ McKee, E. H. (1971).
  3. ↑ "Northwest Origins, An Introduction to the Geologic History of Washington State, Catherine L. Townsend and John T. Figge". The Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington. Retrieved 2010-04-10.
  4. ↑ "Oregon: A Geologic History". Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries. Retrieved 2010-03-26.
  5. ↑ "Digital Geology of Idaho, Laura DeGrey and Paul Link". Idaho State University. Retrieved 2010-04-10.
  6. ↑ Chapin, C.E.; Wilks, M. and McIntosh, W.C. (2004).
  7. ↑ Hildreth, W. (1979), Sarna-Wojcicki et al. (2000).
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 Supplementary Table to P.L. Ward (2009).
  9. 1 2 Izett, Glen A. (1981).
  10. ↑ Heiken et al. (1990).
  11. ↑ Min et al. (2004).
  12. ↑ Valles Caldera
  13. ↑ Rytuba, James J. et al. (2004).
  14. ↑ Matthew A. Coble, and Gail A. Mahood (2008).
  15. ↑ Noble, D.C. (1988).
  16. ↑ Castor, S.B., and Henry, C.D. (2000).
  17. ↑ Korringa, Marjorie K. (1973).
  18. ↑ Matthew E. Brueseke and William K. Hart (2008).
  19. 1 2 "High Lava Plains Project, Geophysical & Geological Investigation, Understanding the Causes of Continental Intraplate Tectonomagmatism: A Case Study in the Pacific Northwest". Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington. Retrieved 2010-03-26.
  20. ↑ Tolan, T.L.; Reidel, S.P.; Beeson, M.H.; Anderson, J.L.; Fecht, K.R. & Swanson, D.A. (1989), "Revisions to the estimates of the areal extent and volume of the Columbia River Basalt Group", in Reidel, S.P. & Hooper, P.R., Volcanism and tectonism in the Columbia River flood basalt province Spec. Paper, 239, Geol. Soc. Amer., pp. 1–20
  21. ↑ Camp, V.E. & Ross, M.E. (2004). "Mantle dynamics and genesis of mafic magmatism in the intermontane Pacific Northwest". Journal of Geophysical Research. 109 (B08204). Bibcode:2004JGRB..10908204C. doi:10.1029/2003JB002838.
  22. ↑ Carlson, R.W. & Hart, W.K. (1987). "Crustal Genesis on the Oregon Plateau". J. Geophys. Res. 92: 6191–6206. Bibcode:1987JGR....92.6191C. doi:10.1029/JB092iB07p06191.
  23. ↑ Hart, W.K. & Carlson, R.W. (1985). "Distribution and geochronology of Steens Mountain-type basalts from the northwestern Great Basin". Isochron/West. 43: 5–10.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Lipman (1984).
  25. 1 2 3 Lipman (1976).
  26. ↑ Hon and Lipman (1976).
  27. ↑ "Volcanic Past Arizona". USGS. Retrieved 2010-03-30.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lipman (2000).
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 Manson et al. (2004).
  30. ↑ Largest explosive eruptions: New results for the 27.8 Ma Fish Canyon Tuff and the La Garita caldera, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado
  31. ↑ Bachmann et al. (2002).
  32. 1 2 Lipman et al. (1973).
  33. ↑ Steven and Lipman (1976).
  34. 1 2 3 4 Sawyer et al. (1984).
  35. 1 2 Ratté et al. (1984).
  36. 1 2 3 Lipman (1975).
  37. 1 2 Lipman et al. (1996).
  38. ↑ Maughan (2002).
  39. ↑ Best et al. (1989).
  40. 1 2 Seager (1973).
  41. ↑ Best (1993).
  42. ↑ Lipman and McIntosh (2008).
  43. ↑ Henry and Price (1984).
  44. 1 2 Lipman and Calvert (2003).
  45. 1 2 Erb (1979).
  46. ↑ Breining, Greg (2007). "Most-Super Volcanoes". Super Volcano: The Ticking Time Bomb Beneath Yellowstone National Park. St. Paul, MN: Voyageur Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-7603-2925-2.
  47. ↑ "Gila Wilderness Site". City of Rocks State Park. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
  48. ↑ Elston et al. (1975).
  49. ↑ "Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument". New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
  50. ↑ Osburn and Chapin (1983).
  51. ↑ Gregory and McIntosh (1996).
  52. 1 2 McIntosh and Chapin (2004).
  53. ↑ "Online guide to the continental Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the Raton basin, Colorado and New Mexico, Description of the Route from Denver to Raton". USGS. Retrieved 2010-03-30.
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Henry et al. (1994).
  55. ↑ Deal et al. (1978).
  56. ↑ Hardyman (1981).
  57. ↑ Moye et al. (1988).
  58. ↑ Sawyer and Lipman (1983).
  59. ↑ "Geologic Setting - How the Tucson Valley and Surrounding Mountains Formed". Pima Community College. Retrieved 2010-05-15.

Sources

Columbia River Basalt Province-sources

Peter W. Lipman - sources

Maps

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